International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management

and Science (IJAEMS)

Peer-Reviewed Journal
ISSN: 2454-1311 | Vol-11, Issue-4; Jul-Aug, 2025
Journal Home Page: https://ijaems.com/
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.114.1

Spectrum Efficiency improvement in 5G Network

using NOMA
Daud Rehmat

Institute of Communication Technologies (ICT), Pakistan

Received: 27 May 2025; Received in revised form: 25 Jun 2025; Accepted: 30 Jun 2025; Available online: 04 Jul 2025

Abstract— Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) achieves optimal spectrum requirements of 5G and
future networks. The research work focuses on how to increase the absolute efficiency (SE) of the NOMA
energy domain in the 5G network using two new approaches and a smart radio network. These methods use
Massive MIMO, Simple-Input and Simple-Output, and Single-Input and Single-Output in a single cellular
network. NS2 software was used for situations by distances, power placement coefficients & transmission
power to test proposed approaches. Each scenario implies that users are using the Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying modulation technique and operating within defined bandwidths. The performance assessment
considers frequency selective Rayleigh fading, unstable channel circumstances & successive interference
cancellation. Outcomes show that downlink NOMA with a single input and single output achieves the best
spectral efficiency performance. Spectral efficiency increases when paired with cooperative cognitive radio
network. The results show that SE is greatly increased by using MIMO & M-MIMO techniques.
Keywords— NOMA; MIMO; M-MIMO

I. INTRODUCTION resources [4-6]. NOMA power/code domain are the

Generally, multiple users use following access ways: two main domains that make up NOMA. Multiple
users in the power domain (PD) make use of same
• Frequency Division Multiple Access - FDMA
frequency (f) or time resource with various power
• Time Division Multiple Access - TDMA flows.
• Code Division Multiple Access - CDMA
Figures below shows orthogonal and non-orthogonal
multiple access schemes.

Fig.1: Orthogonal & Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access

Fig.2: NOMA Power Domain
According to [3], primary idea of NOMA enables for
tolerating many users by segmenting them. NOMA Every user on the CD has a unique codebook created
users increases with the availability of orthogonal to match their data [7]. Future systems will therefore

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Rehmat International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science, 11(4) -2025

need to dramatically increase capacity and SE to If interference to PUs is tolerable, SUs may transmit
manage the anticipated spike in traffic. over primary frequency bands.
Cognitive radio technology is used by a wireless
network called Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) for
improving spectrum use & overall network
performance. CRN can automatically perceive, adapt,
and dynamically assign spectrum resources based on
the shifting wireless environment and the network's
communication requirements thanks to cognitive
radio technology.
Following are crucial characteristics & elements:
Fig.3: NOMA Code Domain • Spectrum Sensing
• Spectrum Management
Future mobile network generations will significantly • Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA)
boost system capacity and resource utilization [8].
• Interference Mitigation
Sharing spectrum between several users is one such
way. More users can be accommodated by non- Context of upcoming wireless communication
orthogonal allocation (NOMA) than by the number of technologies like 5G and beyond, they have been a
orthogonal resource modules. focus of active research and development.
The authors of [11] examined a crucial CR procedure
and talked about two strategies for spectrum sharing
that improve radio frequency utilization. These
techniques seek to minimize interference between
licenses for conventional and cognitive radio. Various
types of spectrum access can be grouped based on
[12]'s analysis of spectrum utilization. [13] also
examined various spectrum access methods and
categorized them into classes. MIMO NOMA
technology can be used in a CRN to achieve active
cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) for both primary
and secondary users.

