Chapter 3

Integral Relations for a Control

Volume

3/16/2025 1
 Motivation
• Analysis of fluid motion deals with a balance of flow in
versus flow out for a finite region.
• The effect of force or torque on a body is determined.
• The total energy exchange is determined.
• The rate of change of fluid property for a control
volume is evaluated.
• Reynolds transport theorem is applied to mass, linear
momentum, angular momentum, and energy to
derive the basic equations of fluid mechanics in
integral forms.
• Bernoulli equation is derived assuming frictionless,
shaft-work-free momentum and energy.
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 Basic Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics
• Flow problems require the analysis of
arbitrary state of variable fluid motion.
• State of fluid motion is defined by the
geometry, the boundary conditions, and the
laws of mechanics.

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 Basic Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics
• Basic Approaches for fluid flow analysis
– Integral, or large-scale, analysis in a finite control
volume.
– Differential, or small-scale, analysis in an
infinitesimal control volume.
– Experimental, or dimensional, analysis

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 Basic Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics
• Integral analysis is often based on average or
“one-dimensional” property values at the
boundaries.
• Integral analysis gives useful engineering
estimates.

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 Basic Laws of Mechanics for a System
• All the laws of mechanics are written for a
system.
• The system is a fixed quantity of mass.
• First law
– Conservation of mass
msyst  constant

dm
0
dt

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 Basic Laws of Mechanics for a System
• Second law
– If the surroundings exert a force on the system, it
will begin to accelerate.
 
F  ma

dV
m
dt

 
d 
 mV
dt
   
 p  g  f visc  a

• Newton’s second law is called linear

momentum relation.
Fx  max Fy  ma y Fz  maz

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 Basic Laws of Mechanics for a System
• Third
– If the surroundings exert a net momentum about the
center of mass of the system, there will be a rotation
effect.

 dH
M
dt
 
  
H   r V

– H
= the angular momentum of the system about its
center of mass.
M x  Ix
d
 x 
dt

– ωx = the angular velocity of the body

– Ix = mass moment of inertia about the x axis.

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 Basic Laws of Mechanics for a System
• Fourth
Q  W  dE
dE
 Q  W 
dt

Q = Heat added to the system.

W = Work done by the system.

• Change of entropy is related to added heat and system

boundary temperature.
Q
dS 
T

• The purpose of this chapter is to apply these laws to

derive flow equations.

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 Volume and Mass Rate of Flow
dv fl  V dt dA cos θ

 

 V .n dA dt

 
dv fl 
  V .n dA
dt

 

 dQ  Vn dA

V .n  Vn

 

 dQ   .n dA   Vn dA
V
s s

Vector Vn is the component of the vector V normal to dA

n= Outward normal unit vector
V .n  ve, outflow

V .n  ve, inflow

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 Volume and Mass Rate of Flow
 

    V .n dA   Vn dA
m
s s

• In case of constant density and velocity

  Vn  dA
m
s

 m  Vn A

Vn  V cos 0  V
 m  AV

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 Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)
B = any extensive property (mass, energy, momentum)
β = intensive property
B

m

Bsys,t  BCV ,t

Bsys,t  t  BCV ,t  t  BI ,t  t  BII ,t  t

 Bsys,t  t  Bsys,t  BCV ,t  t  BI ,t  t  BII ,t  t   BCV ,t

 Bsys,t  t  Bsys,t  BCV ,t  t  BCV ,t  BI ,t  t  BII ,t  t

Bsys,t  t  Bsys,t BCV ,t  t  BCV ,t BI ,t  t BII ,t  t

   
t t t t

t  0

dBsys dBCV 
   Bin  B out
dt dt

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 Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)
BI ,t  t  1mI ,t  t  1 1V fl , I ,t  t  1 1V1tA1

BII ,t  t   2 mII ,t  t   2  2V fl , II ,t  t   2  2V2 tA2

B   V tA
Bin  B I  lim I ,t  t  1 1 1 1  11V1 A1
limt 0 t t
B   V tA
Bout  B II  lim II ,t  t  2 2 2 2   2 2V2 A2
limt 0 t t

dBsys dBCV 
  Bin  B out
dt dt
dBsys dBCV
   1 1V1 A1   2  2V2 A2
dt dt

• The time rate of change of the property B of the system is

equal to the time rate of change of B of the control volume
plus the net flux of B out of the control volume by mass
crossing the control volume surface.

