"A Case Study of Prisoner Comfort and Safety for a Proposed

Three-Storey Multi-Purpose Building for Regional Operations in

Aringay, La Union"

A Research Paper Presented to the

Architecture Department

Pangasinan State University

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the

Research Methods for Architecture

By

Lyka D. Sinohin

October, 2024

1
 FRAMEWORKS, METHODOLOGIES, DESIGN STRATEGY, AND

INSTRUMENTS

Research Framework

A. Theoretical Framework

Introduction

The design and infrastructure of correctional facilities play a

significant role in ensuring the comfort, safety, and rehabilitation of

inmates. This theoretical framework integrates architectural principles

with insights from prison management and inmate welfare studies,

focusing on how these elements can be applied in the proposed three-

storey multi-purpose building for regional operations in Aringay, La

Union. By examining existing research and case studies on correctional

facilities in the Philippines and abroad, this study explores how

architectural design can enhance the living conditions of inmates,

promote their safety, and support their rehabilitation while addressing

the operational needs of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

(BJMP).

Correctional Facility Conditions and Inmate Welfare

The physical conditions of correctional facilities have a profound

impact on inmate welfare. Research has shown that overcrowding,

inadequate ventilation, insufficient sanitation, and poor lighting

contribute to physical discomfort, psychological distress, and increased

risk of violence among prisoners. A study by Narag (2022) on the New

Bilibid Prisons highlights how overcrowding exacerbates these issues,

leading to poor living conditions and safety concerns. Overcrowded

2
spaces also limit inmates' access to essential services such as

healthcare, sanitation, and recreation, further diminishing their quality

of life.

Similarly, Dela Cruz (2021) emphasizes the psychological effects

of such poor living conditions, stating that overcrowded environments

can lead to heightened stress, anxiety, and aggressive behaviors

among inmates. In many Philippine jails, inmates are crammed into

spaces that were not designed to house such large populations, and the

lack of proper amenities results in deteriorating physical and mental

health. This issue is particularly relevant to the proposed multi-purpose

building in Aringay, where addressing overcrowding and improving

living conditions will be crucial for ensuring the comfort and safety of

inmates.

To address these challenges, the design of the Aringay facility

will incorporate sufficient space for each inmate, adequate ventilation,

natural lighting, and access to sanitation facilities. The architectural

layout will be designed to reduce congestion, allowing for better

circulation of air and creating a more humane environment for inmates.

By improving these conditions, the facility aims to promote the well-

being of inmates, ultimately contributing to their rehabilitation.

Architectural Design and Inmate Safety

Safety within correctional facilities is closely linked to the

architectural design of the space. Poorly designed facilities,

characterized by cramped layouts, blind spots, and inadequate lighting,

can increase the risk of violence, self-harm, and escape attempts. The

3
design of modern correctional facilities seeks to mitigate these risks by

incorporating safety features that enhance the visibility of inmates,

ensure the separation of high-risk individuals, and reduce opportunities

for violent confrontations.

A case study of the proposed six-storey Mandaluyong City Jail

demonstrates how vertical expansion and modern design principles can

address safety concerns in overcrowded facilities (Proposed Six-Storey

Mandaluyong City Jail, 2019). In this facility, the use of a multi-storey

layout allows for better segregation of inmates based on their security

classification, while improving staff supervision. Strategic placement of

observation points and the use of transparent barriers ensure that jail

personnel can monitor multiple areas simultaneously, reducing the

likelihood of altercations between inmates.

The Aringay facility will apply similar principles by incorporating

clear lines of sight, robust surveillance systems, and strategic

placement of staff observation posts to ensure comprehensive

monitoring. The design will also include designated areas for inmates

with different security classifications to minimize the risk of violence.

Outdoor recreational spaces and communal areas will be integrated

into the design to promote social interaction and reduce tensions,

further enhancing inmate safety. According to the National Institute of

Justice (2021), these design elements not only improve safety but also

support rehabilitation by fostering a sense of normalcy and stability

within the facility.