Fig.4: Multiplexing Techniques Comparison

These multiple access strategies are useful for diverse

communication circumstances and have varied
advantages. They deal with the difficulties of
distributing scarce resources among numerous users
and make it possible for wireless networks' available
communication channels to be used effectively.
Unfortunately, there isn't much spectrum left for
wireless applications. In order to fulfil the rising traffic
and service needs and avoid potential spectrum
Fig.1.5: Typical Cognitive Radio Network (CNN)
scarcity, it is imperative to create innovative
techniques [9]. A technique based on cognitive radio
(CR) [10] can be helpful to resolve the outlined issues. The CRN can still only be accessed through certain

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channels, and are currently a finite amount of users. Problem Statement

The impact of power localization coefficients is not Poor spectral efficiency leads to transmission
addressed, and the resulting results cannot be problems that limit communication performance.
extrapolated to a vast network [14]. There are several important strategies that can be used
5G architecture can be a combination of single-input, to improve overall efficiency (SE). Increasing the
single-output and MIMO technologies, utilizing number of users and implementing multiple input
massive input (Down Link PD NOMA with CCR) methods (MMIMO) are two of them.
through two distinct methods. It showcases enhanced Significance of Research
spectral efficiency compared to conventional SISO DL
This study introduces two innovative approaches
NOMA modelling.
aimed at enhancing the spectrum efficiency of
downlink NOMA power domain in 5G and future
networks. NOMA being acknowledged as an effective
solution for meeting SE requirements. The proposed
techniques involve integrating SISO which is
abbreviation for single-input, single-output, MIMO
and M-MIMO within the same network. Additionally,
these methods combine Down Link NOMA PD with
cognitive radio network within single cell.
Research Objectives
Following are summarized research objectives:
Fig.6: SISO and MIMO Hardware Comparison
• Improving 5G network's downlink (DL)
(Source:
NOMA power domains' (PDs) spectrum
http://docs.arednmesh.org/en/latest/arednHow-
efficiency (SE) performance.
toGuides/siso-mimo.html)
• Coming up with strategies to be used to
integrate SISO, 64x64 MIMO, and 128x128 M-
Here is a comparison of hardware setups for SISO and MIMO technologies with a cooperative
MIMO: cognitive radio network (CCRN).
SISO (Single Input Single Output): One antenna at • Lessen AWGN, interference cancellation
broadcaster & one antenna at receiver make up a SISO (SIC), and unstable channels when Rayleigh
communication system. In SISO systems, the received fading is present.
signal is received by a single antenna at the receiver
Research Questions
after travelling across a single channel during
transmission. Simple wireless communication • How can 5G network's downlink (DL)
systems, such those found in Bluetooth devices and NOMA power domains' (PDs) spectrum
entry-level wireless routers, frequently employ SISO efficiency (SE) performance be improved?
systems. The key benefits of SISO are its affordability • Can unique strategies be used to integrate
and simplicity, which make it appropriate for SISO, 64x64 MIMO, and 128x128 M-MIMO
applications with low complexity requirements. technologies with CCRN?
MIMO uses multiple antennas at transmitter &
• Is it possible to lessen AWGN, interference
receiver is referred to as MIMO.
cancellation (SIC), and unstable channels
SISO & MIMO comparisons can be summarized as: when Rayleigh fading is present?
• Data Rate and Capacity
• Spatial Diversity and Multiplexing II. LITERATURE REVIEW
• System Complexity Outage probability (OP) & throughput of CR-NOMA
• Cost and Power Consumption system were investigated by author of [15]. Closed-