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 Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)
dB

dm
 dB  dm
dBsys dBCV
 BCV   dB   dm   dV fl    1 1V1 A1   2  2V2 A2
CV CV CV dt dt

A change within the control volume  dV 

d
 fl
dt CV

Outflow of B from the control volume   V cosdA CS

out

  V cos dA

Inflow of B to the control volume CS
in

dBsyst
dt

d
dt

CV

dV fl   V cos  dAout   V cos  dAin
CS CS


dBsys
dt

d
dt

CV

dV fl   Vn dAout   Vn dAin
CS CS

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 Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)
dBsyst
dt
d
 
CV dV fl  CS V cos dAout  CS V cos dAin

dt
dB
 sys 
dt
d
dt CV

dV fl   Vn dAout   Vn dAin
CS CS

dB
 sys 
dt
d
dt CV

dV fl   dm out   dm in
CS CS

dm  dQ  Vn dA

dBsyst
dt

d
 
CV dV fl  CS V cos dAout  CS V cos dAin
dt
dB
 sys 
dt
d
dt CV
dV fl CS 

V .n dAout  
CS 

V  
.n dAin  

Outflow, V .n  V
n
Inflow, 
V .n  Vn

   
 
Flow Terms    V .n dAout    V .n dAin
CS CS

 

   V.n dA
CS


dBsys
dt

d
dt
 CV

dV fl    V .n dA
CS
 


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 Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)

dBsys
dt

d
dt

CV
  

dV fl    V .n dA
CS

 
dBsys  
   dV fl  CS  V .n dA
dt CV t

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 One Dimensional Flux Term
Approximations
dBsys
dt

d
dt
 CV

dV fl    V .n dA
CS
 


dBsys dBCV
   1 1V1 A1   2  2V2 A2
mi  iVi Ai dt dt


dBsys
dt

d
dt

CV
dm     m
outlets
i i out   i m i in
inlets


dBsys
dt

d
dt
CV

dm   2 AV 2   3 AV 3   5 AV 5  1 AV 1   4 AV 4

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 Example 3.1
A fixed control volume has three one-dimensional
boundary sections, as shown in Fig. E3.1. The flow within
the control volume is steady. The flow properties at each
section are tabulated below. Find the rate of change of
energy of the system that occupies the control volume at
this instant.

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 Example 3.1
Solution
System sketch: Figure E3.1 shows two inlet flows, 1 and 2,
and a single outlet flow, 3.
∙ Assumptions: Steady flow, fixed control volume, one-
dimensional inlet and exit flows.
∙ Approach: B = E
β = dE/dm = e. Use the one-dimensional flow
approximation and then insert the data from the table.

∙ Solution steps: Outlet 3 contributes a positive term, and

inlets 1 and 2 are negative.
The appropriate form of Eq. (3.12) is

dEsys
dt

d
dt

CV

dm  e3m 3  e1m 1  e2 m 2

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 Example 3.1
dBsys
dt

d
dt

CV
  

dV fl    V .n dA
CS


dEsys
dt

d
dt
 CV

dm  e3m 3  e1m 1  e2 m 2


dEsys
dt

d
dt
 CV

edv  e3 3 A3V3  e1 1 A1V1  e2  2 A2V2

dEsys
  e1 1 A1V1  e2  2 A2V2  e3 3 A3V3
dt

J
 J 
kg 
kg 
m 
 m
 
  300 s 800 3  2m 2  5   10080038  150800217 
  s

 240,000

 0.24 MJ
s

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 Example 3.1
dBsys
dt

d
dt

CV

dV fl    V .n dA
CS
 


Bm
m
 e
m
1

d
dt

CV
dV fl  
d
dt

CV

dv  0

dmsys
    V .n dA
dt CS

  1 A1V1  2V2 A2  3V3 A3

  800 3 2m 2  5   80038  800217 

 kg   m
 m   s
 0 kg
s

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 Example 3.2
Compressed air in a rigid tank of volume 𝒱 exhausts
through a small nozzle as in Fig. E3.2. Air properties
change through the nozzle, and the flow exits at ρo,Vo,
Ao. Find an expression for the rate of change of tank
density.