Shared Governance and Correctional Facility Operations

4
 Effective prison management requires collaboration between

various stakeholders, including government agencies, jail

administrators, and architectural planners. This concept of shared

governance is essential for creating correctional facilities that are not

only safe and humane but also operationally efficient. Rey (2016)

highlights that shared governance in the context of prison management

involves cooperation between different entities to ensure that the

facility’s design and operations align with the needs of both inmates

and staff.

The proposed multi-purpose building in Aringay, La Union, is

envisioned as a facility that will not only house inmates but also

support the operational needs of the BJMP. This includes spaces

designed for staff activities such as training, meetings, and

administration, in addition to inmate housing and rehabilitation areas.

The design will accommodate BJMP's day-to-day operations by

incorporating features such as central control rooms, staff offices, and

designated areas for inmate intake and release procedures. These

design elements will ensure that the facility operates efficiently while

maintaining a high standard of security and safety.

In addition, shared governance involves the integration of

external stakeholders, such as community organizations and

government agencies, in the rehabilitation process. For example,

educational and vocational training programs will be offered within the

facility, necessitating collaboration with local educational institutions

and non-governmental organizations. These programs are integral to

5
the rehabilitation process, as they provide inmates with the skills and

knowledge needed for successful reintegration into society upon

release (Rey, 2016).

Rehabilitation and Therapeutic Design

Rehabilitation is a central goal of modern correctional facilities,

and the design of these facilities plays a crucial role in supporting

inmate rehabilitation. Theories of therapeutic design suggest that

environments that promote mental and emotional well-being can

significantly improve inmate behavior and reduce recidivism rates.

Research on the Therapeutic Community Modality Program

implemented in the Batangas City Jail provides evidence that well-

designed spaces dedicated to rehabilitation, therapy, and counseling

are effective in promoting positive behavioral changes among inmates

(Batangas City Jail Study, 2015).

The proposed Aringay facility will incorporate therapeutic design

principles, with spaces dedicated to rehabilitation programs, group

counseling, and individual therapy sessions. These spaces will be

designed to provide a calm, supportive environment that encourages

personal growth and development. In addition, outdoor areas for

physical exercise and recreational activities will be included, as

physical well-being is closely linked to mental health. The study by

Narag (2022) underscores the importance of providing inmates with

opportunities for physical activity and relaxation, as these activities can

reduce stress and improve overall well-being.

6
 The facility will also provide spaces for educational and

vocational training, enabling inmates to acquire new skills and improve

their employability upon release. Research by Schaefer (2019) suggests

that providing inmates with access to education and job training

reduces the likelihood of reoffending, as it equips them with the tools

needed to reintegrate into society. The design of the Aringay facility

will therefore prioritize the inclusion of classrooms, workshops, and

training rooms to support these rehabilitation efforts.

Innovative Construction and Sustainability

The final component of the theoretical framework focuses on the

integration of innovative construction methods and sustainability in the

design of correctional facilities. Modern correctional facility design

increasingly emphasizes the use of sustainable materials, energy-

efficient systems, and environmentally friendly construction

techniques. These design elements not only contribute to long-term

cost savings but also create more humane and comfortable

environments for inmates (National Institute of Justice, 2021).

In the case of the Aringay facility, sustainability will be a key

consideration in the design and construction process. The building will

utilize energy-efficient lighting, natural ventilation systems, and water-

saving technologies to reduce its environmental impact. In addition, the

use of durable, low-maintenance materials will minimize the need for

frequent repairs and reduce long-term operational costs. The Bureau of

Jail Management and Penology (2020) has emphasized the importance

of sustainability in the design of new correctional facilities, noting that

7
environmentally sustainable designs can contribute to improved inmate

well-being and reduce the strain on facility resources.

By incorporating these sustainable design elements, the

proposed facility aims to provide a more comfortable living

environment for inmates while ensuring long-term operational

efficiency for the BJMP. This approach aligns with global trends in

correctional facility design, where sustainability and inmate well-being

are prioritized alongside security and operational effectiveness.