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form expressions for OP were developed for assessing Another area of focus is the active-breaking
performance of secondary network users in event that Reconfigurable Smart Surface (RIS) as transmitters for
the primary network interferes. Numerical results personal signaling in IoT networks. Use the RIS
suggest that both users can have fair performance hypothesis to improve performance in large
when employing the power distribution/energy audiences. Simulations validated effectiveness of the
harvesting parameters. Furthermore, the authors test design optimizing the weight and privacy of common
each framework's spectrum model and compute the power distribution, power transmission & phase
MIMO-CR-NOMA framework's overall efficiency and change of associated & related RIS [24].
per-user reach for Internet of Things applications [16]. In [25], authors present a partial collaboration zero
The authors mention the difficulty of creating interference decoding (PCZF) technique for large, cell-
products in many NOMA systems [17]. Their results free uplink MIMO systems. The technology includes
show that introducing an information radio network proximal access points around user equipment to
(CRN) foundation for a multi-carrier NOMA network reduce interference via zero-determination state
results in an increase in overall throughput with only information exchange (CSI).
a slight decrease in first-user (PU) pass-through when In order to solve their shortcomings, there is a
below target. In the context of Business 5.0, the prevalent trend in modern research to integrate
authors develop an asymptotic model for a NOMA- diverse 5G approaches. As an illustration, the authors
based coverage radio network (CRN) using an of reference [26] used cooperative communication to
analytical model of reliability parameters [18]. get around the considerable path loss that comes with
Effect of phase and voltage distribution upon millimeter-wave (mm-wave) technology. Beyond
performance has been investigated through mm-wave and NOMA, a wide range of innovative
simulation [19]. The authors propose a resource methods for enhancing radio spectrum efficiency are
allocation that strikes a balance between power projected to have a substantial impact on the
consumption and spectrum efficiency in multi-carrier development of 5G and subsequent technologies.
NOMA, including user fair rules. Simulators were Building successes of cooperative non-orthogonal
used to validate the results of the corrected multiple access (NOMA) using conventional radiation
performance study, and closed models were used to and the superior performance of orbital angular
estimate the chance of outages for primary and momentum (OAM) in increasing system throughput,
secondary users [20]. along with promising findings from reference [27],
The research focuses on actively breaking another study introduces a novel method that
reconfigurable smart surface (RIS) transmitters combines cooperative NOMA and OAM
designed to transmit private signals over IoT transmission. Sending messages from all users at
networks. In the presence of many eavesdroppers, various power levels across all the OAM modes is
reflective RIS is used to improve security necessary for this integration.
performance. From the simulation results, the The existence of a large number of mobile devices in a
proposed proposal, which is a combination of power network with a big number of connected devices
dissipation, transmission power dispersion, and necessitates the usage of non-orthogonal multiple
phase change of interference and interference RIS, access (NOMA). NOMA networks enable significant
demonstrated its effectiveness in increasing weight increases in spectral efficiency and low latency,
[21]. The usefulness and superiority of the suggested outperforming orthogonal multiple access (OMA)
strategy over current practices were proven by the networks [28].
simulation findings. The simulations presupposed a
Cognitive radio technology can dynamically change
homogeneous planar array for the base station and a
communication channels to enable intelligent access
multi-beam antenna array for the satellite [22]. This
for secondary users when the current channel is
study explores stabilization and energy saving
congested. In NOMA, multiple simultaneous accesses
beamforming in multi-beam satellite systems, for
are possible at the same power level, enabling
example, one eavesdropper per beam.
intelligent multiple access for both primary and

