(ENGLISH MEDIUM)

ND
2 FLOOR, SHUKUN PLAZA, OPP. HOTEL PRITHVI L.G. CORNER, MANINAGAR – 08.
M. – 9879810777, E – mail ID – [email protected]
STD – X MATHEMATICS NOTES

CHAPTER:2
POLYNOMIAL
CHAPTER AT GLANCE

WHAT IS POLYNOMIAL?
• A Polynomial 𝒑(𝒙) in one variable 𝒙 is an algebraic expression in 𝒙 of the form 𝒑(𝒙) =
𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏 − 𝟏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 𝒙𝒏−𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟎 , where 𝒙 is a variable.
• 𝒂𝟎 , 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 … . 𝒏𝒂 are respectively the coefficients of 𝒙𝟎 , 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 , … . 𝒙𝒏 .
• Each of 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 , 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 , 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 𝒙𝒏−𝟐 , … . 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒂𝟏 𝒙, 𝒂𝟎 with 𝒂𝒏 ≠ 𝟎 is called the term of a
polynomial.
• The highest exponent of the variable in a polynomial determines the degree of the
polynomial.

IDENTITIES:-

(a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²

(a - b)² = a² - 2ab + b²

a² - b² = (a - b) (a + b)

(a + b)³ = a³ + b³ + 3ab(a + b)

(a - b)³ = a³ - b³ - 3ab(a - b)

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 1

TYPES OF POLYNOMIALS:
(1) A polynomial of degree zero is called a constant polynomial.
𝟖
Example: −𝟗𝒙𝟎 , 𝟏𝟒.
(2) A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial. Its form is 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃.
Example: 𝒙 − 𝟐, 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟖𝟗, 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒛.
(3) A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial. Its form is 𝒂𝒙𝟐 +
𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄, where 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 are real numbers & 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎.
Example: 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓, 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙, etc.
(4) A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial and has the general
form 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅.
Example: 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓, etc.

MONOMIAL:
A monomial is an expression which contains only one term. For an expression to be a
monomial, the single term should be a non – zero term. A few examples of monomials
are:

𝟓𝒙, 𝟑, 𝟔𝒂𝟒 , −𝟑𝒙𝒚

BINOMIAL:
A binomial is a polynomial expression which contains exactly two terms. A binomial can
be considered as a sum or difference between two or more monomial. A few examples of
binomials are:

−𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑, 𝟔𝒂𝟒 + 𝟏𝟕𝒙, 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚

TRINOMIAL:
A trinomial is an expression which is composed of exactly three terms. A few examples
of trinomial expressions are:

−𝟖𝒂𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕, 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟕
VALUE OF THE POLYNOMIAL:
If 𝒑(𝒙) is a polynomial in 𝒙, and 𝒌 is a real number then the value obtained after replacing 𝒙 by 𝒌
in 𝒑(𝒙) is called the value of 𝒑(𝒙) at 𝒙 = 𝒌 which is denoted by 𝒑(𝒌).

ZERO OF A POLYNOMIAL:
• A real number of 𝒌 is said to be the zero of the polynomial 𝒑(𝒙), if 𝒑(𝒌) = 𝟎.
• Zeroes of the polynomial can be obtained by solving the equation 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟎.
• It is possible that a polynomial may not have a real zero at all.

NUMBER OF ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL:

• The number of real zeros of the polynomial is the number of times its graph touches or
intersects 𝒙 – axis.

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 2

 • The graph of a polynomial 𝒑(𝒙) of degree 𝒏 intersects or touches the 𝒙 – axis at most 𝒏
points.
• A polynomial of degree 𝒏 has at most 𝒏 distinct real zeroes.

A LINEAR POLYNOMIAL HAS AT MOST ONE REAL ZERO.

Linear Polynomial having no

zero.

Linear Polynomial having one

zero.

A QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL HAS AT MOST TWO REAL ZEROES.

Quadratic Polynomial having no

zeroes.

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 3

 Quadratic Polynomial having one
zero.

Quadratic Polynomial having two

zeroes.

A CUBIC POLYNOMIAL HAS AT MOST THREE REAL ZEROES.

Cubic Polynomial having no zeroes.

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 4

 Cubic Polynomial having one zero.

Cubic Polynomial having one

zeroes.

