EE CORRELATION

COURSE
3rd Meeting
Electrical Technology
and Three Phase
Systems

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
Ammeters and voltmeters used in sinusoidal AC power systems indicate which
of the following values of the waveforms measured?

A. Peak value
B. Root-mean-square value
C. Average value
D. Maximum value

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
 Which of the following statements represents the main difference between a
relay and a contactor?
A. Contactors control current and relays control voltage.
B. A relay is series connected and a contactor is parallel connected.
C. Contactors can handle heavier loads than relays.
D. Contactors are made from silver and relays are made from copper.

Where a thermal-acting breaker is required to be used in an area of unusually

high, low, or constantly fluctuating temperatures, an ambient compensating
element must be used. This element consists of a ______________.

A. cylindrical spring on the contact arm

B. conical spring on the contact arm
C. second bimetal element
D. second electromagnet

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
 An accidental path of low resistance, allowing passage of abnormal amount of
current is known as a/an ____________.
A. open circuit
B. short circuit
C. polarized ground
D. ground reference point

Autotransformer starters or compensators are sometimes used with polyphase

induction motors to _____________.
A. reduce the voltage applied to the motor during the starting period
B. increase the voltage for 'across-the-line starting'
C. provide a backup means of voltage regulation for emergency starting
D. allow the voltage to be either stepped up or down, depending on the
application, to ensure full torque

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
The variable resistance placed in the rotor circuit of a wound-rotor induction
motor provides for __________.
A. speed control
B. frequency control
C. voltage control
D. use as a split-phase motor

A motor using a rheostat in the motor circuit to vary the speed is called a
____________.
A. squirrel-cage induction motor
B. regenerative braking motor
C. wound-rotor induction motor
D. synchronous motor

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
A circuit breaker and a fuse have a basic similarity in that they both
_____________.
A. can be reset to energize the circuit
B. should open the circuit when overloaded
C. will burn out when an over current flow develops
D. all of the above

A circuit breaker differs from a fuse in that a circuit breaker _____________.

A. melts and must be replaced

B. is enclosed in a tube of insulating material with metal ferrules at each end
C. gives no visual indication of having opened the circuit
D. trips to break the circuit and may be reset

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
A degree of control over the speed of a slip ring induction motor can be obtained
by _____________.

A. adjusting governor linkage

B. changing the number of phases to the motor

C. inserting resistance into the stator circuit

D. inserting resistance into the rotor circuit

A fuse that blows often should be replaced only with a fuse of _____________.

A. the recommended current and voltage rating

B. higher current and voltage rating
C. higher current and lower voltage rating
D. lower current and higher voltage rating

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
Which of the listed procedures should be carried out to prevent moisture
damage to electrical apparatus during extended periods of idleness?

A. Fill the motor housing with CO2 to inert the space.

B. Strap silica gel around the commutator.
C. Place heat lamps in the motor housings.
D. Cover the equipment with a canvas tarpaulin.

Time delayed or delayed action-type fuses are designed to _____________.

A. prevent grounds in branch circuits

B. prevent opens in motor circuits
C. permit momentary overloads without melting
D. guard lighting and electronic circuits

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
The heating of conductors as a result of resistance in a distribution circuit causes
a power loss expressed as _____________.

A. line droop
B. line loss
C. IR drop
D. hysteresis

Voltage droop is the intentional loss in output voltage from a device as it drives
a load. Adding droop in a voltage regulation circuit increases the headroom for
load transients. All electrical systems have some amount of resistance
between the regulator output and the load.

The loss which occurs because of the eddy current is known as the eddy
current loss. The eddy current induces because of the interaction of the variable
magnetic field and conductor. The loss which occurs because of the reversal of
the magnetising force is known as the hysteresis loss.

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
 S= 200 cis 36.87 kVA (polar)
S= 160 kW + j120 kVAr
(rectangular)
PF = Cos (theta) ….Where Angle
is ArcCos 0.8 equals to 36.37
degrees

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
 S= 200 cis 36.87 kVA (polar)
S= 160 kW + j120 kVAr (rectangular)
PF = Cos (theta) ….Where Angle is
ArcCos 0.8 equals to 36.37 degrees

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
V (Line) = 357.51 (1.732) cis (1.57 +30)
= 619.20 V cis 31.57
As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
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Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
During the charging process of storage batteries, the charging rooms should be
well ventilated because __________.