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secondary users and leading to better spectrum needs of each user category [34].
utilization. To enhance the performance of cognitive
NOMA in 5G and beyond, several aspects can be
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
improved, leveraging the capabilities of cognitive
radio and intelligent spectrum allocation [29-30]. It consists of three study method models: control
domain multi-input multiple access, non-orthogonal
To fulfill future demands, researchers are focusing on
multiple access (M-MIMO DL PD NOMA), control
the development of fifth generation (5G) and beyond
domain multiple output, multiple non-orthogonal
fifth generation (B5G) wireless communication
access (MIMO DL PD NOMA), and single access
networks. One of the proposed systems is NOMA
single downlink. Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), which is
(SISO-DL NOMA).
projected to address the needs of the rapidly growing
number of users, connectivity requirements, costs, Simulation Design and Setup
and low bandwidth available in various types of Simulations were done using NS2.
wireless communication networks. However, Table 1. Simulation Parameters
implementing NOMA in wireless communication
networks presents both obstacles and advantages.
Previous research studies introduced NOMA
concepts, compared them to other approaches, and
addressed related concerns [31–32].
The growth of base stations in cellular networks helps
to provide larger coverage, but it also causes
interference among users at the cell edges, which
reduces overall coverage. As a result, ensuring
improved coverage becomes a difficult challenge in
future cellular networks. Traditional multiple access
techniques will not be able to fulfil the future
expectations of 5G, which include high data speeds,
low latency, huge interconnection, and good spectrum
efficiency. As the number of cellular users in 5G
The parameters which will be examined will be:
networks grows, receiver complexity becomes a major
challenge. NOMA approaches, on the other hand, can • NOMA Spectral Efficiency SE (User 1, User 2,
be used to reduce this complexity. NOMA allows User 3, User 4 and User 5)
numerous users to be assigned to a single resource • Cooperative Cognitive Radio CCR-NOMA
block utilizing allocation algorithms that are then Spectral Efficiency Competing Channel C-CH
decoded at the receiver to reduce system complexity. (User 1, User 2, User 3, User 4 and User 5)
By taking this method, you can enhance your bit error
• Cooperative Cognitive Radio CCR-NOMA
rate, throughput, and system capacity [33].
Spectral Efficiency Dedicated Channel D-CH
As the user base of existing mobile and cellular (User 1, User 2, User 3, User 4 and User 5)
networks grows, spectrum distribution becomes more
• MIMO NOMA Spectral Efficiency (User 1,
difficult. These barriers frequently cause users to
User 2, User 3, User 4 and User 5)
transfer to other networks, forcing telecom firms to
struggle with providing high-speed services. As a • MIMO-CCR-NOMA Spectral Efficiency C-CH
result, the demand for 5G networks is increasing. (User 1, User 2, User 3, User 4 and User 5)
Given these circumstances, the suggested algorithm • MIMO-CCR-NOMA Spectral Efficiency D-CH
seeks to meet the needs of the user. Its main (User 1, User 2, User 3, User 4 and User 5)
distinguishing characteristic is its capacity to properly
• M-MIMO NOMA Spectral Efficiency SE (User
detect primary and secondary users inside the 5G
1, User 2, User 3, User 4 and User 5)
network and allot spectrum accordingly, fulfilling the

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• M-MIMO-CCR-NOMA Spectral Efficiency SE 𝑥 = √𝑝 (√𝛼1 𝑥1 + √𝛼2 𝑥2 + √𝛼3 𝑥3 + √𝛼4 𝑥4 + √𝛼5 𝑥5 )

C-CH (User 1, User 2, User 3, User 4 and User
Signal received by the ith user are:
5)
𝑦𝑖 = ℎ𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑖
• M-MIMO-CCR-NOMA Spectral Efficiency SE
Where,
D-CH (User 1, User 2, User 3, User 4 and User
5) 𝑛𝑖 = AWGN experienced by ith use 𝑈𝑖 .

Simulations were done using NS2. The benchmark Strongest signal decodes 𝑦𝑖 with maximums as:
will be the research paper written by Hassan, 𝛼1 𝑃 |ℎ1 |2
𝑅1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (1 + )
Mohamed, (2023). 𝛼2 𝑃|ℎ1 |2 + 𝛼3 𝑃|ℎ1 |2 + 𝛼4 𝑃|ℎ1 |2 + 𝛼5 𝑃|ℎ1 |2 + σ2

3.2 System Models The above equation can be written as:

The following three models will be studied. 𝛼1 𝑃 |ℎ1 |2

𝑅1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (1 + )
(𝛼2 + 𝛼3 + 𝛼4 + 𝛼5 )𝑃|ℎ1 |2 + σ2
• SIOS DL NOMA
Given that denominator is total of power coefficients
• MIMO DL PD NOMA
of other three users (𝛼2 + 𝛼3 + 𝛼4 + 𝛼5 ), power
• Massive MIMO DL PD NOMA coefficient of targeted user 𝛼1 must satisfy: 𝛼1 > 𝛼2 +
The designed/conceptualized model is as under. 𝛼3 + 𝛼4 + 𝛼5 . As a result, U1 power is controlled by
both sent signal x & received signal y1. U1s data was
removed & considered interference, 𝛼2 < 𝛼1 , and 𝛼2 >
𝛼3 > 𝛼4 > 𝛼5 through the use of SIC [36].
𝛼3 𝑃 |ℎ3 |2
𝑅3 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (1 + )
𝛼4 𝑃|ℎ3 |2 + σ2
Moving on, y3, with the exception of U1, U2, U3, U4
and U5 (where 𝛼3 < 𝛼1 , 𝛼3 < 𝛼2 ) is included in the
denominator's overlapping term. To eliminate
cancelled data y3, three sequential interference
cancellation (SIC) operations must be performed.
Because 𝛼1 is the most important, it must be
Fig.7: Wireless Network with five users (DL-NOMA PD) eliminated first. As a result, the phrase 𝛼3 is dropped.
System Model As a result, the possible rate can be represented using
the equation:

