SOCIETY. INTEGRATION.

EDUCATION
Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference. Volume V, May 22th -23th, 2020. 752-774

THE FORMING OF CASTELLUM-TYPE

CASTLES AND FOUR-UNIT BUILDING COMPLEXES
WITH CHAPELS IN SECULAR POWER CENTRES
OF COURLAND AND THE STATE OF
THE TEUTONIC ORDER
Silvija Ozola
Riga Technical University, Latvia

Abstract. In the noble families houses, a sacral room or a separate volume made for relics’
storage or prayers started to call the chapel (German: Kapelle, Latin: capella). The name for
this building type was borrowed from the Latin words cappa, capa. The knights for
implementation of its policy on conquered lands inhabited by the Balts founded economically
independent castles of stone that included chapels. According to regulations of castellum’s
planning, the chapel had to be situated on the east side of the structure. In Livonia and the State
of the Teutonic Order, the location of castles and cult buildings influenced layouts of town
centres. Research goal: analysis the impact of cult buildings on layouts and spatial structures
of castles and fortified centres to determine common and different characteristics in Livonia
and the State of the Teutonic Order. Research problem: the influence of sacred buildings’
location on layouts of castles, built by the Teutonic Order. has not well researched. Research
novelty: structures of the Teutonic Order’s fortresses are studied in the context of Italian
architecture. Research methods: studies of urban planning cartographic materials, archive
documents, projects, published literature and inspection of buildings in nature.
Keywords: castle, chapel, Livonia, medieval town, the State of the Teutonic Order.

Introduction

The Roman Emperor (284–305) Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus

(244-311) carried out territorial reforms (293) to preserve the Empire. Not far
from his native place Salona (now Split, Croatia) on the Adriatic Seacoast, he
built the rectangular military urban complex surrounded by high defensive walls
with fifteen towers – the Diocletian’s Palace (Italian: Palazzo di Diocleziano;
295-305) (Fig. 1) called “castellum”, which was a diminutive shape for a strong
fortress “castra” or “castrum”. The complex which southern façade facing the sea
had a large hall with a dome-covered vestibule, the Emperor’s mausoleum,
Jupiter, Cybele and Venus temples. Emperor’s private rooms overlooked a
beautiful sea view. On the Adriatic Seacoast, the Rialto – the fisheries settlement
developed (5th–9th cent.) by merchants became the Venetian Duchy’s centre at the

© Rēzeknes Tehnoloģiju akadēmija, 2020

http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol5.4873
 Ozola, 2020. The Forming of Castellum-Type Castles and Four-Unit Building Complexes with
Chapels in Secular Power Centres of Courland and the State of the Teutonic Order

Grand Canal’s estuary into the Venetian Lagoon (Italian: Laguna Veneta). In
Western Europe during the 5th–10th centuries, the feudal order formed under the
influence of military conflicts. Rulers built castles-fortresses for residences. In
Venice city got after 584 over the Ravenna Archbishoprics, a castellum for
governmental institutions, ruler’s apartments, courtrooms, a prison and stables
was built, using for example the Diocletian’s Palace included in the Republic of
Venice (Italian: Repubblica di Venezia; 697–1797).

Figure 1 The reconstruction of Diocletian´s Palace complex in Split

(online 13.01.2018, http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8SdQCZupsDo/UeIrBgVz4cI/
AAAAAAAATSU/b0Jz2k7-LJw/s1600/1a2+Diocletian%2527s+Palace.JPG)

Figure 2 The castellum of the Doge’s Palace (10th–11th cent.) in Venice (online 24.06.2017,
http://palazzoducale.visitmuve.it/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Castello-Palazzo-Ducale.jpg)
Figure 3 The castellum of Venice Doge Ziani’s Palace with three big buildings (online
24.06.2017, http://imiglioriannidellac.blogspot.com/2012/01/venezia-palazzo-ducale.html)

The first leader of the Republic of Venice, Dodge (Italian: Doxe, Latin:
Dux – power, leadership) Paolo Lucio Anafesto built the castellum of the Dodge’s
Palace (German: Dogenpalast, Italian: Castello Palazzo Ducale; around 700) with
strong walls and massive corner towers. The first Emperor (800–814) of the Holy
Roman Empire (Latin: Imperatores Romani Sacri, German: Römisch-deutscher

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Kaiser) Carolus Magnus (German: Karl der Große) at the mouth of the Elba River
erected a stone castle (808) for administration and waterway protection against
Slavic invasions. In 810, the first church in Hamburg was consecrated. St. Marien-
Dom (German: Hamburger Dom; around 811) was built to establish the Bishopric
centre, and next to it – the Bishop’s residence (834). The southern suburbs of
Carolus Magnus possessions was Northern Italy where cities sought
independence. Venice city-state (9th –12th cent.) became an important trade centre
between Western Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Using the Diocletian’s Palace
as a sapmle, Dodge (810–827) Angelo Partecipazio rebuilt the Doge’s Palace,
including in it three big blocks (Fig. 2): one directed towards il rio del Palazzo,
the second – towards the water area Bacino di San Marco, but the third – towards
Piazzetta (Fig. 3). A strong gate provided the palace’s main entrance, that now is
the portal of Porta della Carta. On the side of St. Mark’s Square (Italian: Piazza
San Marco; 800–1100) construction of the residence (810, destroyed in the 10th
century) began, and in 827 it was continued by Dodge (827–829) Giustiniano
Partecipazio. He started construction of St. Mark’s Basilica (Italian: Basilica di
San Marco; 828–832) for the Apostle Mark’s relics, which on 31 January 829
were brought from Alexandria to Venice. His brother, Doge (829–836) Giovanni
I Parteciapazio completed this construction. Doge (887–911) Pietro Tribuno built
a freestanding watchtower-lighthouse (9th cent.) on St. Mark’s Square. Venice was
fortified. Later, a bell was placed in the tower (Italian: Campanile di San Marco
obtained the current appearance in 1514). During the coup in 976, fire caused
damage to the basilica and partly destroyed the Doge’s Palace, which restored
until the late 10th century, not built again. During the renovation opened the old
masonry wall quite possibly a part of the basilica.
In the Dodge’s Palace yard’s north part, Dodge (1041–1071) Domenico I
Contarini on the place of damaged basilica built St. Mark’s Cathedral (1063–
1071, consecrated in 1073) using for a sample the Greek Eastern Orthodox Church
Apostleion or the Church of the Holy Apostles (Italian: chiesa dei Santi Apostoli;
around 330, destroyed in 1461) known as the Imperial Polyándreion (cemetery)
in Constantinople (now Stambul). In the centre of the cathedral obtained a Greek
cross layout, the burial of the apostle’s relic placed under a big dome. Four smaller
ones located at the ends. St. Mark’s Cathedral (Fig. 5), considered as the Dodge’s
Palace Chapel till 1807, was included in building perimeter similar to St. Maria
Latina Church (Fig. 4) on the north side of the Benedictine monastery’s (before
1071) yard (Latin: claustrum, French: cloître) in Jerusalem. Construction of the
cathedral finished in 1094. During the Dodge’s Palace rebuilding, Dodge (1172–
1178) Sebastiano Ziani envisaged one house for administration, but another for
legal affairs.