A. without ventilation excessive gassing will occur.

B. highly poisonous gases are released.
C. highly explosive gases will otherwise accumulate.
D. without ventilation the battery will not take a full charge.

A three-phase, induction-type motor experiences an open in one phase.

Which of the listed automatic protective devices will prevent the machine
from being damaged?

A. Overspeed trip
B. Thermal overload relay
C. Three-pole safety switch
D. Magnetic blowout coil

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
 PHASE FAILURE or SINGLE PHASING
This is called phase failure or single phasing. If a three-phase motor is
operating and loses one of the phases, the motor will continue to operate at a
reduced speed and experience vibrations. The current will also increase
considerably in the remaining phases, causing an internal heating of the motor
components.

Thermal overload relays are economic electromechanical protection devices for the
main circuit. They offer reliable protection for motors in the event of overload or phase
failure.
As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
What will be the phase angle relationship of a six-pole, three-phase, rotating field
generator?

A. 60°
B. 120°
C. 180°
D. 360°

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
Routine maintenance of lead acid batteries should include _____________.

A. keeping the terminals clean

B. coating cable connections with petroleum jelly
C. maintaining a trickle charge
D. all of the above

The petroleum jelly is one method of sealing off the battery terminal
end from the air and Underhood chemicals that cause the corrosion to form and
spread. Just be sure to clean off all the corrosion before sealing it up with the
petroleum jelly.

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
 Capacitors are used on the output of the power supply in today's consoles to
_____________.

A. filter out 'ripple'

B. prevent overloads
C. act as a permanent load
D. decrease the average value of the output voltage

A smoothing capacitor, also called a filter capacitor or charging

capacitor, is used to “smooth” these voltages. It weakens the ripple. Although the
capacitor does not produce perfect DC voltage, it reduces the fluctuations to a
level that most devices can easily handle.
Ripple (specifically ripple voltage) in electronics is the residual periodic
variation of the DC voltage within a power supply which has been derived from an
alternating current (AC) source. This ripple is due to incomplete suppression of
the alternating waveform after rectification. Ripple voltage originates as the output
of a rectifier or from generation and commutation of DC power.

Ripple (specifically ripple current or surge current) may also refer to the
pulsed current consumption of non-linear devices like capacitor-input rectifiers.
As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
Line losses in a distribution circuit are kept to a minimum by __________.

A. adding rubber insulation conductors to the circuit

B. using higher current and lower voltage
C. increasing the number of thermal relays in the circuit
D. using higher voltage and lower current

The final step in testing a circuit for a ground involves the use of a
megohmmeter. A grounded switch or cable will be indicated by a megohmmeter
reading of ____________.

A. 'zero‘
B. infinity
C. steady in the high range
D. unsteady in the low range

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
A three-phase alternator is operating at 450 volts with the switchboard
ammeter indicating 300 amps. The kw meter currently indicates 163.6 KW,
with a power factor of 0.7. If the power factor increases to 0.8, the KW meter
reading would increase by ___

A. 17.8 KW

B. 23.2 KW

C. 30.6 KW

D. 37.8 KW

Answer: B

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
TRANSFORMERS

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
Transformer Types based on Core material
The transformer transfers the energy by conducting electromagnetic flux through a core
material. Different core materials produce different flux density. Depending on the core
materials, several types of transformers are used in the power and electronics domain.

1. Iron Core Transformer

Iron core transformer uses multiple soft iron plates as the core material. Due to the excellent
magnetic properties of iron, the flux linkage of the iron core transformer is very high. Thus,
the efficiency of the iron core transformer is also high.
2. Ferrite Core Transformer
A ferrite core transformer uses a ferrite core due to high magnetic permeability. This type of
transformer offers very low losses in the high-frequency application. Due to this, ferrite core
transformers are used in high-frequency application such as in switch mode power supply
(SMPS), RF related applications, etc.

Ferrite Core Transformer

Ferrite core transformers also offer a different type of shapes, sizes depending on the
application requirement. It is mainly used in electronics rather than electrical application.
The most common shape in the ferrite core transformer is E core.

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
3. Toroidal Core Transformer
Toroidal core transformer uses toroid shaped core material, such as iron core or ferrite core.
Toroids are ring or donut shaped core material and widely used for superior electrical
performance. Due to the ring shape, the leakage inductance is very low and offers very high
inductance and Q factors. The windings are relatively short and weight is much less than
traditional, same rating transformers.

