Solution

CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Class 12 - Physics

1.
(d) [ML2T-3A-2]
Explanation:
Work done Force × Dis tance
Power = i2R ⇒ −
Time Time
−2
ML T L 1
⇒ [R] = [ ] [( )]
T 2
A

⇒ [R] = ML2T-3A-2

2.
(c) in series with the element through which current is to be determined
Explanation:
Ammeter is a device used to measure current. Since it has to allow the complete current flowing in the circuit through it, it has
to be connected in series. For this reason, ammeters have very low values of resistances so that they do not add to the value of
resistance connected in the circuit.

3.
(c) conservation of electric charge and energy respectively
Explanation:
Kirchhoff's first and second laws of electrical circuits are consequences of conservation of electric charge and energy
respectively.

4.
(c) Remains constant
Explanation:
The ratio of voltage and electrical current in a closed circuit Remains constant.

5.
(d) current in the circuit
Explanation:
current in the circuit

6.
(c) potentiometer
Explanation:
The instrument among the following which measures the emf of a cell most accurately is a potentiometer.

7.
(d) the motion of conduction electrons due to electric field E
Explanation:
The motion of conduction electrons due to random collisions has no preferred direction and averages to zero. Drift velocity is
caused due to motion of conduction electrons due to the applied electric field.

8.
(d) The work done per unit charge by the source in taking the charge from lower to higher potential energy
Explanation:

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 An electric field exists in the electrolyte between the positive and negative terminals of the battery. In the external circuit, the
current flows from the positive electrode to the negative electrode. To maintain continuity, in the electrolyte, the current
(positive charges) flow from the negative electrode (lower potential) to the positive electrode (higher potential). Work done by
the source in taking unit positive charge from lower to higher potential is called electromotive force.

9.
(d) potential difference across the bigger resistor is greater.
Explanation:
potential difference across the bigger resistor is greater.

10.
(c) Ω. m
Explanation:
Electrical resistivity of the material of a conductor is the resistance offered by the conductor of length 1 m and area of cross-
section 1m2. A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows the movement of electric charge.
∵ Resistance, R = ρ
L

Where ρ is resistivity, L is the length and A is area.

A
⇒ ρ = R
L

Since unit of R = Ohm, A = (meter)2, l = (meter)

2
((ohm×(metre ) )
Unit of resistivity , ρ = (metre)

ρ = ohm − metre(or Ω − m)

11.
(c) Option ii
Explanation:
Original resistance,
l l
R=ρ =ρ A 2
πr

When both length and radius are doubled,

′ 2l
R = ρ
2
π(2r)

1 l 1
= ρ = R
2 2 2
πr

12.
(c) r1 - r2
Explanation:
Given
V1 = ε - Ir1 = 0
or I = ε

r1

Also, I = 2E

R + r1 + r2

or ε

r1
=
2ε

R + r1 + r2

or R + r1 + r2 = 2r1 or R = r1 - r2

13.
(d) m2 V-1 s-1
Explanation:

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 m2 V-1 s-1

14.

(c)

Explanation:

15.
(b) wire of cross-sectional area 2 A
Explanation:
The resistances of the three wires are
l 2l 4l
R1 = ρ ; R2 = ρ = ρ
A A A
2
l

2 l
R3 = ρ = ρ
2A 4A

Clearly, the resistance of third wire of cross-sectional area 2 A is minimum.

16. The graphs are plotted as shown below

17. a. P = V

R
; keeping V constant, the graph is plotted as shown

b.

c. P = I2R ; keeping R constant, graph is as shown

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 2

d. P = V

R
; keeping R constant, graph is plotted as

18. The resistivity of nichrome as a function of absolute temperature: At low temperature (or zero), the resistivity increases as a
higher power of temperature. Then, it linearly increases with an increase in temperature.

Nichrome has high resistivity and small temperature coefficient of resistivity due to which it is used for making coils.
19. The cells are arranged as shown in the circuit diagram given below.

As the internal resistance of cells is negligible, so total resistance of the circuit is R.