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 Example 3.2
Solution
• System sketch: Fig. E3.2 shows one exit, no inlets. The
constant exit area is Ao.
• Control volume: As shown, we choose a CV that
encircles the entire tank and nozzle.
• Assumptions: Unsteady flow (the tank mass
decreases), one-dimensional exit flow.
• Approach: Apply Eq. (3.16) for mass, B = m and β =
dm/dm = unity.
• Solution steps: Write out the Reynolds transport
relation (3.16) for this problem:

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 Example 3.2
dBsys
dt

d
dt
 CV

dV fl    V .n dA
CS
 


Bm
m
 1
m


dmsys
dt

d
dt

CV
  
dV fl    V .n dA
CS


0
d
dt
 CV

dV fl    V .n dA
CS
 


0
d
dt
 
  CV dV fl  oVAo 
0
d
dt

 V fl  oVAo 
d
 0  V fl   oVAo
dt
d
 V fl    oVAo
dt
d  VA
  o o
dt V fl

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 Example 3.3
Write the conservation-of-mass relation for
steady flow through a streamtube (flow
everywhere parallel to the walls) with a single
one-dimensional inlet 1 and exit 2 (Fig. E3.3).

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 Example 3.4
For steady viscous flow through a circular tube (Fig. E3.4), the axial
velocity profile is given approximately by

m
 r
u  U o 1  
 R

so that u varies from zero at the wall (r = R), or no slip, up to a

maximum u = U0 at the centerline r = 0. For highly viscous (laminar)
flow m ≈ 1/2, while for less viscous (turbulent) flow m ≈ 1 /7.
Compute the average velocity if the density is constant.

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 Example 3.5
The tank in Fig. E3.5 is being filled with water
by two one-dimensional inlets. Air is trapped
at the top of the tank. The water height is h.
(a) Find an expression for the change in water
height dh/dt. (b) Compute dh/dt if D1 = 1 in,
D2 = 3 in, V1 = 3 ft/s, V2 = 2 ft/s, and At = 2 ft2,
assuming water at 20°C.

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 Example 3.5

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 Example 3.6
A control volume of a nozzle section has
surface pressures of 40 lbf/in2 absolute at
section 1 and atmospheric pressure of 15
lbf/in2 absolute at section 2 and on the
external rounded part of the nozzle, as in Fig.
E3.6a. Compute the net pressure force if
D1 = 3 in and D2 = 1 in.

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 Example 3.6

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 Bernoulli Equation

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 HGL and EGL
• Piezometer Tube
– Measures the static pressure head, z+p/ϒ
– Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)
• Pitot Stagnation Velocity Tube
– Measures the total head, z + p/ϒ + v2/2g

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 EGL and HGL

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 Example 5-8
A piezometer and a Pitot tube are tapped into a
horizontal water pipe, as shown in Fig. 5–42, to
measure static and stagnation (static + dynamic)
pressures. For the indicated water column
heights, determine the velocity at the center of
the pipe

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 Example 5-8

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 Example 3.13
• Find a relation between nozzle discharge
velocity V2 and tank free surface height h as
in Fig. E3.13. Assume steady frictionless flow.

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 Surface Velocity Condition for a Large
Tank
• The outflow is small compare to the volume of
tank.
• The surface of the tank moves very slowly.
• The velocity is zero at the tank surface.
• The pressure at the top of the tank is assumed
to be atmosphric.

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 Example 3.14
Consider the water siphon shown in Fig. E3.14.
Assuming that Bernoulli’s equation is valid, (a) find an
expression for the velocity V2 exiting the siphon tube.
(b) If the tube is 1 cm in diameter and z1 = 60 cm, z2 = -
25 cm, z3 = 90 cm, and z4 = 35 cm, estimate the flow
rate in cm3/s.