Toroidal Core Transformer Air Core Transformer

4. Air Core transformer

Air Core transformer does not use any physical magnetic core as the core
material. The flux linkage of the air-core transformer is made entirely using the air.
In air core transformer, the primary coil is supplied with alternating current which produces
an electromagnetic field around it. When a secondary coil is placed inside the magnetic
field, as per the Faraday law of induction, the secondary coil is induced with a magnetic
field which further is used to power the load.
However, air core transformer produces low mutual inductance compared to
physical core material such as iron or ferrite core.
As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
Types of Transformers based on Usage

There are several types of transformers also available which works in a specific
domain. Both electronics and electrical sectors, several dedicated transformers
are used as a step-down or step-up transformer based on the application of
application.

So, the transformers can be classified as below based on usage:

1. Power Domain

• Power Transformer
• Measurement Transformer
• Distribution Transformer

2. Electronics Domain

• Pulse Transformer
• Audio Output Transformer

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
Circuit breaker rating plate
Standardized characteristics indicated on
the rating plate of Compact NSX circuit
breaker:

1. Type of device – frame size and

breaking capacity class
2. Ui – rated insulation voltage.
3. Uimp – rated impulse withstand voltage.
4. Ics – service breaking capacity.
5. Icu – ultimate breaking capacity for
various values of the rated operational
voltage Ue
6. Ue – operational voltage.
7. Colour label – indicating the breaking
capacity class.
8. Circuit breaker-disconnector symbol.
9. Reference standard.
10. Main standards with which the device
complies.

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
 Selection of rated circuit breaker
1. What is the task of the branch circuit or feeder?
Will it be used for the protection of connecting leads, protection of installation, group-
protection or motor protection? Select the appropriate circuit breaker type, with or without
the thermal overload protection. Decide which type of protective characteristic (cable or
motor protection).

2. Which rated current / setting range?

Do the setting ranges of the thermal and the magnetic release cover the requirements of the
particular application (protection of transformer or generator)?

The setting ranges of the various sizes of circuit breakers are overlapping. The same
current settings may be partly covered by more than one size of circuit breakers (as for
example 80 A setting can be covered by two or more CB sizes, 100A or 125A).

The following features depend on the size of the circuit breakers:

• Accessories (as for example types and numbers of auxiliary contacts),
• Mode of operation (toggle or rotating handle),
• Mode of mounting (snap-on or screw mounting) or
• The electrical characteristics (breaking capacity, selectivity etc.).

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
3. Breaking / making capacities / rated operational voltage?
• Where is the point of installation of the circuit breaker?
• What is the expected magnitude of the prospective short-circuit current at that location?
• Is a lower making/breaking capacity acceptable (appreciable reduction of the short-circuit
current due to long connecting leads or due to other short circuit protective devices
connected upstream)?
• Is the breaking capacity reduced due to higher rated operational voltage (as for example
>400 V)?
• Does it indicate a selection on the basis of Icu (rated ultimate short-circuit breaking
capacity, reduced functional capability after the interruption of a short-circuit) or on the
basis of Ics (rated service short-circuit breaking capacity, full functional capability after the
interruption of the short-circuit)?
• With the help of an efficient group-protection, can smaller and less expensive circuit
breakers be utilised?

4. Any special requirements?

Must reduction factors for the rated current be taken into account due to: ambient air
temperature (>40…60 °), altitude of the site of installation (>2000 m above m.s.l), higher
supply frequency (>400 Hz)?

5. Which type of co-ordination?

Selection of the downstream contactor in accordance with the type of co-ordination type
“1” or type “2”?

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
6. What is the mode of mounting?
Deciding factor for the supporting/adapter plates of the modular mounting system
(suitability for the selected type of circuit breaker).

7. Cross-section of the connecting wire/cable?

The cross-section of the connecting leads to the motors are to be selected on the basis of
the current setting of the thermal overload release of the circuit breaker. Eventually, the
maximum permissible length of the connection is to be considered (shock hazard due to
touch potential in the case of a short-circuit).

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
Circuit Breaker Types

https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/features-circuit-protection-
devices-mcb-rccb-rcbo

https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/download-center/books-and-
guides/power-substations/low-voltage-circuit-breakers-standards

Types of DC Motors

https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/4-types-of-dc-motors-and-their-
characteristics

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE
Thanks

As Compiled by
Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE, ASEAN-CEM, ACPE