DBMS

PART A

TWO Marks Questions

1. Define DBMS

Database management system is a software which is used to manage the database. For
example: MySQL, Oracle, etc are a very popular commercial database which is used in
different applications.

2. Define entity and relationship

Entities, defined as tables that hold specific information

(data) Relationships, defined as the associations or interactions
between entities.

3. List the database users

Database Administrator (DBA)

Simple / Parametric End Users
System Analyst
Classy Users
Database Designers Application Programmers
Casual Users / Temporary Users

4. Define normalization? mention types of normalization

Normalization is the process of organizing the data in the database.

Normalization is used to minimize the redundancy from a relation or
set of relations. It is also used to eliminate undesirable characteristics
like Insertion, Update, and Deletion Anomalies.
First Normal Form (1NF),Second Normal Form (2NF), Third Normal Form (3NF):
Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF),Fourth Normal Form (4NF), Fifth Normal Form
(5NF):

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5. List any two relational algebra operators

Selection, Projection, Cartesian product, Union, and Set Difference.

These perform most of the data retrieval operations needed.

6. List any two types of DDL commands

DDL stands for data definition language. DDL commands are used for creating and altering the
database and database object in the relational database management system, like CREATE
DATABASE, CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, etc. The most used DDL commands are CREATE,
DROP, ALTER, and TRUNCATE.

7. Difference b/w strong and weak entity set

Strong Entity:
A strong entity is not dependent on any other entity in the schema. A strong entity will
always have a primary key. Strong entities are represented by a single rectangle. The
relationship of two strong entities is represented by a single diamond.
Various strong entities, when combined together, create a strong entity set.
Weak Entity:
A weak entity is dependent on a strong entity to ensure its existence. Unlike a strong
entity, a weak entity does not have any primary key. It instead has a partial
discriminator key. A weak entity is represented by a double rectangle.

8. What is DBA? list any two role of DBA

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Database Administrator (DBA) : Database Administrator (DBA) is a

person/team who defines the schema and also controls the 3 levels of database.
The DBA will then create a new account id and password for the user if he/she
need to access the database.

• DBA also monitors the recovery and backup and provide technical
support.
• The DBA has a DBA account in the DBMS which called a system or
superuser account.
• DBA repairs damage caused due to hardware and/or software
failures.

9. Define data model? mention its types

Data Model gives us an idea that how the final system will look like after its complete
implementation. It defines the data elements and the relationships between the data elements.
Data Models are used to show how data is stored, connected, accessed and updated in the
database management system.

1. Hierarchical Model
2. Network Model
3. Entity-Relationship Model
4. Relational Model
5. Object-Oriented Data Model
6. Object-Relational Data Model

10. Give any two examples for DDL commands

• CREATE
CREATE command is used to create a database and database object like a table, index,
view, trigger, stored procedure, etc.
Syntax
CREATE TABLE Employee (Id INT, Name VARHCAR(50), Address VARCHAR (100));
• ALTER
ALTER command is used to restructure the database object and the settings in the
database.
Syntax
ALTER TABLE Employee ADD Salary INT;

11. Define primary key and foreign key

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A primary key is used to ensure that data in the specific column is unique. A column cannot
have NULL values. It is either an existing table column or a column that is specifically
generated by the database according to a defined sequence.
Example: STUD_NO, as well as STUD_PHONE both, are candidate keys for relation
STUDENT but STUD_NO can be chosen as the primary key (only one out of many candidate
keys).
A foreign key is a column or group of columns in a relational database table that provides a link
between data in two tables. It is a column (or columns) that references a column (most often the
primary key) of another table.
Example: STUD_NO in STUDENT_COURSE is a foreign key to STUD_NO in STUDENT
relation.

12. Define entity relationship model? give examples

An Entity–relationship model (ER model) describes the structure of a database with the help of a
diagram, which is known as Entity Relationship Diagram (ER Diagram). An ER model is a design or
blueprint of a database that can later be implemented as a database. The main components of E-
R model are: entity set and relationship set.