Potential difference across the resistance = E
By Ohm's Law ,
current through the resistance is given by,
I = E/R ( In parallel combination, potential is same as the single cell)
If we connect same type of cells in parallel combination, then it gives same potential difference across ends like a single cell.
20. i. Heat produced is directly proportional to the resistance if current in the circuit is kept constant because H = I2 Rt.
ii. Heat produced is inversely proportional to the resistance if voltage is kept constant because
2

H= V

R
t

21. Variation of resistivity (ρ ) with temperature (T) is shown below:

Explanation: In semiconductor the number density of free electrons (ρ ) increases with increase in temperature (T) and
consequently the relaxation period decreases. But the effect of increase in ρ has higher impact than decrease of T. So, resistivity
decreases with increase in temperature.
22. a. Internal resistance is the resistance which is present within the cell that resists the current flow inside the cell when connected
to an external circuit with some external resistance. Thus, it causes a voltage drop when current flows through it.

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 It is the resistance provided by the electrolyte and electrodes which is present in a cell. So, internal resistance is offered by the
electrodes and electrolyte which oppose the current flow inside the cell.
b. i. V vs. R graph

ii. V vs. I graph

23. Let internal resistance of each cell be r and its emf be ε. When n cells are connected in series, the current in the circuit is
6

I1 = n

R + nr

When the n cells are connected in parallel, the current in the circuit is
ε nε
I2 = = r
R+ nR + r
n

But I1 = I2
6 6

∴
n
=
n
or R + nr = nR + r or R = r
R + nr nR + r

24. Refer to Figure, various resistances are

V V V
R1 = , R2 = , R3 =
I1 I2 I3

But I1 < I2 < I3 ∴ R1 > R2 > R3

Hence graph 1 represents the series combination of other two resistors.

25. i. When concentration of the electrolyte is increased, internal resistance of the cell increases.
Reason: in more concentrated electrolyte, interionic attractions increase and the movements of the ions become difficult.
ii. When area of the anode is decreased, internal resistance of the cell increases.
Reason: Lesser area of the anode decreases its tendency to attract oppositely charged ions.
iii. When temperature of the electrolyte is increased, internal resistance decreases.
Reason: Both interionic attractions and viscous forces decrease at higher temperature.
26. The electromotive force (e) or e.m.f. is the energy provided by a cell or battery per coulomb of charge passing through it. The
electromotive force is measured in volts (V).
Consider a cell of emf ε and internal resistance r connected to an external resistance R, as shown in Fig. Suppose a constant
current I flows through this circuit.
By definition of emf,

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 ε = Work done by the cell in carrying a unit charge along the closed-circuit
= Work done in carrying a unit charge from A to B against external resistance R + Work done in carrying a unit charge from B to
A against internal resistance r
Or ε = V + V'
V = IR and V' = Ir
∴ ε = IR + r

Hence the current in the circuit is

I= R+r
ε

Voltage across external resistance R given by

V= ε r

R+r

From the above expression, we can see that voltage across resistor is different from the emf of the battery.
27. i. Drift speed in B (n-type semiconductor) is higher
Reason: I = neAvd
n is much lower in semiconductors.(where n is the number of charge carriers per unit volume) so drift velocity is greater for
semiconductors.
ii. The voltage drop across A will increase as the resistance of A increases with an increase in temperature. The voltage drop
across B will decrease as a resistance of B will decrease with an increase in temperature.
28. a. R vs. L graph:

b. When length = L0
Area = A0
L0
Resistance = R0 = ρ A0

When, length 2L0

A0
Area =
2
L
Then R = ρ A
2L0 L0
or, R = ρ A0
= 4ρ
A0
= 4R0

29. Resistivity is the resistance of a conductor of unit length and unit area of cross-section. In SI, the unit of resistivity is ohm meter (
Ω m).

The drift velocity of free electron in a conductor is

eV
Vd =
mϵ

But I = VdenA
Substituting for Vd we get,
2
ev e V InA
I = ( ) ρnA =
ml ml

ml
V = I ( )
2
ne tA

By Ohm's law V = IR
ml
∴ IR = I ( )
2
ne T A

ml
R=
n e2 T A
ρl
Also R = A

Where ρ is the resistivity of the material.