Cubic Polynomial having three

zeroes.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ZEROES & COEFFICIENTS OF A

POLYNOMIAL:
𝒃
(1) For a LINEAR POLYNOMIAL 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎, the zero is 𝒙 = − 𝒂,
𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦
It can be observed that − 𝒂 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝒙.
(2) For a QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎,
𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝒙
Sum of zeroes = 𝜶 + 𝜷 = − 𝒂 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝒙𝟐
𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦
Product of the zeroes = 𝜶 ∙ 𝜷 = − 𝒂 = 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝒙𝟐
(3) For a CUBIC POLYNOMIAL 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅 = 𝟎, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎,
𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝒙
Sum of zeroes = 𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝜸 = − 𝒂 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝒙𝟑
𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝒙
Sum of the product of zeroes taken two at a time = 𝜶𝜷 + 𝜷𝜸 + 𝜸𝜶 = 𝒂 = 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝒙𝟑

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 5

 𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦
Product of zeroes = 𝜶 ∙ 𝜷 ∙ 𝜸 = − = −
𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝒙𝟑
❖ When 𝜶 & 𝜷 are given of a quadratic polynomial, then that polynomial is given by
𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒌[𝒙𝟐 − (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝒙 + 𝜶𝜷]
Where 𝒌 is any non – zero real number.
❖ The graph of any quadratic polynomial 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎, is a parabola
• If 𝒂 > 𝟎 opening upwards like ∪
• If 𝒂 < 𝟎 opening downwards like ∩
❖ Let 𝜶 & 𝜷 be zeroes of quadratic polynomial 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄, then
(a) If 𝜶 & 𝜷 are opposite numbers, then
𝜶+𝜷=𝟎
𝒃
∴ −𝒂 = 𝟎
∴𝒃=𝟎
(b) If 𝜶 & 𝜷 are reciprocals, then
𝜶𝜷 = 𝟏
𝒄
∴ =𝟏
𝒂
∴𝒄=𝒂
𝒃
𝟏 𝟏 𝜶+𝜷 − 𝒃
𝒂
𝜶
+𝜷 = 𝜶𝜷
= 𝒄 = −𝒄
𝒂
𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 − 𝟐𝜶𝜷
𝜶𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐 = (𝜶 − 𝜷)𝟐 + 𝟐𝜶𝜷

SECTION – A
DO AS DIRECTED: [EACH CARRY 1 MARK QUESTION]
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
1. The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑝(𝑥) is given below.
The number of zeroes of 𝑝(𝑥) is _______.

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0

3 2
2. If one of the zeroes of cubic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 is 0, then the product
of its other two zeroes is ________.
𝑐 𝒄 𝑏
(a) − 𝑎 (b) 𝒂 (c) 0 (d) − 𝑎
3. For the graph given below, 𝑥 = 𝑝(𝑦) has _______ zeroes.

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

4. In the given figure of 𝑦 = 𝑝(𝑥), the number of zeroes of 𝑝(𝑥) are ________.

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

5. The sum as well as the product of zeroes of polynomial ______ is 4.
(a) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 4 (b) 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 (c) 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 4 (d) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒
6. _______ is the polynomial with zeroes 7 and 4.
(a) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏𝒙 + 𝟐𝟖 (b) 𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 28 (c) 𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 28 (d) 𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 − 28

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 6

 7. The product of the zeroes of 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 is ________.
3
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) −2
2
8. If the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑎 ≠ 0) are 𝛼 and 𝛽, then
𝛼𝛽 = _______.
𝒄 𝑐 𝑏 𝑏
(a) (b) − (c) − (d)
𝒂 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
9. Both the zeroes of polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 51𝑥 − 150 have ________ signs.
(a) negative (b) positive (c) equal (d) opposite
2 (𝑎
10. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are e zeroes of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ≠ 0), then 𝛼 + 𝛽 =
______.
𝒃 𝑏 𝑐 𝑐
(a) − 𝒂 (b) 𝑎 (c) 𝑎 (d) − 𝑎
2
11. The graph of 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 3 is a ________.
(a) line (b) ray
(c) parabola opening upwards (d) parabola opening downwards
12. The degree of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 7 − 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 + 9 is ________.
(a) 7 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 1
13. The zero of the linear polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 7𝑥 − 4 is __________.
7 𝟒 4
(a) 4 (b) 𝟕 (c) − 7 (d) 0
14. The graph of 𝑝(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 5 (where 𝑥 is a real variable) is a __________.
(a) line (b) ray (c) parabola (d) circle
15. The number of zeroes lying between −1 and 1 of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥), whose graph is given,
is ________. Figure
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
16. The quadratic polynomial for which the sum and product of zeroes are 4 and 4 respectively is
__.
(a) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 4 (b) 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 (c) 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 4 (d) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒
17. The quadratic polynomial whose sum and product of zeroes are −3 and 2 respectively is
____.
(a) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 (b) 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2 (c) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 (d) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
18. The quadratic polynomial with zeroes 5 and 3 is ________.
(a) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓 (b) 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 15 (c) 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 15 (d) 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 15
1 1 1
19. If 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑, then 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 =
___.
𝒄 𝒄 𝑏 𝑏
(a) 𝒅 (b) − 𝒅 (c) 𝑑 (d) − 𝑑
1 1
20. If 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑, then + +
𝛼𝛽 𝛽𝛾
1
𝛾𝛼
=….
𝒃 𝑏 𝑐 𝑐
(a) (b) − (c) (d) −
𝒅 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
2
21. The zeroes of the polynomial 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 15 are ________.
(a) 3 and 5 (b) −3 and −5 (c) 3 and −5 (d) −3 and 5
1 1
22. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the zeroes of polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 3, then 𝛼
+ 𝛽 = ________.
7 7 𝟕 1
(a) 6 (b) 3 (c) − 𝟑 (d) − 2
3 2
23. For the cubic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 17𝑥 − 15, the sum of the products of zeroes
taken two at a time is _______.
(a) −15 (b) −17 (c) 17 (d) 15
24. If the zeroes of quadratic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 3𝑚 − 9 are reciprocal of each
other, then 𝑚 =_______.
(a) 6 (b) 15 (c) 5 (d) 2