This theoretical framework will serve as the primary basis for the

research, expanding and evolving into a conceptual framework. The

study will build upon this foundation, using it as the guiding structure

for the research and shaping the investigation’s overall scope and

direction. This framework integrates concepts from correctional facility

management, inmate welfare, architectural design, and rehabilitation

theory. It highlights the role of correctional facility design in improving

the comfort, safety, and rehabilitation of inmates while addressing the

operational needs of the BJMP. Drawing on case studies from the

Philippines and international research, the framework supports the

design of the proposed three-storey multi-purpose building in Aringay,

La Union. This facility is envisioned to meet the immediate needs of

prisoners and staff while promoting long-term sustainability, safety,

and rehabilitation.

8
 B. Conceptual Framework

The research will adopt a mixed-methods paradigm combining

PHASE INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

-Surveys on -Administer -Numerical data

prisoner questionnaires on comfort

comfort and -Conduct facility levels, safety

safety measurements risks, and spatial

-Facility -Perform adequacy

QUANTITATIVE design statistical

PHASE standards analysis

Environment

al data

(space,

ventilation,

lighting)

-Interviews -Thematic -Insights on

with prison analysis of comfort/safety,

officers and interviews and addressing

staff observations psychological

QUALITATIVE - -Identify key and social needs

PHASE Observations factors affecting

of inmate inmate well-

9
 behavior being

-Expert

feedback on

facility

design

-Findings -Cross- -Holistic

from validation of understanding of

DATA quantitative results prisoner comfort

INTEGRATION and -Triangulation of and safety

qualitative data for -Evidence-based

phase comprehensive recommendation

analysis s

-Integrated -Develop -Design

EVIDENCE- findings from recommendatio adjustments to

BASED both phases n based on improve safety,

RECOMMENDATI validated data comfort, and

ON facility

operations

Figure 1. Research Conceptual Framework

combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. This methodology

provides a comprehensive investigation into prisoner comfort and

safety in the proposed three-storey multi-purpose building for Regional

Operations in Aringay, La Union. By capturing both objective data—

such as spatial adequacy, ventilation, and lighting—and subjective

10
experiences of inmates and staff, the research integrates diverse

perspectives. The paradigm consists of the following components:

Quantitative Phase:

The quantitative phase involves collecting and analyzing numerical

data related to prisoner comfort and safety. Surveys will be

administered to inmates and prison staff to gather information on the

physical environment of the facility, such as available space,

ventilation, lighting, and sanitation. Additionally, facility design

standards will be measured to assess whether they align with best

practices. This data will be subjected to statistical analysis to determine

average comfort levels, identify safety risks, and evaluate spatial

adequacy. By quantifying these aspects, the research aims to provide

objective data on how the current and proposed architectural designs

affect the well-being of prisoners.

Qualitative Phase:

The qualitative phase involves gathering detailed, narrative data

through in-depth interviews with inmates, prison staff, and experts

involved in correctional facility design. Observations of inmate behavior

within the facility will also be conducted to identify environmental

stressors and positive influences on well-being. Thematic analysis will

be employed to interpret the qualitative data, revealing insights into

how the design of the facility impacts the mental, emotional, and social

needs of the inmates. These findings will provide a deeper

11
understanding of the experiences of individuals within the facility,

complementing the numerical data gathered in the quantitative phase.

Data Integration:

In the data integration phase, the quantitative and qualitative findings

will be combined to form a comprehensive understanding of the

facility’s impact on prisoner comfort and safety. Through cross-

validation and triangulation of the two datasets, any inconsistencies

between numerical and narrative data will be analyzed, and areas of

synergy will be identified. This phase will help ensure that the final

conclusions drawn are both robust and multi-dimensional, reflecting the

physical, psychological, and social aspects of the prison environment.

Evidence-Based Recommendations:

The integration of both quantitative and qualitative data will lead to the

formulation of evidence-based recommendations. These

recommendations will focus on improving the design of the proposed

three-storey multi-purpose building in Aringay, La Union, ensuring that

it promotes the comfort and safety of inmates while addressing

operational needs. Suggestions may include design adjustments

related to space allocation, lighting, ventilation, and social interaction

spaces, all informed by the data gathered during the research. The goal

is to create a facility that not only meets architectural standards but

also enhances the well-being and rehabilitation of its inhabitants.