The user who is closer to the base station and has a 𝛼3 𝑃 |ℎ3 |2
𝑅3 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (1 + )
stronger signal should be given less power, in 𝛼4 𝑃|ℎ3 |2 + σ2
accordance with the NOMA PD guidelines. On the The resulting y4, involving U1, U2, U3, U4, and U5
other hand, greater power should be allocated to the (where 𝛼3 < 𝛼1 , 𝛼3 < 𝛼2 , 𝛼3 < 𝛼4 ) is found in the
user who is farther away from the base station and has denominator's intersecting term. As a result,
a poorer signal. The letters x1, x2, x3, x4, and x5 stand removing cancelled data y4 necessitates the execution
for the power coefficients. This study uses a reduced of two sequential interference cancellation (SIC)
set of power coefficients for user-friendliness. There operations [37]. Given that 𝛼1 has the highest priority,
are several dynamic options for changing the power it must be removed first, followed by the phrase 𝛼3 .
coefficient in order to increase efficiency. The attainable rate is expressed as:
Furthermore, the modified power coefficients x1, x2,
𝛼4 𝑃 |ℎ4 |2
x3, x4, and x5 ought to perform better than the signals 𝑅4 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (1 + )
σ2
transmitted to the base stations using quadrature
phase-shift keying (QPSK). (Note: the equations are For CCRN-Based Free Channels, the figure is shown
taken/adopted from [35]) The base station encoded below.
overlay signal can be stated as follows:

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Complex signal received by mental radio is y[n],

signal sent by first user being s[n], AWGN is signal
w[n], h is the reception signal difficulty of good
channel, denoted N. Specifies the observation distance
at a position. If the channel is not good, the inversion
of h and s[n] is used instead of simple multiplication.
The null hypothesis, H0, states that there is no primary
user signal, while the alternative hypothesis, H1,
Fig.8: DL-NOMA PD with the CCR Network with four states that there is a primary user signal. There are two
users System Model types of intelligence methods:
- Energy Detection
Consider a wireless network having 4 NOMA users: A binary choice is made in the following manner:
U1, U2, U3, U4, and U5. In this case, U1 symbolizes 𝑁
weaker/far user, whereas U5 represents 𝐻0 , i f ∑ 𝑦[𝑛]2  ≤ λ
{ 𝑛=1
stronger/near user. These users' distances from their 𝐻1 , 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
respective base stations are designated as d1, d2, d3, d4,
The noise in the receiver influences the threshold,
and d5. This scenario depicts a cooperative cognitive
represented as λ.
radio network. We may use the formula |ℎ1 |2 , |ℎ2 |2 ,
|ℎ3 |2 , |ℎ4 |2 and |ℎ5 |2 to express Rayleigh fading values 𝐻1 𝑃U y𝑛
𝑃𝐹 = 𝑃 ( ) = 𝑃 ( ) = 𝑃 ( ) = 1 − 𝐹𝐻0 (𝑇ℎ)
[38]. 𝐻0 𝐻0 𝐻0

