AL- RASHEED UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
Computer Engineering Techniques Department
Modern Computer Network Techniques
B.E Course – 4th Year - 2024-2025
Computer Networks & The Internet
• COMPUTER NETWORKS
• COMPUTER NETWORKS TYPES
• COMPUTER NETWORKS TOPOLOGY
• COMPUTER NETWORK STRUCTURE
Outlines
• NETWORK S/W AND H/W
• THE INTERNET
• OSI REFERENCE MODEL
• REFERENCES
• The term network can refer to any interconnected group or
system.
• A computer network is composed of multiple computers
connected together using a telecommunication system.
“…communication system for connecting end-systems”
• End-systems can be:
COMPUTER • PCs, workstations
NETWORKS • Network components
• Printers, FAX… ETC.
• Interconnection may be any medium capable of communicating
information:
• Copper wire
• Lasers (optical fiber)
• Radio /Satellite link
• Cable (coax)
COMPUTER NETWORKS
What is a Computer Network
• A system containing any combination of computers, computer terminals, printers, audio or
visual display devices, or telephones interconnected by telecommunication equipment or
cables: used to transmit or receive information.
COMPUTER NETWORKS
Why Network?
• Sharing resources
• Resources become available regardless of the user’s physical location (server
based, peer2peer)
• Load Sharing/utilization
• Jobs processed on least crowed machine
• Resource can be shared
• High reliability
• Alternative source of supply (multiple copies)
• Computer as a communication tools
COMPUTER NETWORKS
Network
Classification
Types Topology Components
Types of Network
There are many types of computer networking which are used
world wide these days. There are some types of network that are
using Worldwide:
COMPUTER • LAN - Local Area Network
NETWORKS • WAN - Wide Area Network
TYPES • WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
• PAN - Personal Area Network
• SAN - Storage Area Network
• GAN - Global Area Network
• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
• CAN - Controller Area Network
• DAN - Desk Area Network
• VPN - Virtual Private Network
COMPUTER NETWORKS TYPES
Network Types
• LAN - Local Area Network
• WAN - Wide Area Network
• WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
• PAN - Personal Area Network
• SAN - Storage Area Network
• GAN - Global Area Network
• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
• CAN - Controller Area Network
• DAN - Desk Area Network
• VPN - Virtual Private Network
COMPUTER NETWORKS TYPES
Local Area Network - LAN
• Connects computers that are physically close together ( < 1 mile).
• High speed
• Multi-access
• Technologies:
• Ethernet 10 Mbps, 100Mbps
• Token Ring 16 Mbps
• FDDI 100 Mbps
COMPUTER NETWORKS TYPES
Local Area Network - LAN
Back
bone
Single-building LAN Multi-building LAN
Examples: Home network, Wireless-Wired campus network
COMPUTER NETWORKS TYPES
Metropolitan Area Network - MAN
• Larger than a LAN and smaller than a WAN
• Example: campus-wide network
• Multi-access network
• Technologies:
• Coaxial cable
• Microwave
Examples: Ottawa-Carleton Research Institute (OCRI) MAN, National Capital Institute on
Telecommunications (NCIT) MAN
COMPUTER NETWORKS TYPES
Wide Area Network - WAN
• Connects computers that are physically far apart. “long-haul network”.
• Typically slower than a LAN.
• Typically less reliable than a LAN.
• Point-to-point
• Technologies:
• Telephone lines
• Satellite communications
Example: Canadian Network for the Advancement of Research, Industry and Education (CANARIE).
COMPUTER NETWORKS TYPES
A topology is a way of “laying out” the network.
Topologies can be either physical or logical.
COMPUTER • Physical Topologies describe how the cables
NETWORKS are run.
TOPOLOGY • Logical Topologies describe how the network
messages travel.
COMPUTER NETWORKS TOPOLOGY
Network
Topology
Bus Ring Star Mesh
COMPUTER NETWORKS TOPOLOGY
Bus
• Can be both logical and physical
• A bus is the simplest physical topology. It consists of a single cable that runs to every
workstation
• This topology uses the least amount of cabling, but also covers the shortest amount of
distance.