12
 CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

I. Research Design

STAGE OBJECTIVES STRATEGIES OUTPUT

- Assess - Manual - Visual site data

physical mapping using (maps, photos)

characteristic free tools like - Basic lighting

s Google Maps or and

- Gather SketchUp for environmental

STAGE 1: SITE initial 3D site modeling data using

SURVEY environmenta - Use accessible tools

l and spatial smartphone - Initial 3D site

data light meter layout for

apps (e.g., Lux reference

Light Meter Pro)

for basic lighting

measurements

- Photos and

videos taken

using

smartphone

cameras to

13
 document site

conditions

- Collect user - Conduct - Quantitative

and online or data from

environmenta printed surveys

l data surveys using - Observational

STAGE 2: FIELD - Understand Google Forms or insights from

SURVEY user behavior printed copies manual

and spatial distributed to observation

interaction participants (supported by

- Manual photos)

observation of - Qualitative data

user interactions from interviews

with the on user

environment, experience and

taking detailed spatial usage

notes and

photos for

documentation

- In-depth

interviews

recorded using

smartphone

voice memos or

14
 free apps (e.g.,

Otter.ai) to

collect

qualitative data

- Integrate - Use Google - Comprehensive

STAGE 3: DATA survey, Sheets or Excel understanding of

INTEGRATION observation, for organizing user experience

and site data and analyzing and space

- Synthesize quantitative utilization

findings and data (e.g., - Data-backed

draw average recommendation

conclusions comfort, space s for

adequacy) improvements

- Thematic based on analysis

analysis of - Visual and

qualitative data numerical

(from evidence for the

interviews) thesis case study

using free tools

like QDA Miner

Lite for coding

and analysis

- Simple

visualizations

15
 (graphs and

charts) made

using Google

Sheets or Excel

to represent

findings

Figure 2. Research Design Diagram

The research design for this study is carefully crafted to ensure

the methodology used will effectively address the research questions at

hand. The design diagram is a comprehensive visual guide outlining the

various procedures and tools utilized throughout the research process.

Following this well-planned design, the study aims to thoroughly

investigate and provide accurate and meaningful results.

The research design depicted in Figure 2 will be employed to

better understand prisoner comfort and safety within the proposed

three-storey multi-purpose building in Aringuay, La Union. By utilizing

both site surveys and field data collection, researchers will assess

critical elements in the facility, such as spatial layout, lighting, and

environmental conditions, through manual mapping, 3D modeling, and

lighting measurements using accessible tools.

Additionally, prisoner comfort and safety preferences will be

determined through a combination of surveys, direct observation, and

interviews with participants. Data triangulation, incorporating both

quantitative and qualitative methods, will be utilized to thoroughly

16
analyze the data gathered and provide well-rounded insights into how

the building’s design can enhance prisoner comfort and safety.

II. Research Strategy

The methodology integrates both quantitative and qualitative

research approaches, ensuring a comprehensive exploration of spatial

and environmental factors affecting comfort and safety. The following

information will provide a comprehensive outline of the methodology

employed in the study to accomplish the three designated specific

objectives effectively:

A. Site Survey- The first phase of the study is the site survey,

aimed at assessing the physical characteristics of the site and

gathering initial environmental data. The survey will involve

manual mapping of the site using Google Maps to provide a

geographic context and to analyze the spatial layout of the

surrounding environment. This will help in understanding the

site's interaction with external factors, such as accessibility,

proximity to essential services, and environmental elements like

airflow and natural light. In addition, SketchUp, a 3D modeling

software, will be used to create detailed models of the proposed

facility. These models will offer a realistic visual representation of

the building and will be instrumental in spatial planning and

assessing the adequacy of spaces within the building for prisoner

movement, recreation, and rehabilitation.

17
 To measure the current lighting and environmental conditions of

the site, smartphone lux meter apps, such as Lux Light Meter Pro, will

be employed. This tool will measure the illuminance in various parts of

the site, which is critical for ensuring that the lighting levels are

conducive to both comfort and security. Additionally, photos and videos

of the site will be captured using smartphones to document key

features and conditions that could influence design decisions. These

images will serve as visual references during analysis and will help

compare site characteristics with design intentions.