A cognitive radio network monitors channel status The false alarm probability is represented by the
and communication accuracy. Assuming the channel cumulative distribution function (CDF), which is
is unstable and has poor communication, the indicated by FH0.
Cooperative Cognitive Radio Network channel can be 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟_𝑁𝑢𝑚
𝑃𝐷 = =
either available or unavailable. 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝑂𝑃
- Spectrum Sensing 𝐻0
𝑃𝐷 = 1 − 𝑃𝑚 = 1 − 𝑃 ( )
𝐻1
The cognitive radio uses entire spectrum window for
packet transmission (s). Assume Twindow depicts length
of this spectral window period. It is obvious that:
𝑃𝑚 = 1 − 𝑃𝐷
In this context, PD symbolizes detection probability,
The figure depicts CR (i.e. transmission opportunity
Th the threshold, L the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), PM
window) in context of beacon signals with fixed
the chance of missed detection & PFA false-alarm
separation. Tsense denotes minimal time required for
probability.
sensing & gathering communication parameters
required to ensure CR transmission opportunity. TCR Error probability is calculated by:
Transmission defines transmission duration i.e. CR 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃𝐹 ∗ 𝑃(𝐻0) + 𝑃𝑀 𝑟𝑖𝑃(𝐻1)
packets, whereas Tramp up/down is transmission
In the presence of a primary communication system,
ramping.
the Cooperative Cognitive Radio (CCR) system
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟_𝑁𝑢𝑚 evaluated the channel conditions and its suitability for
𝑃𝐷 = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝑂𝑃 communication. When the communication quality
In order to choose b/w 2 possibilities, spectrum was poor or the channel state was unstable, this
sensing on link-level targets in single primary system evaluation was carried out. In these situations, the
is used. CCR channel is only accessible under a single, highly
prioritized condition, which enables NOMA users to

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make use of it. and U5 with different distances from each other α_2 <
For MIMO DL PD NOMA, consider three scenarios in α_1, α_3 < α_2, α_4 < α_3. We assume that these users
5G network telephony: are using M-MIMO DL NOMA PD 128x128 under
same configuration. Using same methods to evaluate
1. 64 x 64 MIMO DL NOMA PD
the credibility and authority of a news channel. If the
2. 64 x 64 MIMO DL NOMA PD with CR channel enabled, NOMA users can use it. As
Cooperative Cognitive Radio Network previously thought, NOMA users have access to the
(CCRN) C-CH CCR frequency. We can calculate the weakest channel
3. 64 x 64 MIMO DL NOMA- CHPD and MIMO for each user.
DL NOMA-CHPD. 𝑀
ℎ𝑗𝑀 = ∑ ℎ𝑗𝑀
These positions are based on the presence of N users, 𝑗=1

namely U1, U2, U3,... UN and the strength of users α_2

< α_1, α_3 < α_2, α_4 < α_2. Data Simulations
𝑥 = √𝑃(√𝛼1 𝑥1 + √𝛼2 𝑥2 + √𝛼3 𝑥3 + √𝛼4 𝑥4 + √𝛼5 𝑥5 ) - Simulation Design and Setup
The NOMA power allocation coefficients, abbreviated According to the findings, boosting the transmit
as " 𝛼," govern power distribution among users. The power resulted in an increase in spectral efficiency
transmit antennas simultaneously broadcast the (SE). The highest SE value obtained among the users
signal "x." We can deduce what signal UN is detecting was 3.95 bps/Hz/cell, which occurred when U5 i.e.
based on this information. user physically closest to BS (200m), transmitted at a
𝑦𝑁 = 𝑥ℎ𝑁1 + 𝑥ℎ𝑁2 + ⋯ + 𝑥ℎ𝑁𝑁 power level of 30 dBm. The users listed in terms of SE
performance after U5 were U4, U3, U2, and ultimately
We may calculate the Rayleigh fading channel for
U1.
each user if nN represents total no of samples from
Additive White Gaussian Noise with zero mean &
variance of σ2 & N represents number of users.
𝑘
ℎ𝑖𝑘 = ∑ ℎ𝑖𝑘
𝑖=1

The entire number of users, defined by i = 1, 2, 3, 4 &

5, represented by no of users. Furthermore, k = 64
channels are available in total. Furthermore, signal is
received by base station.

