East African Journal of Science and Technology, 2012; 2 (46-58) http://www.eajscience.

com

Solid waste management in Kigali City, Rwanda

Jean de Dieu BAZIMENYERA1,2,a, Fu Qiang1,b , Antoine Karangwa3

1
NorthEast Agricultural University, School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering,
No.59, Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China.
2
Kigali Independent University (ULK), Gisenyi Campus, Department of Rural Development,
Rubavu, P.o.Box 248 Gisenyi. , Rwanda.
3. 1. Independent Institute of Lay Adventists of Kigali, PO Box 6392 Kigali Rwanda

a
e-mail: [email protected], be-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Solid waste management is becoming an important issue in Kigali City. Batch of wastes can be
seen in various spaces such as roads, riversides and many other open spaces, and this constitutes
a crucial problem to human beings in particular and environment in general, the accumulation of
these wastes will attract rats, insects, flies and many other pathogens which in turn cause
problems, such as water contamination, infectious diseases like diarrheal and so on. Rwanda,
being a densely populated country, is undergoing rapid urbanization and a huge number of
people are leaving rural areas to Kigali City, this leads to an increasing of challenges associated
with providing an effective basic infrastructure including solid waste management system. As
cities grow, wastes generated increase in volume as well as in variety. Rwandan urban population
growth rate was 5% per year in the period 1978-1991 and currently stands at 9% per year and
continues to increase. Regarding these changing issues this paper analyzed the current solid waste
management system in Kigali City and proposed some approaches which can be used to solve
the problems associated with it, where recycling and composting were found to be more suitable.

Keywords: solid waste management, Kigali City, recycling, composting

Introduction
Worldwide especially in developing solid waste is imperative in order to
countries like Rwanda solid waste minimize environmental and public health
management is becoming a big problem for risks (ISWA, 2002; Ball, 2006). The balance
major cities as a result of the rapid increase between the specific components of this
in solid waste generation caused by rapid system are already well understood and
population growth, urbanization, rapid established in most developed countries,
industrialization and economic development, Read (1999) for a UK perspective, but this is
while the sustainable management system of not often the case for developing countries
East African Journal of Science and Technology, 2012; 2 (46-58) http://www.eajscience.com

such as Rwanda. According to estimates management system in Kigali City and

from the World Resources Institute and suggests the suitable waste management
USAID, many local authorities in alternatives for Kigali City.
developing countries spend over 30% of
their budgets on refuse collection and Materials and Methodology
disposal but can only collect at most Methodology
50–70% Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and The basic methodology used in this paper
most do not meet environmentally safe concerns the field study and observation
(MSW) disposal levels because of lacking conducted in Kigali city from March 2011 to
sanitary landfills Matrix Development March 2012. The objective was to have a
Consultants (1993). Many evidences showed view of what is done on the field regarding
that a key driver towards increased solid waste management from collection to
efficiency in solid waste management is the dumping or recycling. For that case,
involvement of all stakeholders including, observation was made throughout the city,
the waste generators, waste processors, by visiting Nyanza landfill, cooperatives in
formal and informal sectors, financial charge of wastes recycling and local people
institutions and private initiatives such as with different levels of living in randomly
non-governmental and community based chosen sectors of every District. Some
organizations (Baud et al., 2001; Palczynski, markets and industries were also visited. In
2002; Read, 2003; Ahmed and Ali, 2004; order to determine the composition of the
Henry et al., 2006; Kassim and Ali, 2006; solid waste, approximately 1000 kg of solid
Wilson et al., 2006). For this reason as in waste samples were collected from the
Rwanda there are a lot of jobless people, transitional collection sites in all districts of
this paper encourages the recycling of Kigali City and follow up of the (Company
wastes by private sector in order to for the conservation of environment)
supplement the Government to create more COCEN’s activities, was carried out from
job opportunities. collection to the production of briquettes.
Other several solid waste management In addition to the field study there were
techniques have been described by various other several techniques which have been
authors, we can say for example (Poon, used such as interviews and desk survey.
1997; Kungskulniti, 1991; Tchobanoglous, Interviews were conducted with the
1993; Iskandar, 2003; Niemeijer, 2002; representatives of the Public sector, private
Mason et al., 2003; Klang et al., 2003; Button, sector, informal sector, households and
2002; White et al.,1995; McDougall et al., associations dealing with solid waste
2001). Although studies above can provide management in the Kigali City. Desk
useful support in determining the best surveys were made to get information from
practicable management option, they are available literature and to know works
often country specific. For this reason this previously done in the field of solid waste
paper analyzed the current solid waste management in Rwanda.
East African Journal of Science and Technology, 2012; 2 (46-58) http://www.eajscience.com