B. Field Survey-The field survey is the second phase of the study

and is designed to gather both quantitative and qualitative data

on prisoner comfort, safety perceptions, and behavioral patterns

within the facility. This phase will employ surveys distributed to

prisoners and staff to collect data on comfort levels, safety, and

spatial usage. Google Forms will be used for online surveys,

while printed questionnaires will be distributed to those who

have limited access to digital devices. The surveys will focus on

key aspects such as personal space adequacy, air quality, noise

levels, lighting conditions, and perceived safety within different

areas of the facility.

In addition to the surveys, direct observation will be carried out

to document prisoner behavior and interaction with the facility’s

spaces. Observations will focus on how inmates use recreational

areas, dining spaces, and cells, paying particular attention to

issues related to overcrowding, visibility, and safety. These

18
 observations will be supported by the use of time-lapse

photography and video recording, which will provide visual

evidence of prisoner movement patterns and usage of space

throughout different times of the day. Observations will be made

over a period of three months, focusing on critical hours of the

day, such as meal times, recreational periods, and nighttime

activities.

In-depth interviews will also be conducted with prison staff,

inmates, and facility administrators to gather qualitative data on

comfort and safety concerns. These interviews will explore topics

such as psychological well-being, the effectiveness of security

measures, and the adequacy of amenities provided. The

qualitative insights gathered from these interviews will be coded

and analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring

themes and areas for improvement.

C. Data Integration and Analysis- In the third phase, data

collected from the site and field surveys will be integrated and

analyzed to draw meaningful conclusions. The quantitative data

from the surveys will be organized in Google Sheets or Excel,

where statistical analyses will be performed to identify trends

and correlations between spatial conditions (such as lighting,

ventilation, and space adequacy) and prisoner comfort and

safety. Techniques such as descriptive statistics (mean, median,

mode) and cross-tabulation will be used to analyze responses

related to safety and comfort perceptions.

19
 The qualitative data from interviews and observations will be

analyzed using QDA Miner Lite, a free qualitative data analysis

tool that allows for the coding and categorization of open-ended

responses. Thematic analysis will be performed to uncover

common patterns in the data, such as recurrent complaints

about space constraints or safety concerns in specific areas of

the facility. This qualitative data will be triangulated with the

quantitative findings to validate the results and ensure

consistency in the interpretation.

Finally, data triangulation will be used to cross-validate the

results obtained from the various data sources. By comparing

the insights from surveys, observations, and interviews, the

study will develop a holistic understanding of how spatial design

influences prisoner comfort and safety. This triangulated data

will form the basis for the evidence-based recommendations that

will be made to improve the facility’s design and operational

efficiency.

III. Research Instrument and Tools

A variety of instruments and tools will be employed to collect both

qualitative and quantitative data, ensuring a robust and accurate

research process. The use of modern technology alongside traditional

methods will allow for comprehensive data collection, analysis, and

interpretation.

A. Google Maps and SketchUp- Google Maps will be used for

manual site mapping, offering geographic context and spatial

20
 orientation of the building in relation to its environment. This will

aid in understanding how the building's layout interacts with

external factors such as natural light, air circulation, and

proximity to services. SketchUp will provide 3D models of the

facility to simulate spatial arrangements and help visualize how

the building's design can be optimized for comfort and safety.

B. Lux Meter (Smartphone App)- A smartphone lux meter app,

such as Lux Light Meter Pro, will be used to measure the

intensity of lighting in different areas of the building. Lighting

plays a crucial role in ensuring safety by reducing blind spots and

enhancing visibility in communal and high-traffic areas.

Measuring the lux levels will help assess whether the current

lighting is sufficient to ensure security and prisoner comfort.

These measurements will be collected at different times of day

and under various weather conditions to ensure comprehensive

data collection.

C. Google Forms and Printed Questionnaires- Surveys will be

administered to both prisoners and staff to gather quantitative

data on comfort levels, safety perceptions, and environmental

conditions within the facility. Google Forms will be used for

online surveys, allowing data to be collected and analyzed in real

time. Printed questionnaires will be distributed to participants

without access to digital devices. The questionnaire will include

both multiple-choice and open-ended questions to ensure a wide

range of responses that capture individual experiences.