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 Example 3.21
Gasoline at 20°C is pumped through a smooth
12-cm-diameter pipe 10 km long, at a flow rate
of 75 m3/h (330 gal/min). The inlet is fed by a
pump at an absolute pressure of 24 atm. The
exit is at standard atmospheric pressure and is
150 m higher. Estimate the frictional head loss
hf, and compare it to the velocity head of the
flow V2/(2g). (These numbers are quite realistic
for liquid flow through long pipelines.)
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 Example 3.21
• Property values: From Table A.3 for gasoline at
20°C, ρ = 680 kg/m3, or γ = (680)(9.81) = 6670
N/m3.
• ∙ Assumptions: Steady flow. No shaft work,
thus hp = ht = 0. If z1 = 0, then z2 = 150 m.
• Approach: Find the velocity and the velocity
head. These are needed for comparison. Then
evaluate the friction loss from Eq. (3.73).

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 Problem (from online)
A pump takes water from a 200-mm suction
pipe and delivers it to a 150-mm discharge pipe
in which the velocity is 3.6 m/s. The pressure is
-35 kPa(gauge) at A in the suction pipe. The 150-
mm pipe discharges horizontally into air at C. To
what height h above B can the water be raised if
B is 1.8 m above A and 20 hp is delivered to the
pump? Assume that the pump operates at 70
percent efficiency and that the frictional loss in
the pipe between A and C is 3 m.
3/16/2025 41
 Problem (from online)

3/16/2025 42
 Problem (from online)
q  AV
2
 π  150   m
   m  3.6 
 4  1000   s
m3
 0.0636
s

Output power
Pump Efficiency 
Input power

Output power
 0.7 
20 hp

 Output power  0.7  20  14 hp

J 1N.m
746 
 14 hp  s 1J
1 hp

 10444 N.m
s

3/16/2025 43
 Problem (from online)
Output power  p q 
 p 
  q 
  
 h p q 
 Output power  h p q 

N.m  kg m  m3  1N
 10444  h p 1000 3  9.81 2  0.0636  
s  m s  s  1 kg  m
s2
 h p  16.74 m

q
VA 
A
q


d A2
4

3/16/2025 44
 Problem (from online)
m3
0.0636
 s
2
π  200 
 m
4  1000 

m
 VA  2.024
s

p A  35 kpa

 35103
N
gauge
m2
pC  patmospheric 0
N
gauge
m2

pA VA2 p V2
  z A  h p  C  C  zC  h friction
 2g  2g

2 2

 35 2
N 2.0242  m  3.62  m 
 m   s   0  16.74  0   s   z 3
 kg  m C

1000 3  9.81  
1N
29.81 m2 29.81 m2
 m  s  1kg  m s s
2
s

3/16/2025 45
 Problem (from online)
 13.275  3.66  zC

 zC  9.61 m

 h  1.8  9.61

 h  7.81 m

3/16/2025 46
 Newton’s Laws
 
F  ma

  dV 
 F  m 

 dt 
 

 d mV
F
dt

• Newton’s Second Law

– The rate of change of the momentum of a body is
equal to the net force acting on the body.
• Forces are generated as a result of velocity
changes of fluid stream.
3/16/2025 47
 Newton’s Laws

3/16/2025 48
 Newton’s Laws
• The momentum of a system remains constant
only when the net force acting on it is zero,
and thus the momentum of such a system is
conserved.
• In fluid mechanics, net force is not zero.
• We work with linear momentum equation.

3/16/2025 49
 Newton’s Laws
• Force, acceleration, velocity, and momentum
are vector quantities.
• Any vector equation can be written in scalar
form for a specified direction using
magnitudes.

Fx  ma x  mVx 
d
dt

3/16/2025 50
 Newton’s Laws
• Newton’s

2nd law for rotating rigid body

M  I

M= Net moment or torque applied on the
body.
I = Moment of inertia of the body about the
axis of rotation.

 = Angular acceleration
• It can also be expressed in terms of rate of
dH
change of angular momentum dt

3/16/2025 51
 Newton’s Laws
  
  d d I  dH
M  I I  
dt dt dt

• For a rigid body rotating about a fixed x-axis

d x d I x x  dH x
M x  Ix  
dt dt dt

• The rate of change of angular momentum of a

body is equal to the net torque acting on it.

3/16/2025 52
 Newton’s Laws
• The conservation of angular momentum
principle
– The total angular moment of a rotating body
remains constant when the net torque acting on it
is zero, and the angular momentum system is
conserved.