by approximately 1 million inhabitants on

Study area description the area of 730 km2. Its population is
According to Kigali City website, Kigali City, relatively young with 60%, and women are
the capital of Rwanda, started in 1907 as a slightly more the 50% and shelters
small colonial outpost with little link to the approximately more than 44% of the
outside world. The City of Kigali is divided Rwandan urban populations, for more
into three (3) Districts comprising 35 details see Fig.1.
Sectors, 161 Cells and Cells are subdivided
into 1061 villages. It is presently inhabited

Fig1. Kigali City in the map of Rwanda

Results and discussion Nyarugenge they occupy 66.4% while in

A. Solid wastes characteristics, origin Kicukiro district they represent 66.7%. Low
and their amount income people generate more food remnant
The main sources of solid waste in Kigali wastes than others with the percentage of
are domestic, commercial activities, 66.9, middle income people produce 63.1%
industries, streets, farms and markets. As whilst high income produce 58.9%. The
presented in the table 1. Solid wastes in second component of wastes in Kigali City
Kigali City are mainly made by food is occupied by paper with 16.4% in
remnants more than 60% in all districts and Nyarugenge district, 15.4 % in Kicukiro
in all categories of income except for high District, 16.6% in Gasabo district, 19.4% for
income people. In Gasobo district food high income people, 16.6% for middle
remnants comprises 67.5% of all wastes; in income and 13.5 for low income people.
East African Journal of Science and Technology, 2012; 2 (46-58) http://www.eajscience.com

The third place is occupied by grass, the average waste generation is between 1800
fourth by wood; the fifth is textile followed and 2000 t per day which means 1.8 - 2kg of
by plastic and glass. At the last we have waste per capita per day.
leather preceded by cans. In Kigali city, the

Table1. Wastes composition in Kigali City by District and income level groups
High Middle low
District Nyarugenge Kicukiro Gasabo income income income

waste type % composition % composition,

Food
remnant 66.4 66.7 67.5 58.9 63.1 66.9
Paper 16.4 15.4 16.6 19.4 16.6 13.5
Grass 6.7 6.8 7.3 5.9 7.9 8
Plastic 1.6 1.9 1 3.2 3 2.4
Metal 0.9 1.9 0.5 1.2 0.8 0.2
Textile 1.8 1.8 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.9
Glass 1.6 1.7 0.8 1.9 1.2 0.8
Wood 3.2 2.5 3 3.4 3.8 4.6
Leather 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.6 0.6
Cans 0.9 0.9 0.7 2.7 0.4 0.1