ρ ml
∴ =
A n e2 T A

30. Kirchhoff’s first rule (Junction theorem): According to this rule, the algebraic sum of various currents meeting at a junction in
a closed electrical circuit is always zero. It implies that total current flowing towards the junction is equal to total current flowing

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 out of the junction. It implies that electric current cannot be stored at a junction. This rule thus supports the law of conservation of
charge.
Kirchhoff’s second rule (loop theorem or voltage rule): Around any closed loop of a network, the algebraic sum of changes in
potential must be zero. Krichhoff’s second rule implies that the net change in energy of a charge, after it traverses a closed path
must be zero. This happens primarily because electrostatic forces are conservative forces. Kirchhoff’s 2nd rule thus supports the
law of conservation of energy.
31. Resistivity ρ = m

2
ne τ

The thermal speed of electrons increases as the temperature increases. Free electrons collide more frequently with the positive
metal ions. The relaxation time τ decreases. Consequently, the resistivity ρ of the metal increases.
The relaxation time τ does not change with temperature in semiconductor. But the number density (n) of free electrons increases
exponentially with temperature. As a result, the resistivity of semiconductor decreases exponentially with the increase in
temperature.
32. According to the question, both the wires are of equal length,
so lMn= lcu
Given that resistances of both the wires are equal, so
RMn = RCu
ρM n ρ
Cu
∴ =
AM n AC u

We know that, copper is better conductor than manganin, therefore, copper will have less resistivity
i.e. ρ < ρCu Mn

So, A > A Mn [∵ ρ ∝ A] Cu

so , wire of manganin will be thicker than that of copper.

33. Definition- It is defined as the average velocity with which all the electrons move inside a conductor under the external potential/
electric fields.
vd eτ
i. Slope = V
=
ml

ii. Wire B is longer

eτ
34. Electron mobility of a conductor, μ = m
and τ ∝ T

i. When the temperature T of the conductor increases, the relaxation time τ of free electrons increases. So, mobility μ increases.
ii. Mobility μ is independent of applied potential difference.
35. Current density is a vector quantity having same direction as that of motion of the positive charge.
I = enAvd
∴ Current density,
I eE eV
j= A
= envd = en m
τ = en
ml
τ

2
ne τ V
or j = ( m
)
l

i. j increases with increase in V

l
.
ii. j decreases with the increase in temperature because τ increases.
iii. j decreases with the increase in length l.
iv. j remains the same as it is independent of A.
36. As j = σ E, so the graph of current density (j) versus electric field (E) for any material is a straight line, as shown in the figure.

Slope of the graph = Conductivity (σ )

The material B with less slope (smaller conductivity or higher resistivity) is used for making standard resistances while material A
with greater slope (higher conductivity) for making connecting wires.
Electric current, I = enAvd

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 Although both e and vd are very small, yet we can obtain a large current. This is because the free electron density of a conductor is

very large, n = 1023m-3. The drifts of a very large number of free electrons add up to cause a large current inside the conductor.
37. Current density is the amount of charge flowing per second per unit area normal to the flow.
Alternatively:
I
j =
A

It is a vector quantity.

The amount of charge crossing the area A in time Δt is I Δt, where I is the magnitude of the current. Hence,
IΔt = ne A|vd |Δt
2
e A
I Δt = τ nΔt|E|
m

I = |j|A
2
ne
|j| = τ |E|
m

⃗ ⃗
J = αE

38. i. Drift Velocity: When a potential difference is applied across a conductor, the free electrons drift towards the direction of
positive potential. The small average velocity of free electrons along the direction of positive potential is called the drift
velocity.
ii. Relaxation Time: The time of free travel of a free electron between two successive collisions of electron with lattice
ions/atoms is called the relaxation time.
Drift velocity, Vd = α
eτ

m L
ε 1

When length L is made 3 L, drift velocity becomes one third.

39. Electric field,
E= V

Drift velocity, v d =
eE

m
τ =
eV

ml
τ

l 4ρl
Resistance, R = ρ A
=
2
πD

i. When V is doubled, E becomes double, vd becomes double and R remains unchanged.

ii. When l is doubled, E becomes half, vd becomes half and R becomes double.
iii. When D is doubled, E remains unchanged, vd is also unchanged and R becomes one-fourth.

40. Mobility of an ion is defined as the drift velocity per unit electric field i.e.
vd eτ
μ= =
E m

Its unit is m2 /Vs.