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Chapels in Secular Power Centres of Courland and the State of the Teutonic Order

Figure 4 The first floor plan of St. Maria Latina Benedictine monastery complex in
Jerusalem (online 19.06.2017, http://blessed-gerard.org/images/stmarlat.gif)
Figure 5 Wagner & Debes. The plan of St. Mark’s Cathedral (1063–1071) and the Doge’s
Palace complex in Venice. 1899 (online 19.06.2017,
http://www.planetware.com/i/map/I/venice-basilica-di-san-marco-map.jpg)
Figure 6 Brun Georges. The Cistercian monastery idealplan. 2010 (online 03.05.2018,
http://www.crdp-strasbourg.fr/data/hist-arts/art_roman/images/big-cistercien_abbaye.jpg)

Benedictine monks who criticized crave for luxury and unwillingness to do

hard work, joined in a group and formed the Cistercian Order (Latin: Ordo
Cisterciensis). The first Cistercian monastery (French: Abbaye Notre-Dame de
Cîteaux, Latin: Cistercium) called the New Monastery (Latin: Novum
Monasterium) was founded (1098) in French Region Côte d'Or and sustained with
farming and a brewery. Applying as a sample the Benedictine monastery basilica,
the Cistercians in 1135 started to build the Basilica of Clairvaux Abbey (Latin:
Clara Vallis). However, Abbot of Clairvaux (1115–1128) Bernardus criticized
too long and wide edifice. Monks of Cluny Abbey criticized introduced
requirements. Bernardus, having borrowed the idea form ancient Greek homes
with rooms placed around the peristyle (Latin: peristylium) or an open square
courtyard surrounded by the portico, developed a functional scheme (Fig. 6) for
construction of Cistercian monastery complexes. The church located in the north,
cells (Latin: cella) placed in the west, dinning-rooms (German: Remter, Latin:
refectorium) – in the south, a library, sacristy, other rooms – in the east (Ozola,
2018). Pope (1145–1153) Eugenius III issued (1145) the bull to organize the
second Crusade (1147–1149). Bernardus Claraevallensis invited the knights to
become missionaries and preach Christianity in pagan lands (Spekke, 2008, 113).
In Jerusalem, brothers-knights (Latin: fratres) rebuilt the Church of the Anastasis,
solemnly consecrated it on 15 July 1149, and ruled the most important shrine of
Christians until 4 July 1187, when lost the city: all churches except the Church of
the Anastasis converted into mosques.

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During the third Crusade (1189–1192), monks, merchants and the knights
from Lübeck and Bremen arrived in Palestine. On 1 September 1190 they made a
hospital to treat injured outside walls of port-city Acre, know to locals as Akko
(also Akers, Ptolemais, Antioch, or Antiochenes, Latin: Ace). On 6 February 1191
Pope (1187–1191) Clement III confirmed “Brotherhood of St. Mary’s Teutones
in Jerusalem” (Latin: Fratrum Theutonicorum ecclesiae S. Mariae Hiersolymi-
tanae). After the invasion of Akko in 12 July 1191, bothers-knights moved the
hospital into the city. On 21 December 1196 Pope (1191–1198) Caelestinus III
took the Germans’ St. Mary’s Hospital of Jerusalem (Latin: Hospitele sancte
Marie Theutonicorum Jerosolimitanum) under his protection and allowed
brothers-knights to elect their leader or Master (Latin: magister, German: Meister)
(Šterns, 2002, 32–33). On 19 February 1199 Pope (1198–1216) Innocentius III
approved the name “Brothers and Sisters of the German House of St. Mary in
Jerusalem” (Latin: Ordo domus Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum in Jerusalem,
German: Brüder und Schwestern vom Deutschen Haus Sankt Mariens in
Jerusalem, also Deutschherrenorden or Deutschritterorden, abbreviated:
Deutsche Orden; 1198–1525). The Teutonic Order’s Master (Deutschmeister des
Deutschen Ordens, 1219–1230, Landmeister von Preußen des Deutschen Ordens
1229–1239) Hermann Balk, Bishop of Breslau Thomas I (?–1268) and
Magdeburg citizen Heinrich der Bärtige (Heinrich I. von Schlesien, Heinrich I.
von Polen, Polish: Henryk I Brodaty; 1163–1238) signed an agreement for the
establishment of towns in the State of the Teutonic Order (Latin: Civitas Ordinis
Theutonici, German: Staat des Deutschen Ordens; 1230–1525) (Fig. 7). The
knights started to build financially independent castles for Commandry and
Vogtei centres.
Prominent Latvian historian, Dr. Ph. Professor emeritus at Muhlenberg
College (USA) Indriķis Šterns (1918–2005) divided the Crusades in Livonia into
three thirty-year periods. The first period ended with the establishment of the
sovereign Livonia state and the Episcopate of Bishop Albert, the subjugation of
Latgalia (now Eastern Latvia) and the loss of the Cours’ independence in 1230
(Šterns, 2002, 173). The territorial division of Livonia into castle-regions (Latin:
castellatura, Scandinavian: borchsokinge) was preserved, but under the Catholic
Churche’s subjugation, castle-regions gradually replaced by parishes (Old
German: kerszpel) changing borders in compliance with the new administrative
system (Šterns, 1997, 105).