B. Waste collection, storage and which are hardly accessible especially the
transport suburban areas, which are mainly occupied
Collection, storage and transport of wastes by poor and jobless people, this leads to the
in Kigali City are privatized and every sector informal management of wastes in those
has its private company in charge of these areas because companies in charge of waste
activities. Those firms collect collection are not interested by them. They
house-to-house, typically between one and tend to concentrate their services mainly in
three times a week, depending on the the central business districts and on the
capacity of the household because they have more affluent communities, which have
to pay them according to the amount of better access and who can pay wastes
wastes they have collected but in some areas services easily. In those slums people are
the collection is done once per month. After fighting for survival and don’t care about
collection in most cases wastes are environmental protection and rapid
transported at Nyanza landfill and few to population concentration has overstretched
recycling company. Most part of Kigali City the capacity of local authorities to
is characterized by high population density adequately provide adequate basic
and unplanned poor residential structures infrastructures. As it is shown by Table.2,
East African Journal of Science and Technology, 2012; 2 (46-58) http://www.eajscience.com

population of Rwanda and that of Kigali services sector which are mainly
City in particular is increasing at high rate. concentrated in Kigali (more than 70% of
This high increasing of population is due to industrial activity; about 50% of the
the movement of people from rural areas to wholesale businesses and 70% of the
Kigali City looking for employment and banking services, etc), MINECOFIN
rapid population growth of the whole ( 2007). As population and economic
country in general. This leads to the high activities increase more wastes will be
concentration of the urban population in generated which calls for a planned
the Capital which is estimated at 44% of the sustainable management for them, but this
Rwandan urban population with an average is not feasible due to that unpredictable high
annual rate of 9%. This demographic concentration of population in Kigali City
imbalance between Kigali City and other and lack of sustainable master plan.
urban centers is accompanied by an
imbalance in the economic activities and
Table2. Evolution of Rwandan and Kigali City’s population from 1970 to 2011
Years 1970 1978 1991 2002 2011
Population in Kigali City 57400 115990 235664 603049 1000000
Population in Rwanda 3756432 4832527 7157551 8128553 11000000

Nyanza landfill is a typical of unsanitary

C. Techniques used for treatment and landfill which is located on the top of small
disposal of solid wastes in Kigali City hill not far from dwelling houses. During
the raining season water from wastes can
Landfill
reach the houses near that landfill, see fig.2
when it is raining it is immediately full and
In Kigali City, it is the most used technique
water throws downwards area which is the
to manage solid wastes where about 80% of
habitation area and leachate from the site
wastes are transported to Nyanza landfill
can easily find the way into the nearby water
located in Kicukiro District. Fig2. and Fig.3
bodies and contaminate them.
show wastes disposed in that landfill.
East African Journal of Science and Technology, 2012; 2 (46-58) http://www.eajscience.com

Fig.2. Plastic wastes on the top of pong containing wastewater at Nyanza landfill

Fig 3. Scavenger separating solid wastes at Nyanza Landfill

The methods used to treat waste at that Unfortunately, they suffer from health
landfill are not appropriate, after disposing problems and injuries due to dust and the
wastes, they are not covered by soils and the presence of broken glass and sharps, from
bad odor from those wastes attracts flies Fig.3, you can see that women is separating
which can cause diseases to people who live wastes and doesn’t wear neither the hand
near or work in the landfill, also light guard nor the protective shoes, and is
materials, such as paper and plastic bags, are exposed at high risk as said Cointreau,
carried by winds, causing aesthetically (2000), the occupational health risks to
unpleasant conditions. Even if they try to waste pickers in developing countries are
separate wastes by taking out plastic wastes high because of manual handling and lack of
to be sold to recyclers, scavengers have no protective clothing/equipment, resulting in
facilities or equipment for sorting valuable direct contact with waste. The separation
materials from the solid waste. done is also not sufficient, arriving to the
East African Journal of Science and Technology, 2012; 2 (46-58) http://www.eajscience.com