When temperature increases covalent bonds of neighbouring atoms break and charge carrier become free to cause conductive so
resistivity of semiconductor decreases with rise of temperature.
41. Dependence of resistance on change of temperature, humidity, pressure, etc. must be negligible. Alloys have a small value of
temperature coefficient and are not affected by moisture, etc.
Alloys have higher resistivity, in turn, the higher resistance so needs smaller length to make coils which decrease the effect of
inductance. Due to these reasons, alloys are used to make standard resistance coils.

42.

Resistivity: The resistance of a material of a conductor of unit lenght and unit area of cross section is called resistivity.
Sl unit- Wm
Conductivity: The reciprocal of resistivity of the material is called conductivity.

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 It is represented by 'S'.
SI unit: ohm/m

43. i. Typical electrical insulators (e.g., glass) differ in their resistivity from metals enormously, by a factor of the order of 1022. The
corresponding factor for thermal insulators versus thermal conductors is only 103. So it is easier to send electric currents to
definite paths by the use of insulators than to direct heat flow along definite routes using heat insulators.
ii. The internal resistance of a car battery decreases with increase in temperature. Therefore, on a warm day a car battery gives
large current which helps in starting the car engine.
iii. It mainly differs in internal resistance but partly in its emf also. A nearly discharged lead acid secondary cell possesses a very
high internal resistance.
44. In a parallel connection, a part of the current from the mains flows through the 60 W bulb and the remaining current flows through
the heater. When 60 W bulb is replaced by 100 W bulb, the 100 W bulb now draws larger current due to its smaller resistance than
60 W bulb. The current through the heater decreases and it produces smaller heat.
45. Here r =0.1 mm = 0.1 × 10-3 m,
R = 1 k Ω = 103 Ω , V = 20 V
i. Current, I = V

R
=
20

3
= 0.02 A
10

No. of electrons,
= 1.25 × 1017
q 0.02 × 1
n= e
=
It

e
=
−19
1.6 × 10

ii. Current density,

j= = I
=
I

2
0.02

2
A πr −3
3.14 ×(0.1 × 10 )

= 0.37 × 105 Am-2

46. The reciprocal of resistivity (ρ ) of a material is called its conductivity (σ ), i.e.,
1
σ =
ρ

S.I. unit of conductivity is mho m-1 (or Ω −1

m-1).
2

i. Conductivity of a metallic conductor σ = 1

ρ
=
ne τ

m
.
With rise of temperature, the collision of electrons with fixed lattice ions/atoms increases so that relaxation time (T) decreases.
Consequently, the conductivity of metals decreases with rise of temperature. Figure represents the variation of conductivity of
metal with temperature. Initially the variation of conductivity with temperature is linear and then it is non-linear.

ii. Conductivity of ionic conductor increases with increase of temperature because with increase of temperature, the ionic bonds
break releasing positive and negative ions which are charge carriers.
47. Suppose PQ is a conductor of length l and a potential difference V is applied across PQ as shown in the figure. i.e., its P end
remains negative and Q end positive.
V
Therefore an electric field is developed directing from Q to P and its intensity is given by E = l
...(i)
Each free electron of the conductor experiences a force (F) towards the end Q,
∴ F = -eE

If m be the mass of the electron, then its acceleration

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 ⃗

= F

m
⃗
−eE
or a⃗ = m

∵ The average thermal velocity of electrons is zero.

∴ u = 0 Therefore using first equation of motion (v = u + at), we have
→ ⃗
−eE
vd =0+( m
)τ

⃗
→ −eE
or v = (d
m
)τ

⃗
→ −eE
or v = d
m
τ ...(ii)
Numerically we can write,
→
∣
∣
vd
∣
∣
= eE

m
τ

∵ From equation (i), E = V

∴ vd = eτ

m
V

l
...(iii)
48. As the effective internal resistance of two cells is less than the internal resistance r1 of one cells so the cell are connected in
parallel between the two point R1 and R2. The circuit is the potential difference between point R1 and R2. The potential difference
between the terminal of the first cell is