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Chapels in Secular Power Centres of Courland and the State of the Teutonic Order

Figure 7 John Bagnell Bury (1861–1927). Map of the State of the Teutonic Order included
in 1400 the Balts and the Prussian lands. 1903
(https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/baltics_1400.jpg)

Previous studies on the Teutonic Order’s history and construction of castles

in the State of the Teutonic Order and the Livonian State: Priest Hermann of
Wartberge (died ca. 1380), staying in Livonia, used previous chronicles as the
Livonian Rhymed Chronicle and the Livonian Chronicle of Henry, archival
documents and personal experiences and in “Hermanni de Wartberge Chronicon
Livoniae” (Vartberge, 2005) covered the Livonian Crusades’ history from 1196
up to 1378, but Priest Peter of Dusburg (Latin: Petrus de Dusburg; the second half
of the 13th century–after 1326) wrote “Chronik des Preußenlandes” /The
Chronicle of the Prussian Land/ (Latin: Chronicon Terrae Prussiae; 1326)
(Dusburg). Houseowner, merchant Jürgen Helmes (also Georg Helm, Helms,
Helmer; around 1603–after 1655) from Riga since 1628 began to write
“Chronicon Lyvoniae” about the period from 1158 to 1648 – in Livonian
historiography the only Chronicle supplemented by drawings. Layouts of castles
with courtyards and façades by towers were seen from a high perspective.
Historian, librarian, regional researcher Aleksandrs Jansons (1916–1991) and
engineer Gunārs Erdmanis (1927–1990) infered in a study „Helmsa hronikas
zīmējumu analīze” /Analysis of Drawings of Helm’s Chronicle/ published in
1988, that symbolic drawings of castles do not represent true buildings. The Holy
Roman Emperor (1658–1705) Leopold I (full name: Leopold Ignaz Joseph
Balthasar Felician, born Habsburg) in 1661 traveled from Vienna to Moscow.

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Artist Johann Rudolf Storno (also Storn) from Switzerland traveled along with the
delegation and created drawings of castles in order to complement travel notes.
Artist August Georg Wilhelm Pezold (1794–1859) produced lithographs for
illustrations of delegation chief Augustin Freiherr von Mayerberg’s (also
Meyerberg; 1612–1688) report. Friedrich von Adelung (1768–1843) published
drawings in two volumes of the Meierberg’s Album (1827). Konrector at Riga
Lyceum (Latin: Schola Carolina), historian Johann Gottfried Arndt (1713–1767)
in accordance with written historical sources created (1753) the first scientifically
compiled list of Livonian castles. Painter, Baron Carl Johann Emanuel
von Ungern-Sternberg’s (1773–1830) drew (1810–1829) Livonian castles,
churches and their plans. At the end of the 18th century Konrector at the Riga
Imperial Lyceum, painter Johann Christoph Brotze (1742–1823) began to
describe castles for research purposes. He summarized drawings and watercolors
of Windau (Latvian: Ventspils) and other Livonian castles in a ten-volume
manuscript „Sammlung verschiedener liefländischer Monumente, Prospecte,
Müntzen, Wappen etc.” became the most significant and extensive buildings’
documentation from the late 18th century to the first decades of the 19th century.
In the early 19th century archaeologists, historians, regional researchers began to
publish materials on Livonian castles in print editions. Certified forestry scientist
Andreas von Löwis of Menar (1777–1839) in 1840 supplemented his article by a
register of 143 Livonian castles. Russian authorities organized identification and
documentation of ancient buildings. In the Courland Governorate Auditor of
Mitau (also Mytowe, Mitowe, Mytove, Latvian: Jelgava) county C.G.Raetsch,
Auditor of Pilten and Hasenpoth (Latvian: Aizpute) Heinrich Johann Cramer,
Auditor of Goldingen Carl Willong prepared (1827–1830) a large collection of
castles’ views, plans, stands. It included in the album of Livonian castles, named
after Governor-General of the Governorate of Livonia, Marquis Filippo Paulucci
delle Roncole (1779–1849) (Livonija, 2008). Historian, Dr. Professor at the
University of Dorpat Friedrich Karl Hermann Kruse (1790–1866) traveled (1838–
1839) with archaeologists and surveyors and drew castles and plans for the issue
“Necrolivonica oder Alterthümer Liv-, Esth- und Curlands” /Antiquities of
Livonia, Estonia and Courland/ (1842). Johann von Radetzky the reflection on
Courland’s buildings published in “Malerische Wanderungen durch Kurland”
(Radetzky, 1841). Sculptor, painter Wilhelm Siegfried Stavenhagen (1814–1881)
steel engraved landscapes of historical buildings in Courland, Livonia, Estonia
compiled in three volumes of “Album baltischer Ansichten” /The Album of the
Baltic views/ (1857–1867). During Stafenhagen's lifetime unpublished drawings
were included in “Neues Album baltischer Ansichten nach Zeichnungen von
Wilhelm Siegfried Stavenhagen” /The new album of Baltic views based on
drawings by Wilhelm Siegfried Stavenhagen/ (1913). Industrialist, historian
Friedrich Ludwig Balthasar Amelung (1842–1909) issued “Bilder zur baltischen

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Chapels in Secular Power Centres of Courland and the State of the Teutonic Order

Kulturgeschichte” /Pictures of the Baltic cultural history/ (1879), “Baltische

Kulturstudien” /The Baltic cultural studies/ (1885) and the Baltic cultural picture
atlas (Amelung, 1886).
Architect Wilhelm Johann Carl Neumann (1849–1919) surveyed medieval
castles, drew their stands, façades, plans and published it in the first essay on the
Livs’ lands, Estonia and Courland art history from the late 12th century up to the
late 18th century (Neumann, 1887) and in a reflection on building history “Die
Ordensburger im sogenannten Polnischen Livland. Mitteilungen aus der
livländischen Geschichte” /Castles in so-called Polish Livonia. Messages from
Livonian history/ (1889). In the article (Нейманъ, B.И. (1893). Военное
зодчество въ прибалтийском крае въ средние века. In Tруды девятого
археологического сьезда въ Bильне. Том I. Mосква: 27–61) on military
architecture of the Middle Ages in the Baltic region, Neumann for the first time
in the Baltics defined construction periods of Livonian castles, described
architectural details, plans, features of styles. Librarian from Riga, prominent
researcher of castles by the 1930s Karl Woldemar von Löwis of Menar (1855–
1930) included Livonian castles’ plans and detail drawings in the encyclopedia
(Löwis, 1922). Architect, historian of architecture Heinz Heinrich Gerhard Pirang
(1876–1936) one chapter of three volumes work “Das baltische Herrenhaus”/
The Baltic manor house/ (1926–1930) devoted to castles, where after rebuilding
in the 16th–19th centuries the noble families continued to live. Latvian historian
Cand. hist. Anna Grēviņa in edition on medieval castles (Grēviņa, 1936) and
Cand. hist. et phil. Žanis Karlsons (1899–1976) in issue on the Order’s era
(Karlsons, 1936) compiled pictures and news of Livonian castles. In Volume 16
of the Latvian Conversion Dictionary (1937–1938), Leonid Arbusow (1848–
1912) his article supplemented by a list of 105 names of castles on the territory of
Latvia (Ose, 2001, 25). A collective monograph “Baltische Lande” /The Baltic
countries/ (1939) was devoted to German-founded towns and castles on Prussian
and Livonian lands. Editor-in-chief (1928–1939) of “Baltische Monatshefte”,
Dr. Professor (1935–1939) at Herder’s Institute in Riga Reinhard Wittram
(1902-1973) after his departure published a book “Baltische Geschichte. Die
Ostseelande Livland, Estland, Kurland 1180–1918” /The history of the Baltic Sea
Region: Livonia, Estonia, Courland 1180–1918/ (1939). Prominent researcher of
fortresses in the Baltics, Estonian art historian, Dr. phil. Professor at the
University of Tartu Armin Tuulse (1907–1977) published studies on Livonian
strongholds’ history and architecture. He considered that the second construction
period (1237–1400) of castles was before the use of firearms began (Tuulse,
1942). Austrian theologian Marian Tumler (1887–1987) wrote the Teutonic
Order’s short history (Tumler, 1954). German historian Dr. Professor Hartmut
Boockmann (1934–1998) completed the Teutonic Order’s history in twelve
chapters (Boockmann, 1981). German historian, Dr. Professor Udo Arnold