site you still find the mixture of garbage by converting it into fuel biomass
biodegradable and non-biodegradable briquettes for household use and compost
wastes while those in charge of landfill organic fertilizer useful in crop production.
claim that they have finished that action of COCEN can make 4-12 tones of briquettes
separation. This activity is very difficult per day depending on the season and
given that at the waste generation level they customers. There were other few
don’t separate wastes. associations of that kind but they are no
In addition to that poor disposal of solid longer operating due to the lack of finance
wastes in Nyanza dumpsite, currently that and customers. Fig4. shows briquettes read
landfill is almost full. When authorities of to be packed and sold at COCEN site.
Kigali City asked that question, they said There is another cooperative, COOPED
that they are preparing another new area to located at Nyamirambo sector, Nyarugenge
relocate that dumpsite but until March 2012 District which recycles a small percentage
it was still being used. Note that this landfill of plastic wastes. Those associations are
has been operating for more than 30 years. recycling only about 10% of the total waste
When children scavenging at the dump sites of Kigali while more than 80% of wastes
were asked how they manage the squander are spoilable.
they scavenged, most of all them responded In addition to that formal waste recycling,
that they first wash them in the streams or there is also informal recycling carried out
rivers or at home then after they sell them by poor and marginalized social groups.
to recyclers. This practice can become a This is widespread throughout urban areas
major source of pollution as those materials of the developing world and it is reported
were mixed with chemicals and other that up to 2% of the population in Asian
pollutants. and Latin American cities depend on waste
picking to earn their livelihood Medina
(2000). Informal recycling occurs in
Recycling developing countries because of low levels
Though the most part of wastes in Kigali of economic development. In Kigali
City is biodegradable, the only recycling of informal waste recycling concerns mainly
biodegradable wastes in the whole City is metal wastes which are being collected and
carried out by one company COCEN which sold in neighbor countries such as Uganda
manages the community’s household and Kenya where they are recycled.
East African Journal of Science and Technology, 2012; 2 (46-58) http://www.eajscience.com

Fig. 4. Briquettes ready to be packed and sold at COCEN

Composting
Source reduction by considering Kigali City has a big part which is rural where
Packaging the main activity is agriculture and the
One of the best ways to reduce municipal government of Rwanda is encouraging the
solid waste is to limit packaging. population to use composting of their wastes
Also the simplest way to reduce waste is to to get fertilizers, but in Kigali City only 7%
prevent it from ever becoming waste in the of waste is managed using composting. This
first place. The government of Rwanda is done at the level of household especially in
banned plastic bags which were used mainly the rural part of the City where people have
for package. Currently package is done using enough land, every family collect its waste
spoilable materials made in papers but waste into a hole and let them to be decomposed
papers are increasing too quickly and there by bacteria, but also COCEN composts a
is no industry to recycle them. certain amount of waste it collects. This
technique is easier, chipper and economically
Incineration and burning profitable.
In Kigali incinerators are used only to treat
Illegal disposal
medical wastes, but a huge quantity of waste
is still being treated using illegal burning Illegal disposal is also common in Kigali
especially for agriculture waste and papers. City. Piles of solid wastes are often found
About 2% of waste is handled by this along roads, underneath bridges, in culverts
technique. and drainage channels and in other open
spaces. One source is the informal
collection workers for those who don’t want
East African Journal of Science and Technology, 2012; 2 (46-58) http://www.eajscience.com

