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Blood physiology
Complete blood count
(CBC)
physiology (1) lab (3)
@Sinaiunieg [email protected]
DENTISTRY/ second year/ SU/ lect 6 www.su.edu.eg
Formation of blood cells:
Red bone marrow
Blood components:
Differences Plasma Serum
between plasma Obtained by centrifugation Obtained by centrifugation
and serum: of blood sample after of clotted blood sample
adding anticoagulant. (without adding
anticoagulant)
Contains plasma proteins Contains plasma proteins
and clotting factors. but no clotting factors I, II, V
and VIII (consumed in blood
clotting).
Clot on standing. Not clot on standing.
Normal serotonin level. High serotonin level from
broken platelets with blood
coagulation.
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin content
-It is the principle constitute (33%) - Normal values:
of RBCS . In adult male:
-It is the a red pigment which gives (14-18 gm/100 ml blood)
the blood its color. In adult female:
- HB content decreased in Anemia (12-16 gm/100 ml blood)
and increased in polycythemia . In child:
(11-14 gm/100 ml blood)
N.B. male values is higher than that of female because male has androgens which is anabolic
& ↑RBCS formation has no blood loss as menses.
More in new born child may reach 20gm % due to relative hypoxia in intrauterine life.
RBCs count:
• Normal value:
-In newly born= 6-8 millions/mm3(cmm)
-In children = 3.5 –5 million/mm3
-In adult male = 4.5-6.5 million/mm3
-In Female = 3.8-5.8 million/mm3
-RBCs count Increases in hypoxia & polycythemia.
- RBCs count decreases in anemia.
Male value > female because male has androgen which is anabolic &
↑ RBCs formation Has no blood loss as menses.
RBCs volume (Hematocrit value) (Packed cell volume)
• It is the volume of RBCs
contained in 100 ml of
blood.
• Normal value:
-In adult male = 47% (42-54%)
-In adult female = 42% (37-
47%)
-In children = 36-44 %
-In newly born = 50-58 %
HCT HCT
(Increase) ↑ (Decrease) ↓
1- increased RBCS (polycythemia) 1- Decreased RBCS (Anemia)
2- Decreased plasma (dehydration 2- Increased plasma
or hemo-concentration as after (overhydration)
burn)
Blood indices:
1- mean corpuscular volume 2- mean corpuscular hemoglobin 3- mean corpuscular hemoglobin
(MCV) (MCH) concentration (MCHC)
It is the average volume of a It is the average amount of It is the percentage ratio of
single red blood cell. Hb. present in a single red Hb. in a single red blood cell
blood cell. in relation to its volume.
Normal = 78-93 m3 (cubic Normal = 27-33 picogram(10- Normal = 31-35%
microns) (more than 93 m3 in 12 gm) Hb/cell. (normochromic)
macrocytic anemia as in (normochromic) -In megaloblastic anemia,
pernicious anemia) (increased in hyperchromic MCH increased but MCHC is
(less than 78 m3 in microcytic anemia as pernicious anemia normal.
anemia as in iron deficiency & decrease in hypochromic
anemia) anemia as iron deficiency
anemia)
Blood indices:
White blood cells
• Number: 4.000-11.000/mm3 in adult
man (increased in children due to
increased non-granulocytes count).
• Differential leukocytic count:
According to presence or absence of
granules in their cytoplasm they are
divided into:
(1) Neutrophils: (both granules) 40-
70%
(2) Eosinophils: (acidophils) 1-4%
(3) Basophils: (basic granules) 0-1%
(4) Lymphocytes: 20-45%
(5) Monocytes: 2-8%
Variation in leukocytic count: (WBCS count)
1- Leukocytosis: Increase in number of leucocytes above 11.000/mm3 .
A- physiological Leukocytosis B- pathological leukocytosis
It occurs as in 1- Infections: of all types as acute or
1-muscular exercise chronic, bacterial, viral or fungal.
2- emotions 2- Inflammation as rheumatic fever.
3-cold bath & cold or hot weather 3- Tissue damage as trauma, burn.
4-pregnancy and labor 4- Malignant tumors.
5-pain 5- Smoking.
6-anaesthesia 6- Allergic conditions as asthma, hay
fever, skin allergy.
7- Parasites.
8- Leukemia
2-Leukemia:
• It is a malignant disease
of bone marrow causing
marked increase in WBCs
may reach 500.000/mm3.
• Leukemia is associated
with anemia and
bleeding tendency (due
to decrease in bone
marrow area responsible
for RBCs and platelet
synthesis respectively)
3-Leukopenia:
It means a decrease in the total leukocytic count below 4.000/mm3.
• It is caused by:
1- Bone marrow depression (by radiation, drugs as cancer
chemotherapy).
2- Some bacterial infections as (typhoid fever, brucellosis).
3- Some viral infections as (AIDS, influenza, hepatitis).
Platelets (Thrombocytes):
•Shape:
Minute round or oval discs (2-4 µ) non- nucleated.
•Number:
150.000 – 400.000/mm3.
•Formation:
They are formed in the bone marrow as buds on the surface of
megakaryocytes and released into the blood under stimulation of
thrombopoietin from the kidney
• Life span:
8-12 days, then removed by tissue macrophage as spleen so, the
number increases after spleenectomy.
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