• Each computer shares the same data and address path. With a logical bus topology,
messages pass through the trunk, and each workstation checks to see if the message
is addressed to itself. If the address of the message matches the workstation’s
address, the network adapter copies the message to the card’s on-board memory.
COMPUTER NETWORKS TOPOLOGY
Star
• Can be physical only
• A physical star topology branches each network device off a central device called a
hub, making it very easy to add a new workstation.
• Also, if any workstation goes down it does not affect the entire network. (But, as you
might expect, if the central device goes down, the entire network goes down.)
• Some types of Ethernet and ARCNet use a physical star topology.
• Star topologies are easy to install. A cable is run from each workstation to the hub.
The hub is placed in a central location in the office.
COMPUTER NETWORKS TOPOLOGY
Ring
• Each computer connects to two other computers, joining them in a circle creating a
unidirectional path where messages move workstation to workstation.
• Each entity participating in the ring reads a message, then regenerates it and hands it
to its neighbor on a different network cable.
• The ring makes it difficult to add new computers.
• Unlike a star topology network, the ring topology network will go down if one entity is
removed from the ring.
• Physical ring topology systems don’t exist much anymore, mainly because the
hardware involved was fairly expensive and the fault tolerance was very low.
COMPUTER NETWORKS TOPOLOGY
Mesh
• Can be both logical and physical
• The mesh topology is the simplest logical topology in terms of data flow, but it is the
most complex in terms of physical design.
• In this physical topology, each device is connected to every other device
• This topology is rarely found in LANs, mainly because of the complexity of the cabling.
• If there are x computers, there will be (X × (x–1)) ÷ 2 cables in the network. For
example, if you have five computers in a mesh network, it will use 5 × (5 – 1) ÷ 2,
which equals 10 cables. This complexity is compounded when you add another
workstation.
COMPUTER NETWORKS TOPOLOGY
Mesh
• For example, your five-computer, 10-cable network will jump to 15 cables just by
adding one more computer. Imagine how the person doing the cabling would feel if
you told them you had to cable 50 computers in a mesh network—they’d have to
come up with 50 × (50 – 1) ÷ 2 = 1225 cables!
COMPUTER NETWORKS TOPOLOGY
Topology Advantages Disadvantages
Bus Cheap. Easy to install. Difficult to reconfigure.
Break in bus disables
entire network.
Star Cheap. Easy to install. More expensive than bus.
Easy to reconfigure.
Fault tolerant.
Ring Efficient. Easy to install. Reconfiguration difficult.
Very expensive.
Mesh Simplest. Most fault tolerant. Reconfiguration extremely difficult.
Extremely expensive.
Very complex.
COMPUTER
NETWORK
STRUCTURE
COMPUTER NETWORKS STRUCTURE
Types of Servers
COMPUTER NETWORKS STRUCTURE
Wide Variety of Types of Networks
• Circuit Switched
• Dedicated circuit per call
• Performance (guaranteed)
• C all setup required
• Telephone system
• Packet switched:
• Data sent thru net in discrete “chunks”
• User A, B packets share network resources
• Resources used as needed
• Store and forward: packets move one hop at a time
• The Internet (TCP/IP)
NETWORK S/W
& H/W
NETWORK S/W & H/W
Network Interface Card (NIC)
NIC provides the physical interface between computer and
cabling.
It prepares data, sends data, and controls the flow of data. It can
also receive and translate data into bytes for the CPU to
understand.
The following factors should be taken into consideration when
choosing a NIC:
1. - Preparing data
2. - Sending and controlling data
3. - Configuration
4. - Drivers
5. - Compatibility
6. - Performance
NETWORK S/W & H/W
Repeaters
Repeaters are very simple devices. They allow a cabling system to extend
beyond its maximum allowed length by amplifying the network voltages so
they travel farther.
Repeaters are nothing more than amplifiers and, as such, are very inexpensive.
Repeaters can only be used to regenerate signals between similar network
segments.