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(b. 1940), Polish historians Dr. Professor Zenon Hubert Nowak (1934–1999) and
Dr. hab. hist. Professor Marian Biskup (1922–2012) established regular
international conferences to discuss the Teutonic Order’s history. The first
meeting (1981) took place in Toruń. Beyond Ordines militares conferences held
every two years. The International Commission for the Teutonic Order’s history
research (German: Internationale Historische Kommission zur Erforschung des
Deutschen Ordens; 1985) was established to attract and coordinate historians
from other countries to expand the Order's research as a phenomenon throughout
European history. German scientists studied the Teutonic Order’s activities in the
Baltic and issued a collaborative work – the dictionary of historical place names
“Baltisches historisches Ortslexicon, II: Lettland” (1990). Historian Lutz Fenske
and contributor of the Historical Archives of the City of Cologne, Dr. Professor
at the Georg-August University of Göttingen and the Ruhr-University Bochum
Klaus Militzer (b. 1940) wrote about the knights in the Livonian branch
(1237-1562) of the Teutonic Order (Fenske & Militzer, 1993) and research
(Milicers, 1994). The monograph „Die Geschihte des Deuchen Ordens” /The
history of the Teutonic Order/ was issued in German (2005) and in Latvian
(Milicers, 2009). A collaborative work “Deutsche Geschichte in Osten Europas:
Baltische Länder” /German history in Eastern Europe: Baltic countries/
(Pistohlkors, 1994) was issued in Gert Olof von Pistohlkors’ (b. 1935) edition.
Friedrich Wilhelm Benninghoven (1925–2014) published the history of the
Teutonic Order, Gdańsk, Oliva monastery and the conquest of East Prussia in
1945 (Benninghoven, 1996). Specialist in military history, academician
Dr. Stephen Turnbull (b. 1948) summarized news on stone castles of Prussia
(Turnbull, 2003), Latvia, Estonia (Turnbull, 2011). Archaeologist, academician,
Dr. hab. hist. Professor Andris Caune (b. 1937) informed on archaeological
research in towns of the 13th–16th centuries (Caune, 2014) and together with the
full member of Latvian Academy of Sciences Dr. hist. Ieva Ose compiled a
lexicon of German Castles (end of the 12th–17th century) in Latvia (Caune & Ose,
2004) and studies on medieval churches and chapels in castles (Ose, 2011). In
“Archaeology and Architecture of the Military Orders. New Studies” (Torbus,
2016) has been published new researchs.
Previously published studies on castles founded by the Teutonic Order in
Courland and Semigallia: Ulrich Heinrich Gustav Freiherr von Schlippenbach
(1774–1826) descriptions of castle ruins published in travel notes on picturesque
walks through Courland (Schlippenbach, 1809). Researcher of Ancient-times
Hermann Friedrich Waeber (1761–1833) depicted in watercolors (the late 18th
century–the early 19th century) Goldingen (Latvian: Kuldīga) and Kandau (or
Candowe, Latvian: Kandava) castles (Meinarte, 2002, 389–407). Painter Julius
Friedrich Döring (1818–1898) during his travel through Courland and Semigallia
drew castle ruins in notebooks. Cand. hist. Nikolajs Ķaune (1903–1939) studied

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Chapels in Secular Power Centres of Courland and the State of the Teutonic Order

Mitau Castellum (Ķaune, 1936), archaeologist, academician, Guntis Zemītis

published results on archaeological research of this castle (Zemītis, 2005), but
painter, Dr. art. Imants Lancmanis pronounced his conclusions on new
discoveries of the Old Castle of Mitau (Lancmanis, 2010). Carl Meiβner
published a book about Courland, the beautiful German country (Meiβner, 1917).
Researcher of Goldingen history, teacher Ernst Hennig on a castle, the town and
churches published “Kurländische Sammlungen. Herausgegeben von Ernst
Hennig. Ersten Bandes I Theil” (1908) as the first volume (I part) of Goldingen
town history “Geschichte der Stadt Goldingen in Kurland”. Assistant (since 1895)
to Head of Marienburg (Polish: Malbork) Complex reconstruction, protector of
antiquities, Dr. h. c. Professor Bernhard Schmid (1872–1947) surveyed castles in
Courland, drew stands, façades and sections, defined construction periods,
prepared descriptions and published until World War II the only work on castles
and churches in Courland (Ose, 2001, 19 and 54). Results of research and
measurment drawings (1916–1917) of Goldingen town and castle he published in
issue on the Teutonic Knights’ castles in Courland (Schmid, 1921). Director of
Kuldiga German Primary School, the founder of Kuldiga Regional Museum
Walfried Fromhold-Treu (1886–1964), who from 1930 to 1939 lived in Kuldiga,
studied the castle-site, materials in archives and documents belonging to
individuals, created the reconstruction drawing of Goldingen Castellum and
published it in the illustrated annex of newspaper „Brīvā Zeme” Nr. 68. He also
planned to publish an illustrated book on Goldingen Castellum, but the original
manuscript of the reconstruction explanation died in 1945. Fromhold-Treu, living
in Germany, re-wrote his work in 1947. After researcher’s death, sons prepared a
reflection on the Goldingen Commandery “Die Komturei Goldingen. Versch einer
Rekonstruktion” and published it in the Courland Knighthood Magazine
“Kurland” (in Germany). Unpublished reconstruction drawings of Goldingen
Castellum and manuscript (in German) (Fromholds, 2005) were donated (1992)
to Kuldiga Regional Museum, that issued a book (Dzenis & Dzene, 2015) written
by historian Mg. hist. Agris Dzenis and Irma Dzene. Dzenis also collected
historical news on Kandau Castellum (Dzenis, 2011). “Proceedings of the
Ventspils Museum” (since 2001) includes an article on Windau Castellum in the
13th–16th centuries (Lūsēns, 2002), written by archaeologist Mārtiņš Lūsēns, and
Dr. arch. Ilmārs Dirveiks studies on this castle in the early construction phase
(Dirveiks, 2004). Dr. hab. art. Professor Ojārs Spārītis studied the Baltic Germans
(German: Deutschbalten) cultural values in Courland (Spārītis, 1995).
Previously published studies on castles founded by the Teutonic Order in the
State of the Teutonic Order: German historian, Professor at the University of
Königsberg (German: Albertus-Universität Königsberg) Johannes Voigt
(1786-1863) wrote Prussian (Old Prussian, Lithuanian: Prūsai; German: Pruzzen
or Prußen; Latin: Pruteni; Latvian: prūši; Polish: Prusowie) history from ancient