I  constant

3/16/2025 53
 Newton’s Laws

3/16/2025 54
 Analogy

3/16/2025 55
 Review of Rotational Motion and
Angular Momentum
• Translational Motion
– Analyzed using the linear momentum equation.
• Rotational Motion
– All points in the body move in circles about the
axis of rotation.
• Terms for Rotational Motion
– Angular distance, θ

– Angular velocity, 

– Angular acceleration, 

3/16/2025 56
 Review of Rotational Motion and
Angular Momentum
• The amount of rotation of a point in a body is
expressed in terms of angle θ swept by a line
of length r that connects the point of
rotation and is perpendicular to the axis.

3/16/2025 57
 Review of Rotational Motion and
Angular Momentum

3/16/2025 58
 Review of Rotational Motion and
Angular Momentum
• θ is expressed in terms of radians.
• Radians is the arc length corresponding to
θ on a circle of unit radius.
Circumference
  2 rad
r

l

r
 l  r
d

dt
l
d 
  
r
dt

3/16/2025 59
 Review of Rotational Motion and
Angular Momentum
1 dl

r dt

1
 V
r

 V  r

d

dt

d  d 
  
dt  dt 

d 2

dt

d

dt
d V 
  
dt  r 

3/16/2025 60
 Review of Rotational Motion and
Angular Momentum
1 dV

r dt
1
   at
r
 at  r

• There must be a force in tangential direction

to angular acceleration.
• Moment/Torque
– Proportional to the force.
– Proportional to the distance from the axis of
rotation.
3/16/2025 61
 Review of Rotational Motion and
Angular Momentum
• Torque
M  rFt

 M  rmat

 M  rmr

 M  mr 2

M   r 2m
mass

  r m
mass
2

 I

3/16/2025 62
 Review of Rotational Motion and
Angular Momentum

3/16/2025 63
 Review of Rotational Motion and
Angular Momentum
• Angular momentum
– Moment of momentum
H  r mV 

 H  rmr 

 H  r 2 m

 H   r 2m
mass


 H   r 2m 
mass

 H  I
 
 H  I

3/16/2025 64
 Review of Rotational Motion and
Angular Momentum
 
M  I

 d
M I
dt

 d I 
M 
dt

 dH
M 
dt

• Analogy
 

 d mV
F
dt

3/16/2025 65
 Analogy

3/16/2025 66
 Review of Rotational Motion and
Angular Momentum
• Angular Velocity versus rpm
 rad   rev 
  2  n  
 rev   min 

rad
   2n
min

3/16/2025 67
 Power Transmitted by a Rotating Shaft
• Consider a constant force F acting in the
tangential direction on the outer surface of a
shaft of radius r rotating at an rpm of n .
W shaft  FV
 Fr
 M
 M 2n 
 2nM

3/16/2025 68
 Review of Rotational Motion and
Angular Momentum
• Rotational Kinetic Energy
1
KEr  mV 2
2

 mr 
1 2

2
1 2 2
 mr 
2
1 2
 Ι
2

I   r 2m
mass

3/16/2025 69
 The Angular Momentum Equation
• Moment of momentum equation.
• Application
– Centrifugal pump
– Turbines
– Fans

3/16/2025 70
 The Angular Momentum Equation
  
M  r F

 M  r sin  F

 M  Fr sin 

• The moment of moment is also called angular

moment.
  
H  r  mV

H  
  r V
m

3/16/2025 71
 The Angular Momentum Equation
 
  
 dH  r  V m

m  dV

 
  
 dH sys  r  V dV

r V dV
 
  dH sys  
sys sys

r V dV
 
 H sys  
sys

  dH
M

dH sys
dt

d

dt sys
 

r  V dV  dt

 
 d  
  M   r  V dV
dt sys

BH
 
H dH  
 b   r V
m m

3/16/2025 72
 The Angular Momentum Equation
• RTT for fixed control volume
d
dt
Bsys   d
dt

CV

dV fl    V .n dA
CS


d
dt
H sys   d
dt
 r V dV   r V  V .ndA
CV
fl
CS

 d
 M 
dt
 r V dV   r V  V .ndA
CV
fl
CS

• Steady flow
d
dt
 r V dV   0
CV
fl

 
  