21
D. Smartphone for Photos and Videos- A smartphone will be

used to document site conditions through photos and videos,

capturing real-time evidence of spatial adequacy, lighting, and

prisoner interaction with their environment. These visuals will

serve as supplementary data during the analysis and will help in

identifying problem areas that require design modifications.

E. Video Time-Lapse Camera- Time-lapse cameras will be

strategically placed in key areas within the facility to capture

movement patterns and behavior of prisoners in communal

areas, dining spaces, and recreational zones. Time-lapse

photography will allow researchers to analyze how prisoners use

the available spaces over time, providing insights into

congestion, safety risks, and overall spatial functionality.

F. Excel/Google Sheets- These tools will be used to organize,

tabulate, and analyze quantitative data collected from the

surveys. Various statistical methods, including cross-tabulation,

correlation analysis, and descriptive statistics, will be applied to

identify patterns in the data. These tools will also be used to

create visual representations of the findings, such as charts and

graphs.

G. QDA Miner Lite- QDA Miner Lite, a qualitative analysis tool, will

be employed to analyze interview transcripts and open-ended

survey responses. The software will be used to code responses,

categorize data, and perform thematic analysis to identify

recurring themes and issues related to comfort and safety within

22
 the facility. This tool allows for the systematic analysis of large

volumes of qualitative data, ensuring accurate and meaningful

interpretation of the findings.

H. Direct Observation Checklists- Checklists will be used during

direct observations to systematically record behavioral patterns,

interactions with space, and any notable safety concerns.

Observations will focus on prisoner use of communal areas,

interaction with staff, and behavior during various daily routines,

providing qualitative data to supplement the findings from the

surveys.

IV. Sample Questionnaire

To develop a questionnaire assessing the conditions and

experiences of prisoners within the context of the proposed three-

storey multi-purpose building for regional operations in Aringay, La

Union. Understanding the nuances of prisoner comfort and safety is

essential for ensuring effective rehabilitation and humane treatment, as

emphasized in various studies on correctional facilities in the

Philippines (e.g., Portnov et al., 2020; NCPAG, 2021).

This questionnaire will focus on several key areas:

1. Prisoner Comfort:

This section aims to evaluate the physical and emotional comfort

of prisoners, including aspects such as space, amenities, and

environmental conditions. Respondents will be asked to assess

23
 their satisfaction with living conditions, including ventilation,

temperature control, and access to basic needs.

2. Safety Perceptions:

Understanding prisoners’ perceptions of safety within the facility

is critical. This section will explore feelings of security related to

both interpersonal interactions and the structural integrity of the

building. Questions will address issues such as safety protocols,

visibility, and response times in emergencies.

3. Lighting and Visibility:

Adequate lighting is crucial for ensuring both safety and comfort.

This section will assess the adequacy of lighting in common

areas, sleeping quarters, and other vital spaces within the

proposed building. Participants will evaluate lighting levels,

glare, and their impact on feelings of safety and comfort.

4. Rehabilitation and Support Services:

This area will gather insights on the availability and effectiveness

of rehabilitation programs, support services, and recreational

activities offered within the facility. Respondents will be asked

about their access to these programs and how they perceive

their contribution to personal development and well-being.

5. Recommendations for Improvement:

Based on the feedback collected, several recommendations will

be proposed to enhance the overall experience within the

facility. These may include:

24
o Increasing the number and quality of amenities to improve

prisoner comfort.

o Implementing enhanced safety protocols to address

prisoners’ concerns about security.

o Upgrading lighting systems to ensure adequate

illumination in all areas, thereby promoting feelings of

safety.

o Expanding rehabilitation and support programs to better

meet the needs of the prisoners and facilitate their

reintegration into society.

o Regularly soliciting feedback from prisoners to continually

assess and improve facility conditions.