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times to the end of the Teutonic Knights’ rule (Voigt, 1827–1839) and handbook
of the history of Prussia up to the Reformation (Voigt, 1842–1843), Names–
Codex of the Teutonic Order’s officials, Grand Masters (Latin: magister
generalis, German: Hohmeister) or Knight Commanders, Masters, a large area in
Prussia (Voigt, 1843) and the Teutonic Knights’ history (Voigt, 1857–1859).
Head of Marienburg (Polish: Malbork) Complex reconstruction, architect Conrad
Steinbrecht (1849–1923) from Prussia became the author of books richly
illustrated by façades, plans of castles and architecture in Prussia (Steinbrecht,
1888 and 1910). Bernhard Schmid published his study on Teutonic Knights’
castles in Prussia (Schmid, 1938). German scientist of art, Dr. phil. Professor at
the University of Rostock Karl Heinz Clasen (1893–1979) in monographs on the
Teutonic Order’s Lochstedt Castle (Clasen, 1927) and medieval art characterized
the spatial structure of stone castles and its layouts in the Teutonic Order State
(Clasen Kunst, 1927). Historian of architecture, architect Bohdan Guerquin
(1904–1979) included materials on architecture, layouts, the stands and analysis
of the fortresses’ impact on towns’ building in his book dedicated to castles in
Poland and defined construction periods for castles built on Prussian lands
conquered by Teutonic Knights. The first construction period (1230–1320) began
in 1230 with the first stone fortress built for military purposes and continued until
1320, when Grand Master's residence was transferred to Marienburg (Guerquin,
1984). Carl Wünsch collected information on architecture of castles and churches
in East Prussia (Wünsch, 1960), but urban planner, historian of architecture,
Dr. hab. inz. arch. Professor Andrzei Tomaszewski (1934–2010) and Professor
Antoni Kąsinowski compiled information of castles in Poland, but Polish
professor of archeology, a specialist in the field of construction and defense and
residential architecture in Poland during the Middle Ages Leszek Kajzer
(1944-2016), historian, Dr. hab. Stanisław Kołodziejski (1951–2019) and Jan
Salm are authors of the lexicon of castles in Poland (Kajzer, Kołodziejski, &
Salm, 2001, 2010). A detailed overview of four-unit castles of regular layout can
be found in the book about convent castles in the Teutonic Order’s land of Prussia
(Torbus, 1998) written by Dr. hab., Professor Tomasz Torbus. Art historian,
Dr. hab. Professor at Institute of Art History of the University of Gdańsk
Christofer Herrmann (b. 1962) specialized in studies of medieval architectural
monuments, researched art landscape and medieval architecture in Prussia
(Herrmann, 2007).
Research problem: construction of stone castles contributed to the growth of
populated areas in lands populated by the Baltic tribes, and Catholic
congregations were established. The influence of cult buildings’ location on
layouts of castles built by the Teutonic Order has not well researched. Research
novelty: castles of the Teutonic Order are studied in the context of Italian
architecture. Research goal: analysis of the impact of cult buildings on

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Chapels in Secular Power Centres of Courland and the State of the Teutonic Order

construction structure of stone castles and planning of fortified power centres in

the Teutonic Order State in order to determine common and different
characteristics. Main methods: inspection of buildings and urban planning in
nature, studies of archive documents, projects and cartographic materials.

The specific of formation primary fortified urban structures in secular

power centres of the Teutonic Order State

In Culmland, a ringwall (German: Ringmauern) for horseshoe-type strong

fortified Thorn (Polish: Toruń) Castle was built close to the Prussian settlement
at the Weichsel (Polish: Wisła) Waterway. On the stronghold’s western side next
to the river, regular planning Old Town of Thorn developed instead of the
settlement, obtained Magdeburg rights in 1233. During construction of
Marienburg Castle, Thorn became the capital of the Teutonic Order State. An
urban construction decision in 1236 was made on the citadel’s formation on the
relief elevation (Kranz-Domasłowska, 2013). The massive single-unit stone castle
began to erect around 1255. Buildings added to the wall’s inner edge. The fortress
included a chapel mentioned in 1263 (Torbus, 2016, 226).

Figure 8 Graudenz Castle plan with the chapel at the building’s southeastern coner (online
08.07.2017, https://s-media-cache-
ak0.pinimg.com/236x/34/62/ba/3462ba18a7eb281a3ebaacdc727d398d.jpg)
Figure 9 Architect Conrad Emanuel Steinbrecht (1849–1923). Hexagonal Balga Castle
with the chapel in the eastern side (Steinbrecht, 1888, 101)

On the right bank of the Weichsel River, instead of the Prussian settlement,
construction of Graudenz (Prussian: Graude, also Graudenes – giant forest) stone
stronghold for border defence began around 1250–1260. Buildings added next to
the inside edge of brick defensive walls. The entrance gate, reception rooms and
the chapel were made in the big southren block (Fig. 8). After 1300, the western
block erected on the river’s coast, to which a low-rise building placed on the
terrace faced to the town.