13. Define view? how to create view

o Views in SQL are considered as a virtual table. A view also contains rows and columns.
o To create the view, we can select the fields from one or more tables present in the
database.
o A view can either have specific rows based on certain condition or all the rows of a table.

14. What is single and multi-user system in DBMS

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A single user system in DBMS refers to a database management system that allows only
one user to access and manipulate the database at a time. In other words, a single user
system provides exclusive access to the database, and no other user can make any
changes or modifications to the data until the first user has finished.

A multi-user system in DBMS is a database management system that allows multiple

users to access and manipulate the database simultaneously. In this type of system,
multiple users can perform different operations on the database at the same time, such
as adding, modifying or deleting data. The system is designed to manage concurrent
access and ensure data consistency, so that multiple users can work on the same
database without conflicting with each other.

15. Define DDL and name its commands.

DDL stands for data definition language. DDL commands are used for creating and altering the
database and database object in the relational database management system, like CREATE
DATABASE, CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, etc. The most used DDL commands are
CREATE, DROP, ALTER, and TRUNCATE.

16. What are joins? mention its types

A Join operation combines related tuples from different relations, if and only if a given
join condition is satisfied. It is denoted by ⋈.

Join statement is used to combine data or rows from two or more tables based on a
common field between them.

There are three types of joins: inner joins, natural joins, and outer joins. Inner joins are classified into
two types: Theta Join (for relational operators) and Equi Join (for Equality).outer joins are classified
into Left outer join Right outer join Full outer join.

17. Define first normal form

Normalization is the process of organizing the data in the database.

Normalization is used to minimize the redundancy from a relation or set of relations.
It is also used to eliminate undesirable characteristics like Insertion, Update, and
Deletion Anomalies.
Normalization divides the larger table into smaller and links them using relationships.

The normal form is used to reduce redundancy from the database table.

18. Define functional dependencies? give examples

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The functional dependency is a relationship that exists between two attributes. It

typically exists between the primary key and non-key attribute within a table.
For example:
Assume we have an employee table with attributes: Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Address.
Here Emp_Id attribute can uniquely identify the Emp_Name attribute of employee table
because if we know the Emp_Id, we can tell that employee name associated with it.
Functional dependency can be written as:
1. Emp_Id → Emp_Name
We can say that Emp_Name is functionally dependent on Emp_Id.

19. What is decomposition mention its types

The process of breaking up or dividing a single relation into two or more sub
relations is called as decomposition of a relation. No information is lost from the
original relation during decomposition. When the sub relations are joined back, the
same relation is obtained that was decomposed.

20. Define schema

A database schema defines how data is organized within a relational database;

this is inclusive of logical constraints such as, table names, fields, data types, and
the relationships between these entities.
OR

• The Skeleton of the database is created by the attributes and this skeleton is named Schema.
• Schema mentions the logical constraints like table, primary key, etc.
• The schema does not represent the data type of the attributes.

21. Define domain and entities

In a database table, domain constraints are guidelines that specify the acceptable values
for a certain property or field. These restrictions guarantee data consistency and aid in
preventing the entry of inaccurate or inconsistent data into the database.

An Entity may be an object with a physical existence – a particular person, car, house, or
employee – or it may be an object with a conceptual existence – a company, a job, or a
university course.

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22. Mention any two uses of SQL

1. Alter data within a table 2.Create a table
3. Retrieve 4.Change data structure
5. Define the data base’s schema 6.Manipulate the data

23. What is meant by SQL

Structured Query Language (SQL) is a domain-specific language used in programming
and designed for managing data held in a relational database management
system (RDBMS).

24. Mention the operators used in SQL

Arithmetic operators
Comparison Operators in SQL
Logical Operators in SQL
Example
+ (Addition)
The + symbol adds two numbers together.
SELECT 10 + 10;
- (Subtraction)
The - symbol subtracts one number from another.
SELECT 10 - 10;
25. List aggregate functions in SQL

26. Define 2 NF
A relation that is in First Normal Form and every non-primary-key attribute is
fully functionally dependent on the primary key, then the relation is in Second
Normal Form (2NF).