  M   r  V  V .n dA
CS

3/16/2025 73
 The Angular Momentum Equation
• For one dimensional inlets and outlets
 d
 M 
dt CV
 
r       
V dV fl 
 
CS V  V .n dA
r

 d
 M 
dt CV
 
r       
V  dV fl  

 
r  V out

m out  
 
r  V in m in
 d
 M 
dt CV
 
r         
V dV fl  out

r  
m

V  in

r  
m V


For steady flow

   
    
  M   r  m V   r  m V
out in

• The net torque acting on the control volume

during steady flow is equal to the difference
between the outgoing and incoming angular
momentum flow rates.

3/16/2025 74
 The Angular Momentum Equation
• All the significant forces and momentum flows
are in the same plane, and thus all give rise to
moments in the same plane and about the
same axis.
  M   rm V    rm V 
out in

• Flow with no external moments

 M  dt  r V dV   r  m V   r  m V 
 d  
fl
CV
out in

0
d
dt
 r V dV   r  m V   r  m V 
CV
fl
out in

3/16/2025 75
 The Angular Momentum Equation

   
dH CV    
0   r  m V   r  m V
dt out in


   
dH CV    
   r  m V   r  m V
dt out in


   
dH CV    
   r  m V   r  m V
dt in out

   
   
 I CV    r  m inV   r  m V
in out

   
   
 I body   r  m inV   r  m V
in out

3/16/2025 76
 Radial Flow Devices
• Centrifugal pumps and fans
– Fluid flows in the radial direction perpendicular to
the rotation of axis.
• Centrifugal Pump
– Fluid enters the device in the axial direction
through the eye of the impeller.
– Then the fluid flows through the passage between
blades.
– The fluid is collected in the scroll and is discharged
in the tangential direction.
Youtube: How does a centrifugal pump
3/16/2025 77
work? by Sabin Civil Engineering
 Centrifugal Pump

3/16/2025 78
 Centrifugal Pump

3/16/2025 79
 Centrifugal Pump
• Average velocity has both normal and
tangential components at both inlet and
outlet of the impeller section.
Angular velocity of shaft = ω
Velocity of fluid at impellar inlet = ωr1
Velocity of fluid at impellar inlet = ωr2
Assumption: Steady, incompressible fluid
and conservation of mass.
3/16/2025 80
 Centrifugal Pump
1Q1   2Q2

1   2

 Q1  Q2

 A1V1,n  A2V2,n

 2r1b1 V1,n  2r2b2 V2,n

3/16/2025 81
 Centrifugal Pump
• The normal velocity components V1,n and V2,n
as well as pressure pass through the shaft.
• Their contributions to the toque = 0.
 M   rm V   rm V
out in

Tshaft  r2 m V2,t  r1m V1,t

 Tshaft  m r2V2,t  r1V1,t 

 Tshaft  m r2V2 sin  2  r1V1 sin 1 

Tshaft  m r2V2,t  r1V1,t 

 Tshaft  m r2 r2  r1r1 

3/16/2025 82
 Centrifugal Pump

 Tshaft  m  r22  r12 
W shaft  M

 2n Tshaft

3/16/2025 83
 Example 6-8 Bending Moment Acting
at the Base of a Water Pipe
Underground water is pumped through a 10-cm-
diameter pipe that consists of a 2-m-long vertical
and 1-m-long horizontal section, as shown in Fig. 6–
39. Water discharges to atmospheric air at an
average velocity of 3 m/s, and the mass of the
horizontal pipe section when filled with water is
12 kg per meter length. The pipe is anchored on
the ground by a concrete base. Determine the
bending moment acting at the base of the pipe
(point A) and the required length of the horizontal
section that would make the moment at point A
zero.
3/16/2025 84
 Example 6-8 Bending Moment Acting
at the Base of a Water Pipe