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In Balga (Russian: Бальга, Polish: Bałga) on the Weichsel (Latin: Vistula)

Lagoon’s (German: Frisches Haff) coast, construction of the irregular hexagonal
horseshoe-type stronghold (1270–1280) of stone began for the Teutonic Order
State’s centre (Benninghofens, 2011, 17). Houses placed along yard’s perimeter,
the gate was on the northern side where a harbour located. The Chapter Hall and
a dinning-room situated on the three-part block’s eastern side. East-westwards
orientated two-nave chapel (Fig. 9) had four bays. The church located in the
settlement on the south side. An impressive front-castle was made around 1290.

Castellum-type castles built by the Teutonic Order in Courland

The city of Lübeck, that located on the coast of the Baltic Sea, and the city
of Hamburg, that located on the coast of the North Sea, in 1241 signed a trade
agreement that can be considered as the origin of the German Hansa (Latin: Hansa
Teutonica, German: Deutsche Hanse) by the centre established in Visby.
Merchants from Lübeck needed new support places near big waterways and river
estuaries on the Baltic southern coast and proposed to establish in Sembia a town
at the estuary of the Pregel River. However, the idea was unimplemented.
In Courland, in order to increase the Teutonic Order’s impact, on 19 April
1241, it was allowed to build a fortress or a town along the Winda (also Wynda,
Latvian: Venta) River “on a spot where it seems the most convenient”. The Rus'
force under the command of Prince of Novgorod (1236–1240 and 1241–1256),
Grand Prince of Kiev (1236–1252) Alexander Nevsky met the enemy on the ice
of Peipus Lake and defeated the German knights and the Estonian infantry during
the Battle of the Ice on 5 April 1242 and prevented the German feudal lords from
going east. The Teutonic Order continued to concentrate its efforts on conquering
of lands inhabited by the Cours and the Semigallians in order to establish new
centres of aggression. On the ford in a strategically convenient place southwards
the Cours’ hillfort, Master of Livonia (1242–1245) Dietrich of Grüningen decided
to build a castle for surveillance of the Winda Waterway and road from the
Teutonic Order’s State to Riga. The Prussians in 1243 started first revolt, and Vice
Master (1240–1241, 1248–1253) Andreas of Felben and bishops of Riga, Dorpat,
Ösel-Wiek signed on 1 October 1243 an agreement to found the Livonian
Confederation (Latin: Terra Mariana; 1243–1561).
Legate (1224–1251) of Pope, bishop Wilhelm of Modena, purposeful
implementer of Pope’s politics, on 7 February 1245 admitted Courland on part of
Prussia (Curonia seu Curlandia, cum sit pars Pruscie), and on 9 February 1245
Pope confirmed this decision (Šterns, 2002, 367). A new version for the Teutonic
Order’s regulation (German: Ordensregel) worked out from 1244 to 1251. The
Teutonic Order’s regulation, dated from 1264, determined the division of order-
brothers into secular brothers (German: leigebruder) or brothers-knights

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Chapels in Secular Power Centres of Courland and the State of the Teutonic Order

(German: Ritterbrüder) and spiritual brothers-priests (German: Priesterbrüder).

Twelve monks had to be under the commandant or commander (Latin:
commendator, praeceptores, German: Komtur, Kommentur) or Vogt’s (Latin:
advocatus, German: vogd, voit, vogt) subjugation: two of them were brothers-
priests, but the others – brothers-knights. All brothers of the Order had to give the
monks’ promises of poverty, chastity and obedience and they had to promise to
fight against pagans. The second paragraph of the regulation stated that in the joint
ownership there could be fields, vineyards, mills, fortresses, villages, parishes,
chapels, people – men and women, and slaves – men and women. In the Chapter
of Order, Grand Master or the “Jesus Christ’s assistant” for the Brothers of the
Order was elected for life. Head or Grand Marshal (German: Großmarschall) was
in charge of war affairs and managed troops instead of Master. The Order’s all
brothers together – the brothers-knights of the castle-region, priests and servants
were called the convent (Šterns, 2002, 418–420), who had to live in monasteries.
The knights used as samples castles (German: Kreuzfahrerburgen) and
monasteries in Italy and Syria. In Livonia, the second construction period
(1237-1400) related to the Teutonic Order’s stone castles began. Historian of
architecture, Cand. art. Yuri Vasilyev (Latvian: Jurijs Vasiļjevs; 1928–1993)
believed, that the medieval period in architecture of Latvia (the late 12th century–
the first third of the 16th century) had several stages. The second stage (the second
third of the 13th century–the late 13th century) covers time of active armed struggle
to establish a rule of German feudal lords in the Baltic (Васильев, 1986).
The Peace Treaty signed on 7 February 1249 in Christburg (Milicers, 2009,
101) determined civil and personal freedom to the Christians. The Prussians
finished revolts, even in some places though fights continued until 1253. Grand
Master did not fulfil the obligations: he made a decision on the territorial division
of the Prussian lands, started to establish administrative structures and erected
wooden fortifications of irregular layout instead former Prussian buildings. In the
second half of the 13th century, construction of castles expanded. Monks
creatively looked for solutions of fortress construction and planning, applying
slim supports and vaults for interiors. Defensive walls (German: Wehrmauern)
with an allure (German: Wehrgänge), towers (German: Türme) and gates
(German: Tore) were taken over from the protective system of stone strongholds
in Rhineland (German: Rheinlande) and Frankish lands.
Master of Livonia and Prussia (1249–1254) Dietrich of Grüningen, believed
to be conqueror of Courland, built (1252) Memell (Lithuanian: Klaipėda) wooden
fortress instead of the Cours’ ruined town at the Dange mouth, in order to monitor
traffic on waterway and landroad from the State of the Teutonic Order to Riga
(Benninghofens, 2011, 12–13). Regions inhabitad by the Cours were added to the
Livonian State, and borders were clarified in April 1253. Authorised by Grand
Master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia (1251–1254) Eberhard of Sayn (Latin:

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Everhardus Seyn) turned to conquest the lands that separated the State of the
Teutonic Order from Livonia. In 1253 during two months’ time, Memelburg
Castle of stone (castrum Memele, castrum inter Mimelam et Dangam, castrum
Mimelburch, borch to Mimelborgh) was built on an island on the Dange (also
Dane, Danija, Akmena) River.
The Sembian wooden fortifications Twangste (Prussian: tvinksta – a pond
made by a sluice) on a high hill were destroyed, and Königsberg (from 1946
Russian: Калининград) fortress on a strategically and geographically convenient
place on the left bank of the Pregel River at the estuary in the Baltic Sea were
built for the waterway’s surveillance. A hall-type St. Nicolay’s Church (1264,
destroyed in 1828) erected on the fortress’ southern side had naves of equal
height. The Cours, the Semigalians, the Latgalians and the Prussians in 1260
began their riots, and construction of defensive walls and Königsberg (Prussian:
Kunnegsgarbs, Lithuanian: Karaliaučius, Polish: Krolewiec; 1255–1325)
stronghold of stone begun, and wooden fortress was completed in 1261. The
establishment of new fortified support places in Prussia temporarily interrupted.

