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5B. Semiconductor Memories Part II

The document discusses types of logic devices, focusing on Fixed Logic Devices and Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs). PLDs are integrated circuits that can be user-configured to implement any logic function, with examples including PROM, PAL, and PLA. The document also explains the structure and programming of PROM, detailing how it can be used to implement specific Boolean functions.

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1 views18 pages

5B. Semiconductor Memories Part II

The document discusses types of logic devices, focusing on Fixed Logic Devices and Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs). PLDs are integrated circuits that can be user-configured to implement any logic function, with examples including PROM, PAL, and PLA. The document also explains the structure and programming of PROM, detailing how it can be used to implement specific Boolean functions.

Uploaded by

vvanshkaushik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Electronics

[EC282]

Topic: Programmable Logic Devices

12-05-2022 1
Types of Logic Devices

• There are 2 types of logic devices:


• Fixed Logic Devices
• Programmable Logic Devices

12-05-2022 DE – PLDs – Prof. T. L. Singal 2


Fixed Logic Devices

• A fixed logic device performs a given logic function that is known at the time of device
manufacture.
• The building blocks and their inter connections are permanent and cannot be altered after the
device is manufactured.
• Example: logic gate, multiplexer, flip-flop

12-05-2022 DE – PLDs – Prof. T. L. Singal 3


Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)

• A Programmable Logic Device or PLD is an integrated circuit which is


user configurable and is capable of implementing any logic function.
• It consists of large number of gates, flip flops and registers that are
interconnected on the chip.
• Most of these connections are fusible i.e they can be made or removed
according to user requirement.
• The process of entering the information into these devices is called
Programming.
• Here programming refers to hardware programming, but not the software
programming.
• Basically, users can program these devices or ICs electrically in order to
implement the Boolean functions based on the requirement.

12-05-2022 DE – PLDs – Prof. T. L. Singal 4


Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)

• A PLD is an integrated circuit with programmable gates


divided into an AND array and an OR array to provide an
AND-OR sum of products implementation.

• There are 3 types of PLDs:


a) PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
b) PAL (Programmable Array Logic)
c) PLA (Programmable Logic Array)

12-05-2022 DE – PLDs – Prof. T. L. Singal 5


ROM (Read Only Memory)

• It is a memory device in which permanent binary information is


stored.
• The binary information must be specified by the designer and is
then embedded in the unit to form the required interconnection
pattern.

• The number of words in a ROM is determined from the k address


input lines needed to specify the 2k words.
• The ROM does not have data inputs because it does not have the
write operation.
12-05-2022 DE – PLDs – Prof. T. L. Singal 6
Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)

• Read Only Memory ROM is a memory device, which stores the binary
information permanently.

• If the ROM has programmable feature, then it is called as Programmable


ROM or PROM. The user has the flexibility to program the binary
information electrically once by using PROM programmer.

• PROM is a programmable logic device that has fixed AND array &
Programmable OR array.

12-05-2022 DE – PLDs – Prof. T. L. Singal 7


Contd.

▪ Here, the inputs of AND gates are not of programmable type. So, we have to generate

2n product terms by using 2n AND gates having n inputs each. We can implement these

product terms by using nx2n decoder. So, this decoder generates ‘2n’ minterms.

▪ Here, the inputs of OR gates are programmable. That means, we can program any
number of required product terms, since all the outputs of AND gates are applied as

inputs to each OR gate. Therefore, the outputs of PROM will be in the form of sum of

minterms.

12-05-2022 DE – PLDs – Prof. T. L. Singal 8


Block Diagram of PROM

12-05-2022 DE – PLDs – Prof. T. L. Singal 9


Example of PROM

• A 32 x 8 PROM consists of 32 words of 8 bits each.


• The 5 input lines are decoded into 32 distinct outputs (memory
addresses) using a 5 x 25 decoder.
• Each OR gate has 32 input connections.

• In general, a 2k x n PROM consists of k x 2k decoder and n OR gates.

12-05-2022 DE – PLDs – Prof. T. L. Singal 10


Programming ROM

Output A7 can be expressed in sum of minterms as:


A7 (I0, I1, I2, I3, I4, I5) = ∑ (0,2,3 …, 29)

12-05-2022 DE – PLDs – Prof. T. L. Singal 11


Example

• Show how an 8 x 1 PROM can be programmed to implement


the logic function whose truth table is given below:

12-05-2022 DE – PLDs – Prof. T. L. Singal 12


Contd.

• Step 1: Make the logic function from the given truth table.

F = ∑m (2, 3, 5, 7)
F= A’BC’ + A’BC + AB’C +ABC

12-05-2022 DE – PLDs – Prof. T. L. Singal 13


• Step 3: Realize using PROM
F = ∑m (2, 3, 5, 7)
F= A’BC’ + A’BC + AB’C +ABC

12-05-2022 DE – PLDs – Prof. T. L. Singal 14


Example

Let us implement the following Boolean functions using PROM.

A(X,Y,Z)=∑m(5,6,7)

B(X,Y,Z)=∑m(3,5,6,7)

12-05-2022 DE – PLDs – Prof. T. L. Singal 15


….continued

• The given two functions are in sum of min terms form and
each function is having three variables X, Y & Z. So, we
require a 3 to 8 decoder and two programmable OR gates for
producing these two functions. The corresponding PROM is
shown in the following figure.

12-05-2022 DE – PLDs – Prof. T. L. Singal 16


… continued

• A(X,Y,Z)=∑m(5,6,7)

B(X,Y,Z)=∑m(3,5,6,7)

• Here, 3 to 8 decoder generates eight


min terms. The two programmable
OR gates have the access of all
these min terms. But, only the
required min terms are programmed
in order to produce the respective
Boolean functions by each OR gate.
The symbol ‘X’ is used for
programmable connections.

12-05-2022 DE – PLDs – Prof. T. L. Singal 17


Thanks!

12-05-2022 DE – PLDs – Prof. T. L. Singal 18

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