𝑦 = √𝑃𝑥1 ℎ1𝑁 + √𝑃𝑥2 ℎ2𝑁 + √𝑃𝑥3 ℎ3𝑁 + √𝑃𝑥4 ℎ4𝑁

+ √𝑃𝑥5 ℎ5𝑁
We used an identical model that includes the CCR
spectrum to assess the channel's condition and
communication capacity. If channel state is unreliable
& communication is poor, CCR channel state offers 2
choices: C-CH or D-CH.
For Large MIMO DL PD NOMA, we investigate three Fig.9: Spectrum Efficiency Vs Transmit Power for 5 users
scenarios using the same wireless network SSISO DL NOMA PD
configuration:

There are 4 users in this network called U1, U2, U3, U4

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to SISO DL NOMA PD. This enhancement happens at

40 dBm of transmission level.

Fig.10: Spectrum Efficiency Vs Transmit Power for 5

Fig.12: Spectrum Efficiency Vs Transmit Power for 5
users SSISO DL NOMA PD WITH C-CH CCRN
users 64 x 64 MIMO DL NOMA PD

Out of all users, the one nearest to the base station

(BS), or U5, has best SE performance. Using 40 dBm of
transmit power, U5 achieves a remarkable SE value of
17.83 bps/Hz/cell. The use of 64x64 MIMO with
CCRN NOMA utilizing C-CH is quite advantageous
for U5. In comparison to SISO, DL CCR-NOMA PD
employing C-CH, U5 attains a 12.69 bps/Hz/cell
increase SE @ 40 dBm transmission power.

Fig.11: Spectrum Efficiency Vs Transmit Power for 5

users SSISO DL NOMA PD WITH D-CH CCRN

The relevant power location coefficients for these

users are 0.0811, 0.01875, 0.3, 0.075, and 0.06. The
results show that spectral efficiency (SE) rises in
proportion to transmit power increases. With a SE of
12.22 bps/Hz/cell, U5, the user closest to the base Fig.13: Spectrum Efficiency Vs Transmit Power for 5
station, has the highest. Following U5, users U4, U3, users 64 x 64 MIMO DL NOMA PD WITH C-CH
U2, and U1 observe decreasing SE levels. We obtained CCRN
these SE results at 40 dBm transmit power. Best user,
U5, improves the SE by 8.36 bps/Hz/cell when 64x64 At a 40 dBm power level, U5 achieves an exceptional
MIMO technology is paired with NOMA as opposed

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Rehmat International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science, 11(4) -2025

SE value of 18.62 bps/Hz/cell. After examining the

best user's (U5) performance & utilizing 64 x 64 MIMO
technology, with CCRN NOMA employing D-CH, SE
is significantly enhanced. SE improvement is 11.37
bps/Hz/cell when compared to Single-Input Single-
Output DL CCR-NOMA PD using the D-CH. These
improvements show how the suggested system
configuration leads to notable improvements in SE.

Fig.15: Spectrum Efficiency Vs Transmit Power for 5

users 128 x 128 MIMO DL NOMA PD

At 40 dBm, user U5, which is very close to the base

station (BS), achieves the best SE performance. In
particular, the U5 achieves a unique SE value of 50.23
bps/Hz/cell. By using C-CH, this SE exceeds DL
CCR-NOMA single input (SISO) PD. In addition, SE
Fig.14: Spectrum Efficiency Vs Transmit Power for 5
can be significantly improved when using the 128 x
users 64 x 64 MIMO DL NOMA PD WITH D-CH
128 Multiple Input Multiple Output technology &
CCRN
NOMA. In comparison to SISO DL CCR-NOMA PD,
SE of C-CH using this technology increases by 45.06
Larger SE values are associated with higher bits / s / Hz / cell. These results show the significant
transmission power levels. With transmission power gains and benefits in SE performance achieved by
40 dBm, U5, user close to the base station, has good SE combining 128 x 128 M-MIMO with NOMA,
performance. In particular, the U5 achieves a unique especially when combined with SISO DL CCR-NOMA
SE value of 33.97 bps/Hz/cell. SE values for users U4, PD through use C-CH which is slow to resist.
U3, U2 and U1 decrease after U5. When the 128 x 128
M-MIMO is combined with NOMA, top user, U5, will
see improvement over the SE. At transmission power
of 40 dBm, U5 provides gain of 30.01 bps/Hz/cell in
SE over single input DL NOMA PD (SISO) scheme.
Compared to SISO DL NOMA PD configuration,
these tests show benefits & performance gains
achieved by combining 128 x 128 M-MIMO & NOMA
technology.