ε1 −V
V = VB
1
− VB
2
= ε1 − I1 r1 or I 1 =
r1

Potential difference between the terminal of second cell is

ε2 −V
V = VB
1
− VB
2
= ϵ2 − I2 r2 or I 2 =
r2

Hence current in external resistance

ε1 −V ε2 −V
I = I1 + I2 = +
r1 r2

ε1 ε2 1 1
= ( + ) − V ( + )
r1 r2 r1 r2

ε1 ε2
or I = ( r1
+
r2
) − IR (
1

r1
+
1

r2
) [∵ V = IR]
ϵ1 ε2
or I [1 + R ( 1

r1
+
1

r2
)] = (
r1
+
r2
)

r1 r2 +R( r2 r1 ) ε1 r2 + ε2 r1
or [ r1 r2
] =
r1 r2

ε1 r2 + ε2 r1
or I = ( r1 × r2 )+R( r2 + r1 )

49. i. For conductor

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 ii. For semiconductor

Relaxation time is the time between two successive collisions of an electron with atoms/ions of the conductor.
The relation between resistivity and relaxation time is given by:
m
ρ =
2
ne τ

In conductors, average relaxation time decreases with increase in temperature due to which resistivity increases with increase in
temperature.
In semiconductors, the increase in number density (with increase in temperature) is more than the decrease in relaxation time, the
net result is therefore a decrease in resistivity with increase in temperature.
50. i. Only current is constant because it is given to be steady. Other quantities: current density, electric field and drift speed vary
inversely with area of cross-section.
ii. No, Ohm's law is not universally applicable for all conducting elements. Examples of non-ohmic elements are vacuum diode,
semiconductor diode, thyristor, gas discharge tube, electrolytic solution, etc.
iii. The maximum current that can be drawn from a voltage supply is given by
Imax = ε

Clearly, Imax will be large if r is small.

iv. If the internal resistance is not very large, then the current will exceed the safety limits in case the circuit is short-circuited
accidentally.
51. i. Random velocity: The velocity acquired by the free electrons in the absence of
electric field. Average random velocity = 0
Drift velocity: The average velocity acquired by the free electrons in presence of the electric field. Average drift velocity is
non zero
Drift speed is nearly 10-5 times smaller than random velocity

ii.

52. Let RQ be the resistance of the conductor A at 0°C.

Then the resistance of conductor B at 0°C = nR0
Resistance of conductor A at 0°C will be R = R0 (1 + α θ ) ...(i)
1

Resistance of conductor B at 0°C will be R = nR0 (1 + α θ )

′
2

Thus the resistance of the series combination at 0°C will be

Rs = R + R = R0(1 + α θ ) + nR0 (1 + α θ )
′
1 2

= R0[(1 + n) + (α 1 + n α 2) θ]
α1 + n α2
= (1 + n)R0[1 + θ] ..(ii)
1 + n

Comparing equation (ii) with equation (i), we get

i. Resistance of the series combination at 0°C = (1 + n) R0.
α1 + n α2
ii. Temperature coefficient of resistance of the series combination =
1 + n

53. R1 = R0 (1 + αΔt )( in general form)

R1 = 200 ohm, R2 = 100 ohm.
For Resistance R1
R
′
1
= R1 (1 + αΔt )

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 = 200 (1 + 0.0031 × 100)
= 262 Ω
For Resistance R2
R
′
2
= 100 (1 + 0.0068 × 100)
= 168 Ω
Hence, Total Resistance in series combination of R1 and R2 at 100oC :
R = R + R = 262 + 168
′
1
′
2

= 430 Ω

54. When a wire is stretched, then there is no change in the matter of the wire, hence its volume remains constant
Here, the potential V = constant, l' = 3 I
V
i. Drift speed of electrons = nelρ

where, n is number of electrons, e is charge on electron, I is the length of the conductor and p is the resistivity of conductor.
∴ v ∝ [∵ other factors are constant]
1

So, when length is tripled, drift velocity gets one-third.

ii. Resistance of the conductor is given as
R = ρ(l/A) where ρ = Resistivity, l = length of the wire, A = Area of cross section of wire

Here, wire is stretched to triple its length, that means the mass of the wire remains same in both the conditions.
∴ Mass before stretching = Mass after stretching

(Volume × Density) before stretching = (Volume × Density) after stretching

(Area of cross-section × Length) before stretching = (Area of cross-section × Length) after stretching (∵ Density is same in
both cases)
∴ A1l1 = A2l2 ⇒ A1 l = A2 (3 l) [∵ length is tripled after stretching]

A2 = A1/3
i.e. When length is tripled area of cross-section is reduced to A/3.
′

Hence, R ′
= ρ
l

′
= ρ
3l
= 9ρ
l
= 9R
A A/3 A

Thus, above calculation shows that new resistance will be 9 times of its initial value.

