Project Planning
1.4 Activity Identification and Sequencing
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1.4 ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION AND SEQUENCING
Learning Learner will be able to:
• Adequately identify and quantify all activity parameters.
Objectives
• Identify qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the
Critical Path.
• Calculate Project Schedule duration.
• Forward Pass Calculations
• Earlies (ES, LS)
• Backward Pass Calculations
• Lates (LS, LF)
• Floats (TF, FF)
• Advanced Topic: Resource Leveling
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1.4 ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION AND SEQUENCING
Scheduling Primer
• See Examples
• Example 1.17: Scheduling Predecessor Table (pg. 19 of the PE-CERG-BR)
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1.4 ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION AND SEQUENCING
Activity Identification
• In an Activity on Node (AoN) diagram, the activity
will typically present the following parameters. Figure 1.16 Legend Sample
• Duration: The amount of time need to complete the
activity.
• Early Start (ES): The earliest possible date an activity
can start.
• Early Finish (EF): The earliest possible date and activity
will finish.
• Late Start (LS): The latest possible date an activity can
start.
• Late Finish (FS): The latest possible date an activity will
finish.
• Float: There are (2) types of float: Total Float and Free
Float. When referred generically, ‘Float’ corresponds to
Total Float.
• Total Float: Amount of time that can be used without
affecting the totality of the project schedule.
• Free Float: Amount of time that can be used without
affecting the successors start date.
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1.4 ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION AND SEQUENCING
Activity Identification - Equations
• In an Activity on Node (AoN) diagram, the activity
will typically present the following parameters. Figure 1.16 Legend Sample
• Duration: Provided or determined at the onset of project
schedule.
• Early Start (ES): For the first activity, use 0 (End of Day
convention). Otherwise, the ES of any activity equals the
EF of the preceding activity. i.e. ESB = EFA (Forward Pass)
• Early Finish (EF): ESA + DURA = EFA
• Late Start (LS): LFA - DURA = LSA
• Late Finish (FS): LFA = LSB (Backward Pass)
• Total Float: LFA – EFA = TFA or LSA – ESA = TFA
• Free Float: ESS.A. – EFA = FFA The lowest early start of
any succeeding activity (S.A.) minus the early finish of the
activity you are evaluating.
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1.4 ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION AND SEQUENCING
Critical Path
• A Critical Path represents:
Figure: Critical Path - Network Diagram
• The sequence of activities that controls
the duration of the project schedule.
• The shortest amount of time for project B E H
completion.
• The longest path through the network C F I K
A
diagram.
• Due to the controlling nature of the network
D G J
and associated activities. There is no float
on the critical path and its associated
activities. i.e. TF/FF = 0
• The first and last activities are on the Critical
Path.
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1.4 ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION AND SEQUENCING
1.4.3 Calculating Forward Pass
Figure 1.17 Calculating Forward Pass
• A Forward Pass operation will
determine:
• The Earlies (ES, EF) associated with each
activity.
• The Project Schedule duration (Critical
Path) and the associated critical activities
that comprise the path.
• Computed by using the largest EF of the
available predecessors to advance as the
subsequent activity’s ES. i.e. EFi = ESB
• Track the source of the EF of the last
activity. The path that emerges towards the
first activity is known as the Critical Path.
i.e. 29 from 26, 26 from 17, 17 from 11 etc.
• On the identified Critical Activities, equate
all the Lates (LS, LF) to the Earlies (ES,
EF), and ‘zero out’ the Floats.
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1.4 ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION AND SEQUENCING
1.4.4 Calculating Backward Pass
Figure 1.18 Calculating Backward Pass
• A Backward Pass operation will
determine:
• The Lates (LS, LF) associated with each
activity.
• Once the Lates are determined, Floats can
be calculated.
• Computed by using the smallest LS of the
available successors to be used as the
preceding activity’s LF. i.e. LSi = LFA
• Then compute the LSA by subtracting the
DURA from LFA. i.e. LFA - DURA = LSA
• Remember any activities on the Critical
Path will numerically be equal from their
Earlies to their Lates.
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1.4 ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION AND SEQUENCING
1.4.2 Project Scheduling
• Total Float: LFA – EFA = TFA or Figure 1.14 Example of Total Float and Free Float
LSA – ESA = TFA
• Free Float: ESS.A. – EFA = FFA The
lowest early start of any succeeding
activity (S.A.) minus the early finish of
the activity you are evaluating.
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1.4 ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION AND SEQUENCING
Critical Path
• See Examples
• Example 1.18: Determining the Critical Path (pg. 24 of the PE-CERG-BR)
• Example 1.19: Activity Identification and Sequencing (pg. 25 of the PE-
CERG-BR)
• Example 1.22-23: Resource Leveling (pg. 34 of the PE-CERG-BR)
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1.4 ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION AND SEQUENCING
Resource Leveling
• See Examples
• Example 1.21: Resource Sequencing (pg. 32 of the PE-CERG-BR) - Advanced
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1.4 ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION AND SEQUENCING
1.4.6 Resource Leveling
• Resource Leveling is an Figure: Resource Diagram
advanced project control tool
used to effectively allocate and
distribute resources over the
life of the project.
Resources
Resources
• Allows a project manager to
avoid hurdles associated with
overcrowding, over/under
allocating resources, or
Days Days
learning curve.
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1.4 ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION AND SEQUENCING
1.4.6 Resource Leveling
• See Example
• Example 1.22-1.23: Resource Leveling (pg. 34 of the PE-CERG-BR)
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1.4 ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION AND SEQUENCING
Recap • Critical Path
• Qualitative: No flexibility. Controls the schedule.
• Quantitative: Early = Lates
• Forward Pass Operation (Using Largest #)
• Earlies
• Duration of Schedule
• Critical Activities
• Backward Pass Operation (Using Smallest #)
• Lates
• After Lates, can compute Total and Free Float
• Advanced Topic: Resource Leveling
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1.4 ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION AND SEQUENCING
• Workshop Problems
• 32 (Schedule Identification)
• 33 (Early Start Calculation)
• 34 (Resource Allocation)
• 35-1 (Critical Path)
• 35-2 (Schedule Duration)
• 35-5 (Total & Free Float)
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