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27. Define generalization

In Database Management System, Generalization is a process in which a new entity is
formed using the common attributes of two or more entities. The newly formed entity is
called the generalized entity.

28. Define tuple

A tuple, also known as a record or row, is a basic unit of data in a relational database
management system (DBMS). A tuple represents a single instance of a relation, or table,
in the database. Each tuple contains a set of values, or attributes, that correspond to the
columns, or fields, of the relation.

29. Define candidate key

A candidate key is a column or a combination of columns that uniquely identifies each
row in a table. It is used to ensure that there are no duplicate or unclear records in a table.

30. Define key? list any two types of keys

A key refers to an attribute/a set of attributes that help us identify a row (or tuple) uniquely
in a table (or relation). A key is also used when we want to establish relationships between
the different columns and tables of a relational database.
Primary Key, Foreign Key, Candidate Key, Super key.

31. Define attribute? mention its types

Attributes are the characteristics or properties that describe each entity in the database,
making them easier to manage and organize. Different types of attributes, such as single-
valued, multi-valued, composite, null, and so on.

32. List users of DBMS

a. Database Administrator (DBA)
b. Naïve/Parametric end User.
c. System Analyst. d. Sophisticated User e. Database Designers.
f. Application Programmers. g. Casual users

33. Define E-R diagram? mention any two E-R symbols

ER Diagram stands for Entity Relationship Diagram, also known as ERD is a diagram
that displays the relationship of entity sets stored in a database. In other words, ER
diagrams help to explain the logical structure of databases. ER diagrams are created based
on three basic concepts: entities, attributes and relationships.

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34. Define instance

The data is stored for a particular amount of time and is called an instance of the database.
The database schema defines the attributes of the database in the particular DBMS. The
value of the particular attribute at a particular moment in time is known as an instance of
the DBMS.

35. Write syntax for UPDATE and INSERT command with example

UPDATE syntax
The syntax of the SQL UPDATE statement is:
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
[WHERE condition];
example:
UPDATE Customers
SET first_name = 'Ravi'
WHERE customer_id = 1;
INSERT INTO tableName
(column1, column2, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, ...)
INSERT INTO dbo.Patient
(Surname, FirstName, DOB, Sex, [Weight], Height, Vaccinated)
VALUES (NULL, NULL,'2019-11-19', 'F', 14.0, 23.1, 'No')

36. Define UML

UML defines a standard set of modeling diagrams for all stages of developing a software
system. This information describes the entity-relationship model of database design.
Another model that you can use is Unified Modeling Language (UML). The Object
Management Group is a consortium that created the UML standard.

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37. Write CREATE table command syntax

The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a new table in a database.

Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
....
);
ExampleGet your own SQL Server
CREATE TABLE Persons (
PersonID int,
LastName varchar(255),
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
);
38. List any two applications of DBMS

• Railway Reservation System − The railway reservation system database plays a

very important role by keeping record of ticket booking, train’s departure time and
arrival status and also gives information regarding train late to people through the
database.
• Library Management System − Now-a-days it’s become easy in the Library to
track each book and maintain it because of the database. This happens because
there are thousands of books in the library.
• Banking − Banking is one of the main applications of databases. We all know
there will be a thousand transactions through banks daily and we are doing this
without going to the bank. This is all possible just because of DBMS that manages
all the bank transactions.

39. Define data dictionary

A data dictionary in Database Management System (DBMS) can be defined as a component that
stores the collection of names, definitions, and attributes for data elements that are being used in a
database.

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40. Write syntax for SELECT statement

Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;
Example:
SELECT * FROM emp;

41. What is query language

A query language, also known as data query language or database query language (DQL),
is a computer language used to make queries in databases and information systems. In
database systems, query languages rely on strict theory to retrieve information. A well
known example is the Structured Query Language (SQL).