25
26
27
 Figure 3. Dummy Questionnaire

This questionnaire, inspired by the research methodologies found in

relevant studies, ensures a thorough evaluation of all necessary

aspects to assess and enhance prisoner comfort, safety, and overall

conditions in the proposed three-story multi-purpose building for

regional operations in Aringay, La Union. The data collected through

conditions faced by prisoners and inform the design and operation of

the proposed facility. It aims to ensure that the building not only meets

regulatory standards but also prioritizes the well-being and

rehabilitation of its occupants.

References:

 Academia. (n.d.). A case analysis on therapeutic community modality

program at Mountain Province District Jail.

https://www.academia.edu/37843379/A_Case_Analysis_on_Therapeutic_

Community_Modality_Program_at_Mountain_Province_District_Jail

 Academia. (n.d.). Conditions of correctional facilities in the

Philippines: Jail wardens' perspectives and experiences.

https://www.academia.edu/79639954/Conditions_of_Correctional_Facilit

ies_in_the_Philippines_Jail_Wardens_Perspectives_and_Experiences

 Academia. (n.d.). Level of satisfaction of the detainees of the Bureau

of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP).

https://www.academia.edu/96989372/LEVEL_OF_SATISFACTION_OF_THE

_DETAINEES_OF_THE_BUREAU_OF_JAIL_MANAGEMENT_AND_PENOLOGY

_BJMP

 Adora, G. (n.d.). The stepping stones to solve jail overcrowding:

Limitations in legislation and litigation. UST Law Review.

https://lawreview.ust.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/The-

Stepping-Stones-to-Solve-Jail-Overcrowding_-Limitations-in-Legislation-

and-Litigation-by-Gabriel-Adora.pdf

29
 Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP). (n.d.). Services of

the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology: An assessment.

https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v9i1/ART20204135.pdf

 International Studies Association. (n.d.). Congestion to compassion:

How the BJMP revolutionizes PDL rehabilitation.

https://isacenter.org/congestion-to-compassion-how-the-bjmp-

revolutionizes-pdl-rehabilitation/

 IJISRT. (n.d.). Conditions of correctional facilities in the Philippines.

https://ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT22MAY1251.pdf

 IJSR. (n.d.). Correctional facility services assessment.

https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v9i1/ART20204135.pdf

 National Institute of Justice. (n.d.). New construction methods for

correctional facilities. https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/new-

construction-methods-correctional-facilities

 Narag, R. (n.d.). Understanding conditions of the New Bilibid Prisons.

University of the Philippines National College of Public Administration

and Governance.

https://www.ncpag.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/Narag-

Understanding-conditions-of-the-New-Bilibid-Prisons.pdf

 Philippine Go. (n.d.). Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

(BJMP). https://philippinego.com/gov/bureau-of-jail-management-and-

penology-bjmp/

 PsycNet. (n.d.). Correctional facility design and prisoner comfort.

https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-06982-002

30
 ResearchGate. (n.d.). Conditions of correctional facilities in the

Philippines: Jail wardens' perspectives and experiences.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360423166_Conditions_of_Co

rrectional_Facilities_in_the_Philippines_Jail_Wardens'_Perspectives_and_

Experiences

 ResearchGate. (n.d.). The rehabilitation programs and services for

persons deprived of liberty in a jail in Ilocos Sur, Philippines.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366789991_THE_REHABILITA

TION_PROGRAMS_AND_SERVICES_FOR_PERSONS_DEPRIVED_OF_LIBERT

Y_IN_A_JAIL_IN_ILOCOS_SUR_PHILIPPINES

 ResearchGate. (n.d.). Understanding prison management in the

Philippines: A case for shared governance.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310467821_Understanding_P

rison_Management_in_the_Philippines_A_Case_for_Shared_Governance

 Research LPU Batangas. (n.d.). An assessment of correctional facility

services in Batangas.

https://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CRIM-

2016-003.pdf

 Research LPU Batangas. (n.d.). Effectiveness of therapeutic

community modality program implemented in Batangas City Jail,

Philippines.

https://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/EJRSS

-EFFECTIVENESS-OF-THERAPEUTIC-COMMUNITY-MODALITY-PROGRAM-

IMPLEMENTED-IN-BATANGAS-CITY-JAIL-PHILIPPINES.pdf

31
 ScholarWorks. (n.d.). Prison management: A case study.

https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?