55. a. OR

b. i. At a temperature of 4 K, the Resistance of Hg becomes zero.

ii. Region BC ; since current is decreasing with increasing voltage
56. Given, emf of first cell = 2E
emf of second cell = E
Internal resistance of first cell = 2r
Internal resistance of second cell = r
Net current, I = I1 + I2 ...(i)
E1 = 2E

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 For cell-I
V = VA - VB = 2E - I1(2r)
2E−V
⇒ I1 =
2r
....(ii)
For cell-II, V = VA - VB = E - I2r
E−V
⇒ I2 = ...(iii)
r

∵ From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), substituting in Eq. (i), we get

2E−V E−V
I = +
2r r

On rearranging the term, we get

4E 2r
V = − I ( )
3 3

But for equivalent of combination,

V = Eeq - I(req)
On comparing,
4E 2r
Eeq = , req =
3 3

57. Suppose n cells are connected wrongly in the battery. Then (12 - n) cells give forward emf and n cells give reverse emf.
∴ Effective emf of the battery

= (12 - n) ε - n ε = (12 - 2n)ε

Total resistance of the circuit with battery and source in both cases
= 12r + 2r = 14r
Currents in the two cases must be proportional to the emfs in the two cases
(12 − 2n)ε + 2ε 3
∴ =
2
(12 − 2n)ε − 2ε

(14−2n)ε 3
or (10−2n)ε
=
2

7 − n
or =
3

2
5 − n

or 14 - 2n = 15 - 3n
∴ n = 1

i.e., one cell has been connected with wrong polarity in the battery.
58. i. Given, resistance = 47kΩ ± 10%
3
= 47 × 10 Ω ± 10%

∴ 1st colour band should be yellow as code for it is 4, 2nd colour band should be violet as code for it is 7, 3rd colour band
should be orange as code for it is 3, 4th colour band should be silver because approximation is ± 10%.

ii. Two properties of manganin are:

a. low temperature coefficient of resistance.
b. high value of resistivity of material of manganin make it suitable for making a standard resistor.
59. The resistivity of a conductor is defined as the resistance offered by the material per unit length for a unit cross-section. It is
denoted by the symbol ρ .

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 The resistivity of a metallic conductor is approximately given by
ρ T =ρ [1 + α (T - T0)] ...(i)
0

where ρ T is the resistivity at a temperature T and ρ is the same at a reference temperature T0. α is called the temperature co-
0

efficient of resistivity.
60. From Kirchhoff's first law, I = I1+I2

Applying Kirchhoff's second law for the loop 1 of Figure, we get

I1 × 4 + I × 2 = 5
or I1 × 4 + (I1 + I2) × 2 = 5
or 6I1 + 2I2 = 5 ...(i)
Similarly, from the loop 2, we get
I2 × 6 - I1 × 4 = 0
or 4I1 = 6I2 ...(ii)
Solving equations (i) and (ii), I2 = 5

11
A
This will be the reading of the ammeter. On interchanging the cell and the ammeter, the circuit takes the form as shown in Figure.
Again, we can show that
5
I2 = A 11

61. a. Electrical resistance Resistivity

It is the property of material due to which it opposes the The resistivity is defined as the resistance of a material of 1 metre
flow of electricity through the conductor. length and 1 square metre area of cross section.

Unit : Ohm Unit : Ohm-metre

Symbol : R Symbol : ρ

Depends on length, cross-section area of conductor and

Depends on temperature and material of the conductor.
temperature.
b. For resistor R1,
Resistivity = ρ 1

Length = L
Area = A1
L
∴ R1 = ρ1 ×
A1

For resistor R2,

Resistivity = ρ 2

Length = L
Area = A2
L
∴ R2 = ρ2 ×
A2

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 For the equivalent resistor,
Resistivity = ρ
Length = L
Area = A = A1 + A2
L
∴ R= ρ ×
A