Figure 10 Prominent researcher of castles Karl Woldemar von Löwis of Menar

(1855-1930). Plan of Kandau Castellum (Caune & Ose, 2004, 240)
Figure 11 Architect Dr. arch. Ilmārs Dirveiks. Development phases of four-unit Windau
Castellum with the chapel (Dirveiks, 2004, 152)

In Vanema, on the Abava Valley’s corner southwards from the Cours’

hillfor, where two lowlands meet and the Abava River turns its original westeast
flow towards the north, a thick defensive wall on an elongated projection by three
steep sides and square Kandau Castellum with a chapel were built until 1312
(Caune & Ose, 2004, 22). The castellum together with the external front-castle on
the north and the urban settlement (oppidum) in the south made a three-part
fortified building complex (Fig. 10). The citizen Catholic congregation’s church
located at hillfort’s foot on crossroads near a marketplace of irregular layout

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Chapels in Secular Power Centres of Courland and the State of the Teutonic Order

(Caune & Ose, 2004, 239–242). German merchants and craftsmen set up their
homes on road near the castle (Ozola, 2013).

Figure 12 Ilmārs Dirveiks. The first floor plan of Windau Castle. Chronology of the 14th
and 15th century building blocks (Dirveiks, 2004, 137)
Figure 13 Ilmārs Dirveiks. Reconstruction drawing of Windau Castle’s outer wall with the
chapel. (Dirveiks, 2004, 151)

Bishop Heinrich and Master (1263–1266) Konrad of Mandern in 1263

signed the agreement about ownership of ports belonged to the Cours and the
Semigallians. On the Baltic seacoast, for economically important surveillance of
the Winda River estuary, the residential tower was built (around 1270) on the hill
at land road, which took to the Winda Port and a marketplace. The construction
of four-unit Windau Castellum (around 1270–1280) began. Building work
sequence (Fig. 11) related to functions: after construction of the freestanding four-
storey residential tower of stone and defensive wall, the formation of the chapel
and the Chapter Hall followed (Fig. 12, 13) (Dirveiks, 2004, 142). Jurij Vasiljev
believed, that the third stage from the 1290s to the mid- 15th century began with
the strengthening of institutions of feudal society after the Crusaders suppressed
the last centres of resistance of local residents. Trade and craft cities that arose in
the 13th–15th centuries, including Wenden, after Riga joined the German Hansa.
German feudals divided occupied lands, and construction intensified. Relatively
simple castellum-type castles consisted of a fortress wall, surrounding a
rectangular courtyard, laid out of boulders in Livonia. Residential and utility
buildings attached to it, like the Order’s castle in Hasenpoth (last quarter of the
13th century) (Vasiljev, 1986, XLII–XLIII).

The creation of early four-unit building complexes with the chapel

In the protection zone of the large Weichsel Waterway, the Teutonic Order
began to set up camps for maintenance of military forces, food and weapon
storage, traffic and trade provision in Prussia and people's refuge. Until 1260,
castles erected at a certain distance to close territorial crossings

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(Milicers, 2009, 103). Elbing Castle (1246) on the side of the Weichsel Lagoon,
Königsberg and Marienburg fortresses were early fortifications of regular layout.
On the north-west side of Königsberg stronghold mentioned for the first time
on 29 June 1256, merchants from Lübeck created the settlement of regular layout.
Construction of the wooden fortress for the Pregel Waterways’ surveillance
completed in 1261, but the fire in 1262 destroyed houses. A significant centre
with the trade port in the Baltic Sea region around 1263 was made. Nevertheless,
the town foundation was unsuccessful. Vogt of Samland (1278–1292) Dietrich
von Liedelau built the north part of stone fortress and in its northeast corner – a
Haber Tower (German: Haberturm, destroyed during 1941–1945 in the war) of
octagonal layout. In January 1286, the Old Town was founded. High, thick
defensive walls and six towers were built. The bell placed in the freestanding tent-
like roof covered tower (Fig. 14) next to the external wall. A reception room in
1312 was made and on its south side – a single-nave Castle Chapel, that had four
bays. Later the Castle Church was created (Fig. 15).

Figure 14 Historian, Dr. hab., Professor Torbus Tomasz. View on the tower and the chapel
(around 1400) located in Königsberg Castle’s southeastern corner. 1998
(Vartberge, 2005, 227)
Figure 15 Interior of Königsberg Castle Church (Wünsch, 1960, 39)
Figure 16 Conrad Steinbrecht. Reconstruction of Lochstedt Castle plan with a chapel at
building’s southeastern corner. 1882, 1902 (Steinbrecht, 1910, 14)

On the coast of the bay, on a land strip of the Weichsel Lagoon – an early a
regular planning four-unit Lochstedt (Russian: Павлово) Castle (1270–1275,
destroyed during World War II) was erected (Fig. 16). The second-floor plan of
the southern block was symmetrical: in the west, there was a dinning-room, in the
middle – a small room joined with the cloisters, also covered walks, open galleries
or arcades running along walls of buildings. Stairs, made in the external wall, took
to the first floor. In the east, there was the chapel, which main entrance took from
the cloisters surrounded the tyard. The Chapter Hall’s end-wall door clung to the
chancel of vaults covered small chapel in the northern side, which joined both
rooms. The sacristy located on the chapel’s south side.