3/16/2025 85
 Example 6-8 Bending Moment Acting
at the Base of a Water Pipe
• SOLUTION
Water is pumped through a piping section. The moment acting at the
base and the required length of the horizontal section to make this moment zero is to
be determined.
• Assumptions
1. The flow is steady.
2. The water is discharged to the atmosphere, and thus the gage pressure at the outlet
is zero.
3. The pipe diameter is small compared to the moment arm, and thus we use average
values of radius and velocity at the outlet.
• Properties
We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3.
Analysis
We take the entire L-shaped pipe as the control volume, and designate the
inlet by 1 and the outlet by 2. We also take the x- and z-coordinates as
shown. The control volume and the reference frame are fixed.
3/16/2025 86
 Example 6-8 Bending Moment Acting
at the Base of a Water Pipe
m 1  m 2  m

A  constant

V1  V2  V

m  AV

kg   π  10  2  m 
2

 1000 3     m  3 
 m   4  100   s 
kg
 23.56
s
 
 kg   m  1 N 
W  12 1 m  9.81 2  
 m  s  1kg. m 
 
 s2 
 117.7 N

3/16/2025 87
 Example 6-8 Bending Moment Acting
at the Base of a Water Pipe
 M   rm V   rm V
out in

• Angular moment equation about point A

M A  r1W  r2 m V  0m V

 M A  r1W  r2 m V
 
 kg  m  1 N 
 0.5 m 117.7 N   2 m  23.56  3  
 s  s  1kg. m 
 
 s2 
 82.5

L =length of the horizontal pipe.

MA  0

 r1W  r2 m V  0
 
 L  N  kg  m  1 N 
  m 177.7 L m   2 m  23.56  3  0
 2  m  s  s  1kg. m 
 
 s2 

3/16/2025 88
 Example 6-8 Bending Moment Acting
at the Base of a Water Pipe
 
 L  N  
kg  m  1 N 
  m 177.7 L m   2 m  23.56  3  
 2  m  s  s  1kg. m 
 
 s2 

 L2 
2223.563
177.7

L
2223.563
177.7

 1.55 m

3/16/2025 89
 EXAMPLE 6–9 Power Generation from
a Sprinkler System
A large lawn sprinkler (Fig. 6–40) with four identical
arms is to be converted into a turbine to generate
electric power by attaching a generator to its
rotating head, as shown in Fig. 6–41. Water enters
the sprinkler from the base along the axis of
rotation at a rate of 20 L/s and leaves the nozzles in
the tangential direction. The sprinkler rotates at a
rate of 300 rpm in a horizontal plane. The diameter
of each jet is 1 cm, and the normal distance
between the axis of rotation and the center of
each nozzle is 0.6 m. Estimate the electric power
produced.
3/16/2025 90
 EXAMPLE 6–9 Power Generation from
a Sprinkler System

3/16/2025 91
 EXAMPLE 6–9 Power Generation from
a Sprinkler System

3/16/2025 92
 EXAMPLE 6–9 Power Generation from
a Sprinkler System

3/16/2025 93
 EXAMPLE 6–9 Power Generation from
a Sprinkler System
Given data
Total volumetric flow rate = 20 L/s
Rotation of sprinkler = 300rpm.
Nozzle dia = 1 cm
rjet = 0.6 m

3/16/2025 94
 EXAMPLE 6–9 Power Generation from
a Sprinkler System
Qtotal
Qnozzle 
4
L
20
 s
4
L
5
s

Qnozzle
V jet 
Anozzle

L m3
5 
s 1000 L

π 1  2
 m
4  100 
m
 63.66
s

3/16/2025 95
 EXAMPLE 6–9 Power Generation from
a Sprinkler System
  2n

 rad  rev  1 min 

  2   300  
 rev  min  60 sec 
rad
 31.42
sec
Vnozzle  r

 31.420.6
m
 18.85
s
  
V jet _ rel  V jet  Vnozzle

 V jet _ rel  V jet  Vnozzle

 63.66  18.85
m
 44.81
s

3/16/2025 96
 EXAMPLE 6–9 Power Generation from
a Sprinkler System
m  Qtotal

kg L m3
 1000  20 
m3 s 1000 L
kg
 20
s

 M   rm V   rm V
out in
 
   
 Tshaft  0.6 m  20  44.81 
kg m 1 N

 s  s  1 kg. m 
 
 s2 
 Tshaft  537.7 N.m

  T
W shaft
 
 rad   1 kW 
  31.42 537.7 N.m   
 s   N.m 
 1000 
 s 
 16.9 kW

3/16/2025 97