Since, the resistors are connected in parallel,

R1 R2
Equivalent resistance = R = R1 + R2
ρ L ρ L
1 2
×
A A

or, ρ × L

A
=
1

ρ L
2

ρ L
1 2
+
A A
1 2

ρ1 ρ2 ( A1 + A2 )
∴ ρ = Effective resistivity = ρ1 A2 + ρ2 A1

62. i. E1 = V

L
, E2 = V

2L
, E3 = 2V

3L

E2 < E3 < E1
ii. v d ∝ E (the direction of v is directed along the electric field)
vd2 < vd3 < vd1

iii. I = neAvd
J = nevd
J2 < J3 < J1
63. Current sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer when a unit current flows through
it. The SI unit of current sensitivity is rad. A-1. Current sensitivity is expressed as θ

I
=
N AB

K
where N, A, B and K are number of
turns, cross-sectional area, magnetic field intensity and galvanometer's constant respectively.

For balanced Wheatstone bridge, there will be no deflection in the galvanometer.

4 6
∴ =
R1 9

4×9
⇒ R1 = = 6Ω
6

For the equivalent circuit. when the Wheatstone bridge is balanced, there will be no deflection in the galvanometer.
12 6
∴ =
8 R2

6×8
⇒ R2 = = 4Ω
12
R1 6 3
∴ = =
R2 4 2

64. Kirchhoff's first rule: The algebraic sum of the electric currents at any junction of electric circuit is equal to zero, i.e. the sum of
current entering into a junction is equal to the sum of current leaving the junction.
⇒ ΣI = 0

Kirchhoffs second rule or loop rule In any closed mesh of electrical circuit, the algebraic sum of emfs of cells and the product of
currents and resistances is always equal to zero.
i.e. ΣE + ΣI R = 0

For given circuit,

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REVATHY DURAIRAJ
 At, F, applying junction rule,
I3 = I1 + I2 ...(i)
In mesh ABCFA,
-2 - 4I1 + 3I2 + 1 = 0
4I1 - 3I2 = -1 ...(ii)
In mesh FCDEF,
-1 - 3I2 - 2I3 + 4 = 0
3I2 + 2I3 = 3
On solving, I1, I2 and I3, we get
2 7
I1 = A, I2 = A
13 13
9
and I 3 =
13
A

Thus by using KCL & KVL, we can calculate the values of current flowing in each branch.
65. i.

ii.

I =
E

R+r
(V=E-Ir and V=IR)
E
I =
4+r

⇒ E = 4 + r ...(i)
0.5 = E

9+r

Also E = 4.5 + 0.5r ...(ii)

From equation (i) and (ii),
4 + r = 4.5 + 0.5r
∴ r = 1 Ω (internal resistance)

Using this value of r, we get,

E = 5V

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REVATHY DURAIRAJ
66. Internal resistance usually means the electrical resistance inside batteries and power supplies that can limit the potential difference
that can be supplied to an external load.
We know that, V = E - Ir
The plot between V and I is a straight line of positive intercept and negative slope as shown in figure below.

The value of potential difference corresponding to zero current gives emf of the cell.
Maximum current is drawn when terminal voltage is zero, so
V = E - Ir
E
⇒ 0 = E − Imax r ⇒ r =
Imax

Internal resistances within power supplies are normally constant and independent of use unless the power supply gets hot as a
result of short circuits or low resistance loads. In that case, the internal resistance is likely to increase slightly.
Conductor A (solid wire RA) Conductor B (hollow tube RB)
67.
l1 = l l2= l (Given)
2 2 2
A1 = πr A2 = πr − πr
1 2 1

1 −3 2 −3
r1 = mm = 0.5 × 10 m r2 = mm = 1 × 10 m
2 2

ρ1 = ρ ρ2 = ρ

ρ1 l1

RA A
1
⇒ =
RB ρ2 l2

A2

RA ρ1 l1 A2
⇒ = ×
R A1 ρ2 l2
B

RA ρl A2
⇒ = ×
RB A1 ρl

2 2 2 2 2
RA A2 π r −π r π(r − r ) r2
2 1 2 1
∴ = = = = ( ) − 1
RB A1 2 2 r1
πr πr
1 1