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Chapels in Secular Power Centres of Courland and the State of the Teutonic Order

In 1237, the Teutonic Knights, on behalf of the Roman Catholic Church,

conquered the region and the native pagan Old Prussian inhabitants dispersed in
the process. The Teutonic Order built a castle at the lake and founded Elbing with
a population mostly from Lübeck. In 1246, the town granted a constitution under
Lübeck Law, providing for self-government as a free city. In the State of the
Teutonic Order, Grand Marshal’s residence situated in Königsberg, the main
hospital (German: Großspittler) – in Elbing (Elwinge, Polish: Elbląg; 1237), the
main Trapier (German: Großtrappier) – in the trans-regional centre Christburg
(1247, destroyed in the 15th cent.). Castles for Komturs and Vogts became
political and economic centres. In 1271, the Teutonic Order made a decision to
build the capital of the Teutonic Order State (1308–1454) on the Nogata right
coast near Danzig–Truso road (Guerquin, 1984, 209) to place Grand Master’s
(German: Großkomtur) residence. Defensive walls for the fortress were built, and
the ditch was dug (1274–1275). The square Meeting or Upper Castle (German:
Vorschloss; 1276) as a monastery of brick for the convent of brother-knights was
erected. It was also the administrative and cult centre. The chapel highlighted by
corner towers was orientated along the east-west axis and clung to the square. On
27 April 1276, Grand Master (1273–1276) Konrad of Thierberg (Latin: Cunradus
de Tyrberch, now Thierenberg) after St. Mary, patroness of the Teutonic Order,
named the fortress as Marienburg. Regular four-unit Tapiau (Russian: Гвардейск)
Castle, built in 1280 on the right coast of the Pregel, served to protect the border
and defend approaches to Königsberg.

Figure 17 Italian printmaker Moretti Dionisio (1790–1834). Plan of San Marco Square in
Venice, in XVI. tables. 1831 (Moretti, 1987)
Figure 18 Geographer Anstalts. Plan of Marienburg complex with the Upper Castle and a
tower on the eastern side of St. Anna’s Chapel (Anstalt, 1904)
Figure 19 St. Anna’s Chapel in Marienburg Castle (online 04.03.2018,
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cDDLuq57-
LQ/UDKdvHfFc3I/AAAAAAAAGj8/3nFLiiSSRJ0/s1600/IS_DSC_5080_2_6+kopia.jpg)

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In Venice, St. Mark’s Square in the late 13th century transformed, making it
open towards the city. St. Mark’s Square, surrounding buildings and the fortified
building complex of the Dodge’s Castle with St. Mark’s Cathedral included in
perimeter construction, became part of the city centre composition (Fig. 17). The
Christians in 1292 lost the Holy Land, and the Teutonic Order’s Grand Master
from Akko escaped to Venice. On flat relief, he built (1291–1309) for the convent
a rectangular castle with a yard protected by a ringwall. The garrison, household,
warehouse buildings arranged along a perimeter.
In Marienburg, a sacral building was included in the block of the square
Upper Castle (Fig. 18), to which the courtyard clung. A solution was found in
compliance with the idea incorporated in the Cistercian monastery’s functional
scheme. The Juranda Canal (Polish: Młynówka) connected with the Nogata River,
was dug (at the turn of the 13th–14th cent.) for the improvement of the defence
system, and it surrounded the complex. In 1309, Grand Master (1303–1311)
Siegfried (also Zygfryd) von Feuchtwangen moved his residence to the Teutonic
Order State’s capital Marienburg. Venice was used as a sample. The perimeter
building of the Middle Castle (German: Mittel-Schloss; after 1310) surrounded
the Upper Castle, and a wide yard was created (Fig. 18). The administrative
centres of the Middle Castle and the Lower Castle (German: Hochschloss) or
front-castle – the economic base of the fortified complex, were built on the plain
of the river coast. Under the cover of the front-castle, the Middle Castle plan that
reminded of a spacious trapezoidal yard, surrounded by the perimeter building,
joined to the monastery’s regular courtyard. A three-division complex was made
in several stages. St. Mary’s Church (Sankt Marien-Kirche, 1344) was
reconstructed and St. Anna’s Chapel (German: Sankt Annenkapelle, 1331–1344)
(Fig. 19) got under its auspices (Ozola Tower, 2018).

Creation of the four-unit castle of square layout called the convent-house

Around 1290, mutually linking four blocks of an even height created a castle
of square layout (Milicers, 2009, 108) named in the Latin phrase domus
conventuales. The following were built Gollub (Fig. 20) and Rehden (Fig. 21)
castles reminded not only of a monastery with cloisters, but also performed
functions similar to monastery’s cloisters. On the top floor – the monks’ common
bedroom (Latin: dormitorium), the Chapter’s Meeting Hall, dining-room,
administration rooms, a room for the Komtur or Master.

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Chapels in Secular Power Centres of Courland and the State of the Teutonic Order

Figure 20 Conrad Steinbrecht. Plan of four-unit Gollub Castle with a chapel at building’s
southeastern corner around 1300 (Steinbrecht, 1888, 33)
Figure 21 Plan of the four-unit Rehden Castle with a chapel at building’s southeastern
corner (online 04.03.2018, https://medievalheritage.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Radzyn-
Chelminski-plan-02.jpg)

Tuulse in his book it called the convent-house (German: Konventhaus)

(Tuulse 1942). Elbing Castle for Komtur in the 14th century was rebuilt into a
regular structure, but a strong fortified bishop’s residence, Canonical Chapter’s
residence and basilica – St. Nikolay’s Cathedral (Polish: kościół katedralny św.
Mikołaja; 1240–1260) used for religious and social activities up to the 14th century
were built separately from the urban building.
In Courland, on the Winda River’s left bank, where the Cours’ settlement
existed fifty years before the Germans’ wooden fortress was built for the
Goldingen Commandry’s Centre, four-unit stone regular Goldingen Castellum in
the late 13th century replaced former fortifications. On the second floor of the
northern block there was the Chapter’s Hall joined with the chapel in the north-
west corner. The chancel only might have formed the chapel, as the congregation
could sit in the Chapter Hall (Fromholds, 2005, 238, 258).
On the Long Island, made by the Lielupe River and its bypass Driksa, Mitau
wooden fortress (1265–1266) in 1272 became the military base for the conquest
of Semigallia, Lithuania and Courland. Master of Livonia (1328–1340) Eberhard
of Monheim (Everhardus a Monheim) built Mitau Castellum of bricks, boulders
and dolomite, beside which craftsmen and merchants made an urban settlement
(Hakelwerk Mitau) by compact building of dwellings, household houses and
warehouses. The Lithuanians under Grand Duke (1345–1377) Algirdas’
leadership in 1345 burnt the front-castle (Zemītis, 2005, 185).

Conclusions

In Livonia, during the second stone fortresses construction period, the chapel
was included in the volume of the castle, so that the internal yard would be placed

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in the south. In a regular four-unit castle the chapel was included in a separate
block, and construction of such fortresses was also on a flat relief started. In
Prussia, during the first stone fortresses construction period, the chapel in regular
planning castle was included in the south. The tower became the architectonic
dominant of the castle. Near the fortress, the church was built. The planning of
Commandry and Vogtei centres obtained first outlines.

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