42. Write syntax for ALTER statement

ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD column_name datatype;
ALTER TABLE Customers
ADD Email varchar(255);

43. Mention any two mathematical functions in SQL

1. SQRT():
SQRT() function is the most commonly used function. It takes any numeric values and
returns the square root value of that number.

Syntax:
SELECT SQRT(..value..)

CEILING() and FLOOR()

CEILING(): CEILING() function is used to find the next highest value (integer).

Syntax:
SELECT CEILING(..value..)

FLOOR(): FLOOR() function returns the next lowest value (integer).

Syntax:
SELECT FLOOR(..value..)

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44. Define constraint

Constraints in DBMS (Database Management Systems) are rules or conditions that are
applied to the data within a database to ensure data integrity.

45. What is transaction processing

• The transaction is a set of logically related operation. It contains a group of tasks.
• A transaction is an action or series of actions. It is performed by a single user to
perform operations for accessing the contents of the database.

46. List ACID properties

47. Expand ACID

The acronym ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability.

48. Define transaction management.

Transactions are a set of operations used to perform a logical set of work. It is the
bundle of all the instructions of a logical operation. A transaction usually means
that the data in the database has changed.

49. What is atomicity

Atomicity in DBMS refers to the property of a database transaction where all the actions
within the transaction are executed as a single, indivisible unit of work. It ensures that the
transaction is either fully completed or fully rolled back to the state it was in before the
transaction began.
50. Define concurrent execution

In a multi-user system, multiple users can access and use the same database at one time,
which is known as the concurrent execution of the database. It means that the same
database is executed simultaneously on a multi-user system by different users

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PART B

FOUROR TEN Marks Questions

1. Explain applications of DBMS

2. Define data abstraction? Explain three schema architecture with neat diagram
3. Explain specialization and generalization with example
4. Explain view with syntax and example
5. List and explain different types of data types in SQL
6. Explain set operators of SQL with example
7. What is database modeling? what are the main advantages of E-R diagram
8. Explain advantages and disadvantages of DBMS
9. Explain three schema architecture in DBMS
10. Write a note on mapping cardinalities
11. Explain the basic notations of E-R diagram
12. Explain 2NF with example
13. Explain the structure of PL/SQL with program example
14. Explain any five advantages of DBMS over file processing system
15. Explain aggregate function of SQL
16. Write an E-R diagram of company database
17. List and explain various database users
18. What is normalization? Explain
19. Explain 1st ,2nd and 3rd NF
20. Explain function of DBA
21. What is DDL? Explain in detail
22. What is multi-valued dependency
23. Explain structure of relational data base
24. Explain different types of database models
25. Explain SELECT statement with example
26. Explain extended relational algebra operations
27. Explain outer join operations
28. Explain keys in relational model
29. What is join operation? Explain LEFT, RIGHT and FULL OUTER join
30. Write a note of BCNF
31. Explain briefly DML
32. Define with suitable example SELECT, PROJECT,CARTESIAN PRODUCT
33. What is data independency? Explain different types data independency
34. Explain three level architecture of database system
35. Explain and write an E-R diagram for bank database
36. Explain the database languages with example

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37. Explain hierarchical, network data model with advantages and

disadvantages
38. Explain anomalies in relational database design
39. Explain basic structure of SQL queries along with example of string
operations
40. Define following primary key, foreign key, candidate key
41. Explain ACID properties
42. What is concurrency control? How it is implemented in DBMS? Explain
43. Write a note on failure classification
44. What is transaction? Explain its properties
45. What are the different concurrent problems? Explain with example
46. Explain transaction states with a diagram.
47. Define a) Generalization b) Specialization c ) Aggregation
a) Generalization
Generalization is the process of extracting common properties from a set of
entities and creating a generalized entity from it. It is a bottom-up approach in
which two or more entities can be generalized to a higher-level entity if they
have some attributes in common.
b) Specialization.
In specialization, an entity is divided into sub-entities based on its
characteristics. It is a top-down approach where the higher-level entity is
specialized into two or more lower-level entities.
c) Aggregation.
Aggregation is an abstraction through which we can represent relationships as
higher-level entity sets.

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