Fig.16: Spectrum Efficiency Vs Transmit Power for 5

users 128 x 128 MIMO DL NOMA PD with C-CH
CCRN

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With an impressive SE value of 53.31 bps/Hz/cell, the transmission power levels, including serial
U5 stands out. After implementing 128x128 M-MIMO interference cancellation (SIC), redundant channels
and NOMA technology, the SE U5 can achieve 46.1 and add Gaussian noise (AWGN) during fading. DL
bps / Hz / cell at 40 dBm compared to DL CCR- NOMA system significantly improved SE
NOMA PD single input setup (SISO) by use D-CH. performance when 64x64 MIMO and 128x128 M-
These results indicate greater gains in SE performance MIMO technologies were combined in addition to
compared to previously published studies. In the CCRN in a single network and single cell. At 40dBm
CCRN D-CH configuration, the use of 128 x 128 M- transmit power, user U5 achieved high SE of
MIMO and NOMA technology leads to a significant 3.9bps/Hz/cell for SISO DL NOMA, 5.1bps/Hz/cell
increase in SE performance, especially for the user for SISO DL NOMA, high SE of CCRN using C-CH &
close to the BS, which is than the findings of previous high SE of 7.2bps/Hz/cell for SISO DL NOMA &
experiments. CCRN using C-CH. Cells for SISO DL NOMA &
CCRN using D-CH.
The researcher also evaluated SE performance in
various configurations and discovered that DL 64 x 64
MIMO NOMA enhances SE performance for User U5
by 51%. Compared to SE SISO DL NOMA, 64 x 64
MIMO DL NOMA with CCRN using C-CH
outperforms 64 x 64 MIMO DL NOMA with CCRN
using D-CH at 40 dBm. Power transmission through
the DL NOMA performance improves by 79% when
using 128 x 128 M-MIMO User U5 SE. Compared to
performance of SE SISO DL NOMA, 128 x 128 M-
MIMO DL NOMA with CCRN using C-CH improves
by 85%, while 128 x 128 M-MIMO DL NOMA with
CCRN using D-CH improves by 86%, with transmit
power of 40 dBm. SISO, 64 x 64 MIMO, and 128 x 128
M-MIMO DL NOMA and CCRN systems had highest
Fig.17: Spectrum Efficiency Vs Transmit Power for 5 SE performance.
users 128 x 128 MIMO DL NOMA PD with D-CH - Future Work
CCRN
Based on the findings, there are several key strategies
to increase perceived effectiveness (SE). Some of these
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK include increasing the number of users, using multiple
- Conclusions input multiplexing (M-MIMO) technology, using
better channel coding techniques, implementing
The objective of this study is to evaluate the
better bandwidth building techniques, and using
performance (SE) of a NOMA Power Domain (PD)
multiple input methods. These strategies have shown
downlink (DL) system in 5G networks. The study
potential in increasing SE in the learning environment.
focuses on integrating three technologies with CCRN
Future research should seek to combine the two
in two novel ways: Single Input Output (SISO), 64 x 64
developing technologies, which are, Massive MIMO
Multiple Input Output (MIMO), and 128 x 128
Cooperative NOMA & Cognitive Radio.
Massive MIMO (M-MIMO). The first strategy allowed
customers to access the CCRN channels over Investigating the synergistic potential of these
competing channels (C-CHs), while the second approaches can provide insights into how to improve
strategy used dedicated channels (D-CHs) to balance SE while addressing the unique problems of uplink
the channel demands. Independent from the user. transmission. It is expected that significant gains in SE
can be realized by combining the benefits of
This review considered a number of factors including
cooperative NOMA, which allows for efficient
user distance, power placement coefficient (PLC) and

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Rehmat International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science, 11(4) -2025

resource allocation and power control, with cognitive (GLOBECOM), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 9–13
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