article=6691&context=dissertations

 Scribd. (n.d.). A proposed six-storey Mandaluyong City jail.

https://www.scribd.com/document/426391669/A-Proposed-Six-Storey-

Mandaluyong-City-Jail

 Scribd. (n.d.). BJMP case analysis.

https://www.scribd.com/document/488228366/BJMP-CASE-ANALYSIS

 SAGE Journals. (n.d.). Prison management and facility conditions.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0032885516679366

 SAGE Journals. (n.d.). Rehabilitation and correctional facility

management.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10778012211019051

 SAGE Journals. (n.d.). Understanding conditions of the New Bilibid

Prisons.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/12063312221104211

 Studocu. (n.d.). BJMP case study: Case analysis.

https://www.studocu.com/my/document/universiti-utara-malaysia/inven

tory-management/bjmp-3033-case-study-287371/82694961

https://www.academia.edu/79639954/
Conditions_of_Correctional_Facilities_in_the_Philippines_Jail_Wardens_Perspect
ives_and_Experiences
https://www.scribd.com/document/426391669/A-Proposed-Six-Storey-
Mandaluyong-City-Jail
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
310467821_Understanding_Prison_Management_in_the_Philippines_A_Case_for
_Shared_Governance

32
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
360423166_Conditions_of_Correctional_Facilities_in_the_Philippines_Jail_Ward
ens'_Perspectives_and_Experiences
https://ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT22MAY1251.pdf
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/12063312221104211
https://www.ncpag.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/Narag-Understanding-
conditions-of-the-New-Bilibid-Prisons.pdf
https://repository.uel.ac.uk/download/
2a1dd3e1c79d2e12b759a3867e4edcebb53ebaecf35b15144eed4c409c9cca2b/
6345165/8042.pdf
https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=6691&context=dissertations
https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/new-construction-methods-correctional-
facilities
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
360423166_Conditions_of_Correctional_Facilities_in_the_Philippines_Jail_Ward
ens'_Perspectives_and_Experiences
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
310467821_Understanding_Prison_Management_in_the_Philippines_A_Case_for
_Shared_Governance
https://www.academia.edu/79639954/
Conditions_of_Correctional_Facilities_in_the_Philippines_Jail_Wardens_Perspect
ives_and_Experiences
https://ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT22MAY1251.pdf
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0032885516679366
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10778012211019051
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-06982-002
https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v9i1/ART20204135.pdf
349922231_Services_of_the_Bureau_of_Jail_Management_and_Penology_BJMP
_An_Assessment
https://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/EJRSS-
EFFECTIVENESS-OF-THERAPEUTIC-COMMUNITY-MODALITY-
PROGRAM-IMPLEMENTED-IN-BATANGAS-CITY-JAIL-PHILIPPINES.pdf
https://www.academia.edu/37843379/
A_Case_Analysis_on_Therapeutic_Community_Modality_Program_at_Mountain
_Province_District_Jail
https://philippinego.com/gov/bureau-of-jail-management-and-penology-bjmp/
https://www.academia.edu/96989372/
LEVEL_OF_SATISFACTION_OF_THE_DETAINEES_OF_THE_BUREAU_O
F_JAIL_MANAGEMENT_AND_PENOLOGY_BJMP
https://lawreview.ust.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/The-Stepping-Stones-to-
Solve-Jail-Overcrowding_-Limitations-in-Legislation-and-Litigation-by-Gabriel-
Adora.pdf
https://isacenter.org/congestion-to-compassion-how-the-bjmp-revolutionizes-pdl-
rehabilitation/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
366789991_THE_REHABILITATION_PROGRAMS_AND_SERVICES_FOR_P
33
ERSONS_DEPRIVED_OF_LIBERTY_IN_A_JAIL_IN_ILOCOS_SUR_PHILIP
PINES
https://www.studocu.com/my/document/universiti-utara-malaysia/inventory-
management/bjmp-3033-case-study-287371/82694961
https://www.scribd.com/document/488228366/BJMP-CASE-ANALYSIS
https://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CRIM-2016-
003.pdf

34