(1×10-3/0.5×10-3)2 -1
∴ RA:RB = 3:1

68. a. Ohm's law state that keeping the physical conditions (temperature, pressure and material) constant, potential difference across
the conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through the two ends of the conductor.
∨αI
V

I
= constant = R (where } R is called as resistance)
b. Resistance offered by a conductor is said to be 1ohm when a potential difference of 1 V is set up between the ends of the
conductor and 1 A current flows through the ends of the conductor.
c. I = 0.5 A
V=2V
R=?
V 2
R= = = 4Ω
I 0.5

69. When R → 0, V = 0 When R = r, V = E

2
When R = ∞ , V = E
The graph is shown in fig.

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REVATHY DURAIRAJ
70. Kirchoff's First law or Junction Rule: The algebraic sum of electric currents at any junction of electric circuit is equal to zero
i.e. the sum of current entering into a junction is equal to the sum of current leaving the junction i.e.
Kirchhoff's Second Law or Voltage Rule: In any closed mesh of electrical circuit, the algebraic sum of emf's of cell and the
product of currents and resistance is always equal to zero i.e.
Two rules of Kirchhoff are used for analysis of the electrical circuit

In loop ABCA
-I2R1 - (I1 + I2)R3 - I1r + E1 = 0
∴ I2R1 + (I1 + I2)R3 + I1r = E1 ...(i)
In loop ACDA
I1r - (I2 + I3 - I1)R4 + (I1 - I2)R2 - E1 = 0
I1r - (I2 + I3 - I1)R4 + (I1 - I2)R2 = E1 ....(ii)
In loop ABCDA
-I2R1 - (I1 + I2)R3 - (I2 + I3 - I1)R4 + (I1 - I2)R2 - E1 = 0
I2R1 + (I1 + I2)R3 + (I2 + I3 - I1)R4 - (I1 - I2)R2 = E1 ....(iii)
71. Difference between emf (ε) and terminal voltage (V)
emf Terminal voltage

It is the potential difference between two terminals of the cells when It is the potential difference between two terminals when
no current is flowing through it. current passes through it.

It is the cause. It is the effect.

Following plot is showing variation of terminal voltage versus the current.

Note:- Negative slope gives internal resistance, where

V = ε − Ir
ε−V
Or r = I

72. In balanced Wheatstone bridge if no current flow through galvanometer, that means while applying Kirchhoff's law, we can
neglect this path. No current flows through the galvanometer G when circuit is balanced.

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 Applying Kirchhoff's second rule, we have
In mesh ABDA,
∴ -I1 R1 + (I - I1) R4 = 0

⇒ I1 R1 = (I - I1) R4 ....(i)
In mesh BCDB,
-I1 R2 + (I - I1) R3 = 0
⇒ I1 R2 = (I - I1) R3 ...(ii)
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
I1 R1 (I− I1 ) R4 R1 R4
= ⇒ =
I1 R2 (I− I1 ) R3 R2 R3

This is necessary and required balanced condition of balanced Wheatstone bridge.

73. Relaxation time is the time interval between two successive collisions of electrons in a conductor, when current flows. As the
temperature increases, the thermal energy of electrons increases. Thus they collide more frequently with the atoms and hence the
average relaxation time which is the average time between successive collisions decreases. Thus temperature is inversely
proportional to relaxation time.
Electrical resistivity is inversely proportional to relaxation time.
74. i. Here P1 = 60 W, P2 = 100 W
2 2
V V
∴ Now R 1 =
P1
and R 2 =
P2

R1 P2
∴
R2
=
P1
=
100

60
=5:3
ii. In a series circuit, current I is same
∴ P1 = I2R1 and P2 = I2R2
P1 R1
Hence P2
=
R2
=5:3
iii. P.D. across bulb B1, V1 = IR1
P.D. across bulb B2, V2 = IR2
V1 IR1 R1
∴
V2
=
IR2
=
R2
=5:3

75. a.

Applying kirchoff’s loop rule to ADBA and CBDC

-I1R1 + 0 + I2R2 = 0
I2R4 + 0 - I1R3 = 0
Since, Ig = 0, I3 = I1, I4 = I2
I1 R4 I1 R2

I2
=
R3
and I2
=
R1

R4 R2
∴
R3
=
R1
(Balance Condition)
b. A practical device using the principle of wheatstone bridge is meter bridge.

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