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Lecture 15(1)

The document discusses the Two-Sample Pooled Test for hypothesis testing of two independent population means when standard deviations are unknown and assumed equal. It outlines the assumptions, procedures, and formulas for conducting the test, along with examples and solutions for practical application. Additionally, it provides instructions for performing the test using Excel and includes practice exercises for further understanding.

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2 views27 pages

Lecture 15(1)

The document discusses the Two-Sample Pooled Test for hypothesis testing of two independent population means when standard deviations are unknown and assumed equal. It outlines the assumptions, procedures, and formulas for conducting the test, along with examples and solutions for practical application. Additionally, it provides instructions for performing the test using Excel and includes practice exercises for further understanding.

Uploaded by

areebakundi7
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TWO SAMPLE

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
UNKNOWN POPULATION STANDARD DEVIATIONS
ILO
• Testa hypothesis that two independent population
means are equal, assuming that the population
standard deviations are unknown and equal.
COMPARING POPULATION MEANS WITH
UNKNOWN POPULATION STANDARD
DEVIATIONS
• Sometimes, we do not know the population standard
deviations.
• We can overcome this problem, by substituting the
sample standard deviation (s) for the population
standard deviation (σ).
• For this, we use the Two-Sample Pooled Test.
Two-Sample Pooled Test Assumptions
• Weassume the sampled populations have equal but
unknown standard deviations.
• We combine or “pool” the sample standard deviations.
• We use the t distribution as the test statistic.
• The sampled populations are approximately normally
distributed.
• The sampled populations are independent.
Two-Sample Pooled Test – Procedure
• In
this case, the two sample standard deviations are
pooled to form a single estimate of the unknown
population standard deviation.
• Wedo this since we assume that the two populations
have equal standard deviations, the best estimate we
can make of that value is to combine or pool all the
sample information we have about the value of the
population standard deviation.
Formula to pool the sample standard
deviations
• Assume that sample 1 is of size 𝒏𝟏 and sample 2 is of
size 𝒏𝟐 . Then
The Computed Value Of t
• The
value of t is computed from the following equation. The
number of degrees of freedom in the test is the total
number of items sampled minus the total number of
samples with 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2
Example – I
• Owens Lawn Care Inc. manufactures and assembles
lawnmowers that are shipped to dealers throughout
the United States and Canada.
• Twodifferent procedures have been proposed for
mounting the engine on the frame of the lawnmower.
• Thequestion is: Is there a difference in the mean time
to mount the engines on the frames of the
lawnmowers?
Engine Mounted On A Lawnmower
Example – I
• The first procedure is designated as procedure W,
and the other procedure as procedure A (after the
names of the two people, Welles and Atkins,
respectively).
• A sample of five employees is timed using the
Welles method and six using the Atkins method.
• The results, in minutes, are shown.
• Is there a difference in the mean mounting times?
• Use the .10 significance level.
Solution
• Null
Hypothesis: there is no difference in mean
mounting times between the two procedures.
• Alternate Hypothesis: there is a difference.
Required Assumptions
• The observations in the Welles sample are
independent of the observations in the Atkins sample.
• The two populations follow the normal distribution.
• The two populations have equal standard deviations,
but these standard deviations are not known.
• The degrees of freedom are equal to the total number
of items sampled minus the number of samples. In this
case, that is 𝒅𝒇 = 𝒏𝑾 + 𝒏𝑨 − 𝟐 = 𝟓 + 𝟔 − 𝟐 = 𝟗 .
Critical values of t
• The critical values of t,
from Appendix B.5 for
𝑑𝑓 = 9 , a two-tailed
test, and the .10
significance level, are
−1.833 and 1.833.
Regions of Rejection, Two-Tailed Test,
𝑑𝑓 = 9, and .10 Significance Level
Computed value of t
Step 1:
Calculate the sample standard deviations.
Step 2: Pool the sample variances
• We use the formula
Step 3: Determine the value of t
• Since we have the sample means

which is the computed value of t.


Decision
• The decision is not to reject the null hypothesis
because −0.662 falls in the region between −1.833
and 1.833.
• Conclusion: The sample data failed to show a
difference between the mean assembly times of the
two methods.
P value
• Using T-table, locate the row with 9
degrees of freedom, and use the two-
tailed test column.
• Find the t value, without regard to the sign,
that is closest to our computed value of
0.662.
• It is 1.383, corresponding to a significance
level of .20.
• Thus, even had we used the 20%
significance level, we would not have
rejected the null hypothesis of equal
means.
• We can report that the p-value is greater
than .20.
The Excel commands for the two-sample
t-test
• Enter the data into columns A and B (or any other columns) in
the spreadsheet. Use the first row of each column to enter the
variable name.
• Select the Data tab on the top menu. Then, on the far right,
select Data Analysis. Select t-Test: Two Sample Assuming
Equal Variances, and then click OK.
• In the dialog box, indicate that the range of Variable 1 is from
A1 to A6 and Variable 2 from B1 to B7.
• The Hypothe-sized Mean Difference is 0, click Labels, Alpha is
0.05, and the Output Range is D1. Click OK.
Example - II
• Ms. Lisa Monnin is the budget director for Nexus Media
Inc. She would like to compare the daily travel expenses
for the sales staff and the audit staff. She collected the
following sample information.
• Atthe .10 significance level, can she conclude that the
mean daily expenses are greater for the sales staff than
the audit staff? What is the p-value?
Solution
Practice Exercise
• The Tampa Bay (Florida) Area Chamber of Commerce
wanted to know whether the mean weekly salary of nurses
was larger than that of schoolteachers. To investigate, they
collected the following information on the amounts earned
last week by a sample of schoolteachers and a sample of
nurses.

• Isit reasonable to conclude that the mean weekly salary of


nurses is higher? Use the .01 significance level. What is the
p-value?
Practice Exercises
• Listed below are the 25 players on the
opening-day roster of the 2016 New York
Yankees Major League Baseball team,
their salaries, and fielding positions.
• Sort the players into two groups, all
pitchers (relief and starting) and position
players (all others). Assume equal
population standard deviations for the
pitchers and
• the position players. Test the hypothesis
that mean salaries of pitchers and
position players are equal, using the .01
significance level.
Solution

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