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 7

 25. The zeroes of polynomial 𝑥 2 + 99𝑥 + 127 are _______.
(a) both positive (b) both negative
(c) equal (d) having opposite signs
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. The sum of zeroes of cubic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 − 10 is ________. Ans: 8
2. The graph of 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 is a _________. Ans: Parabola opening upwards
3. The product of zeroes of quadratic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 21 is ________. Ans: 21
4. For quadratic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑘 − 9)𝑥 + (𝑘 − 1), if the sum of its zeroes and the
product of its zeroes are equal, than 𝑘 = ________. Ans: 5
5. If 5 is one of the zeroes of polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 10, then 𝑎 = ______. Ans: 3
6. The sum of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 36 is _______. Ans:
−𝟓
7. The sum of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 9𝑥 2 − 49 is _______. Ans: 0
8. If 3 is one of the zeroes of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑘, then 𝑘 = _______. Ans:
−𝟐𝟏
9. If (−1) is one of the zeroes of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 + 31𝑥 + 𝑘, then 𝑘 =
______. Ans: 21
10. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the zeroes of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3, then 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 = _______.
Ans: 10
𝟐
11. The zero of linear polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2 is _______. Ans: −
𝟑
12. The product of the zeroes of quadratic polynomial The graph of 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12 is
______. Ans: 12
13. The sum of the zeroes of cubic polynomial The graph of 𝑝(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 17𝑥 2 + 38𝑥 − 15 is
𝟏𝟕
___. Ans: 𝟐
14. If 3 is one of the zeroes of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 − 24, then 𝑘 = _______.
Ans: −𝟏𝟎
15. If the sum of zeroes and the product of zeroes of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑘 − 7) 𝑥 +
(𝑘 + 1) are equal then 𝑘 = _______. Ans: 3

TRUE OR FALSE
1. If the graph of a polynomial intersects/touches the 𝑥-axis at only one point, it cannot be a
quadratic polynomial. FALSE
2. If two zeroes of the cubic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 are 0, then 𝑐 = 𝑑 = 0.
TRUE
3. For the quadratic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4, the sum of the zeroes is greater than the
product the zeroes. FALSE
4. The number of the zeroes of polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 is 3. TRUE
5. √3𝑥 + 5 is a linear polynomial. TRUE
6. A polynomial of degree 𝑛 has at the most (𝑛 + 1) zeroes. FALSE
7. The quadratic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 has 2 real zeroes. TRUE
5
8. The sum of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2 is 3. FALSE
9. If the graph of a polynomial intersects the 𝑥-axis at only one point, it cannot be a quadratic
polynomial. FALSE
10. If two of the zeroes of a cubic polynomial are zero, then it does not have the term with 𝑥 and
the constant term. [Hint: 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = 0 and 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 0] TRUE
11. 2 is one of the zeroes of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8. TRUE

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 8

 12. 5 is one of the zeroes of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 30. FALSE
13. If 3 is one of the zeroes of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 𝑘, then 𝑘 = 24. TRUE
ANSWER IN ONE WORD OR SENTENCE
1. What will be the graph of the equation 𝑦 = 6𝑥−= 2𝑥 2 + 7?
Ans: Parabola opening downwards.
2. Find the sum of zeroes of quadratic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 15.
Ans: 8.
3. What is the result if the product of zeroes of polynomial 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 20 is subtracted from the
sum of zeroes of polynomial 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 21?
Ans: 30.
4. The given figure gives the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑝(𝑥). From that, state the number of zeroes of 𝑝(𝑥).
Figure

Ans: 1.
5. What is the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 20?
Ans: 12.
6. Given that one of the zeroes of the cubic polynomial 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 is zero, what is the
product of other two zeroes? [Hint: If 𝛾 = 0, then 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = 𝛼𝛽]
𝒄
Ans: .
𝒂
7. What is the product of zeroes of the cubic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 24?
Ans: 24.

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 9