For example, we can extend an Ethernet 10Base2 network to 400 meters with
a repeater. But can’t connect an Ethernet and Token Ring network together
with one.
The main disadvantage to repeaters is that they just amplify signals. These
signals not only include the network signals, but any noise on the wire as well.
Eventually, if you use enough repeaters, you could possibly drown out the
signal with the amplified noise. For this reason, repeaters are used only as a
temporary fix.
NETWORK S/W & H/W
HUBs
Hubs are devices used to link several computers together.
They repeat any signal that comes in on one port and copy it to the other ports
(a process that is also called broadcasting).
There are two types of hubs: active and passive.
Passive hubs simply connect all ports together electrically and are usually not
powered.
Active hubs use electronics to amplify and clean up the signal before it is
broadcast to the other ports.
In the category of active hubs, there is also a class called “intelligent” hubs,
which are hubs that can be remotely managed on the network.
NETWORK S/W & H/W
Bridges
They join similar topologies and are used to divide network segments.
For example, with 200 people on one Ethernet segment, the performance will
be mediocre, because of the design of Ethernet and the number of
workstations that are fighting to transmit. If you divide the segment into two
segments of 100 workstations each, the traffic will be much lower on either
side and performance will increase.
If it is aware of the destination address, it is able to forward packets; otherwise
a bridge will forward the packets to all segments. They are more intelligent
than repeaters but are unable to move data across multiple networks
simultaneously.
Unlike repeaters, bridges can filter out noise.
The main disadvantage to bridges is that they can’t connect dissimilar network
types or perform intelligent path selection. For that function, you would need a
router.
NETWORK S/W & H/W
Routers
Routers are highly intelligent devices that connect multiple network types and
determine the best path for sending data.
The advantage of using a router over a bridge is that routers can determine the
best path that data can take to get to its destination.
Like bridges, they can segment large networks and can filter out noise.
However, they are slower than bridges because they are more intelligent
devices; as such, they analyze every packet, causing packet-forwarding delays.
Because of this intelligence, they are also more expensive.
Routers are normally used to connect one LAN to another.
Typically, when a WAN is set up, there will be at least two routers used.
NETWORK S/W & H/W
Switches
A network switch is a computer networking device that connects network segments.
Low-end network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a switch contains
more "intelligence" (and a slightly higher price tag) than a network hub.
Network switches are capable of inspecting data packets as they are received,
determining the source and destination device of that packet, and forwarding it
appropriately.
By delivering each message only to the connected device it was intended for, a network
switch conserves network bandwidth and offers generally better performance than a
hub.
A vital difference between a hub and a switch is that all the nodes connected to a hub
share the bandwidth among themselves, while a device connected to a switch port has
the full bandwidth all to itself.
For example, if 10 nodes are communicating using a hub on a 10-Mbps network, then
each node may only get a portion of the 10 Mbps if other nodes on the hub want to
communicate as well. .
But with a switch, each node could possibly communicate at the full 10 Mbps.
• What is internet?
• Network of networks
• What is the Internet?
• The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other
electronic devices.
• A global internet based on IP protocol
THE INTERNET • Internet Applications:
• Email
• File transfer
• Newsgroup
• File sharing
• Resource distribution
• World wide web
• Video conference
• Gaming
THE INTERNET
Department of Computer Science, Pondicherry University, Puducherry - 605014
THE INTERNET
•
OSI REFERENCE
MODEL
•
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
The 7 Layers of the OSI Model
1. The Physical Layer
2. The Data Link Layer
3. The Network Layer
4. The Transport Layer
5. The Session Layer
6. The Presentation Layer
7. The Application Layer
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
Physical Layer
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
Data Link Layer
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
Network Layer
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
Transport Layer
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
Session Layer
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
Presentation Layer
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
Application Layer
•
•
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
[1] Behrouz A. Forouzan, ' Data Communications And Networking', 5th
Edition.
[2] Andrew S. Tanenbaum, ' Computer Networks', 4th Edition.
[3] James F Kurose, Keith W Ross, ' Computer Networking A Top Down
REFERENCES Approach', 6th Edition.