or who are not able to pay the contribution of waste management associations is the
asked by waste collectors companies. lack of information for local people as they
are not involved in establishing the
D. Different stakeholders involved in contribution and choosing association to
waste management in Kigali City manage their wastes and the choice of
dumpsite. It is essential to consult residents
In Kigali City every Sector is in charge of its
on the most appropriate method of
waste and sectors sign contract with private
collection in their area, on the affordability
associations which are in charge of
of possible charges, and on their
cleanness and handling the problem of solid
conceivable role in monitoring the service.
waste even though the Sector continues to
supervise the activities. Districts and Kigali
E. Environmental impacts of Solid
City are also required to make a follow up
Waste disposal
and supervisions of those activities but their
In Kigali City, it was found that little or no
involvement is not sufficient as said the
consideration of environmental impacts was
president of COCEN, authorities are major
paid attention in the selection of dumpsite
source of the failure of recycling waste
and inspection and monitoring of the waste
associations because they don’t help them to
management was not consistent since there
sensitize population to pay contributions
are no wells to control groundwater
and to use briquettes from wastes especially
contamination at the landfill and all activities
government institutions. Landfills are in
concerning solid wastes management are
charge of Kigali City and it is the one who
carried out by private companies which are
pays salaries for workers in those dumpsites.
working for getting benefit with little
Householders are also involved in
involvement of the government. No sanitary
management of their wastes by paying a
practices such as application of daily soil
certain amount of money to those
cover or fencing were practiced at the
associations even though some people don’t
dumpsite which attracts rats, flies and other
pay that money and discharge their wastes
diseases promoter animals. Small children
into rivers, lakes and streams illegally. In
are often in the landfill picking plastic and
most developing countries people at
metal elements for their survival without any
household level are not given the chance to
protection this is the same for workers in
contribute in design and planning the solid
charge of waste separation they are not
waste management activities, which results
occupied with any protective equipment and
in residents being unsure of their roles and it
this increases their risks to diseases as they
is believed that lack of awareness is the
can be harmed by metals, glasses or fire
major contributory factor in the failure of
which takes place in landfill at least once per
most solid waste management schemes
year as said the manager of Nyanza landfill.
Addo-Yobo and Ali (2003), This is true for
The disposal of solid waste in the rivers,
Kigali City, one of the causes of the failure
road reserves, roadsides and especially in the
East African Journal of Science and Technology, 2012; 2 (46-58) http://www.eajscience.com

streams when it is raining is frequent not of deforestation starting by its institutions

only in the areas of poor people but also such schools, military camps and so on. To
even in the middle income quarters and minimize the cost of recycling and to make
Central Business District. The increasing it feasible, it is important to plan a better
growth of water hyacinth in wetlands handling system where solid waste should
located in the City such Nyabugogo and be stored in two or three different
Nyabarongo sides is partly attributable to containers at waste generation and provide a
illegal disposal of solid and liquid wastes in sorting area in order to avoid any mixing of
the rivers but there is a requirement for waste with different kinds and to reduce
proof studies. contamination. Only wastes that are not
suitable for recycling or composting should
F. Measures and recommendations to be transported at the sanitary landfill. For
improve solid waste management in that case the establishment of the sanitary
Kigali City landfill is obligatory in Kigali City.
To improve solid waste management system In addition to the measures cited above, it is
in Kigali City, they should be a new solid recommended to every citizen to reduce the
waste management policy where the amount he buys in the first place and
government through local authorities should purchase only the amount he needs in
emphasis on the inspection and monitoring order to reduce the waste he generates; to
of the whole waste management system, select products that are durable which can
including periodic surveillance of approved be used over and over again; to use refillable
waste disposal sites and their surroundings. and reusable containers. Rural exodus needs
They should also establish monitoring to be reduced by economic diversification
stations for the control of the disposal of and decentralization of economic activities
leachate from dumpsites into surface water in secondary cities in order to boost rural
and groundwater systems. Batteries and incomes, which would be an incentive to
other hazardous wastes should be stored in remain in the rural areas rather than end up
different containers separately from in slums in the urban areas and it is
non-hazardous wastes at any area. The necessary to promote a policy which facilitates
government should prepare and periodically the investment in the secondary urban centers
up-date the master plan of waste collection supported by suitable incentives. Finally an
and disposal in the city, it should also investigation into the extent of pollution of
encourage reuse and recycling through the groundwater urgently needs to be carried
supporting the associations dealing with out within the vicinities of Nyanza
wastes recycling as they are not only dumpsite.
protecting environment but also create
employment. The government should boost Conclusion
the sensitization of using briquettes from Kigali City’s solid wastes are highly
wastes as the country is facing the challenge increasing in the quantity and quality as the
East African Journal of Science and Technology, 2012; 2 (46-58) http://www.eajscience.com

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