CHAPTER – 8

MOTION

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 100

1. A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of side 10 m in 40 s. What will
be the magnitude of displacement of the farmer at the end of 2 minutes 20 seconds?
Ans. The farmer takes 40 s to cover 4 × 10 = 40 m.
40
In 2 min and 20 s (140 s), he will cover a distance = 140  140m
40
140
Therefore, the farmer completes  rounds (3 complete rounds and a half round) of
3.5
40
the field in 2 min and 20 s.
That means, after 2 min 20 s, the farmer will be at the opposite end of the starting point.
Now, there can be two extreme cases.
Case I: Starting point is a corner point of the field.
In this case, the farmer will be at the diagonally opposite corner of the field after 2 min 20
s.
Therefore, the displacement will be equal to the diagonal of the field.
Hence, the displacement will be 102 102  14.1m
Case II: Starting point is the middle point of any side of the field.
In this case the farmer will be at the middle point of the opposite side of the field after 2
min 20 s.
Therefore, the displacement will be equal to the side of the field, i.e., 10 m.
For any other starting point, the displacement will be between 14.1 m and 10 m.

2. Which of the following is true for displacement?

(a) It cannot be zero.
(b) Its magnitude is greater than the distance travelled by the object.
Ans. (a) Not true. Displacement can become zero when the initial and final position of the
object is the same.
(b) Not true. Displacement is the shortest measurable distance between the initial and final
positions of an object. It cannot be greater than the magnitude of the distance travelled by
an object. However, sometimes, it may be equal to the distance travelled by the object.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 102

1. Distinguish between speed and velocity.

Ans.
Speed Velocity
Speed is the distance travelled by an object Velocity is the displacement of an object in
in a given interval of time. It does not have a given interval of time. It has a unique
any direction. direction.
The speed of an object can never be The velocity of an object can be negative,
negative. At the most, it can become zero. positive, or equal to zero. This is because
This is because distance travelled can never displacement can take any of these three
be negative. values.

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2. Under what condition(s) is the magnitude of average velocity of an object equal to its
average speed?
Ans. Total distance covered and
Average speed  Total time taken
Average velocity Displacement
 Total time taken
If the total distance covered by an object is the same as its displacement, then its average
speed would be equal to its average velocity.

3. What does the odometer of an automobile measure?

Ans. The odometer of an automobile measures the distance covered by an automobile.

4. What does the path of an object look like when it is in uniform motion?
Ans. An object having uniform motion has a straight line path.

5. During an experiment, a signal from a spaceship reached the ground station in five
minutes. What was the distance of the spaceship from the ground station? The signal
travels at the speed of light, that is, 3 × 108 m s−1.
Ans.
Time taken by the signal to reach the ground station from the spaceship
= 5 min = 5 × 60 = 300 s
Speed of the signal = 3 × 108 m/s
Distance travelled
Speed  Time taken
∴Distance travelled = Speed × Time taken = 3 × 108 × 300 = 9 × 1010 m
Hence, the distance of the spaceship from the ground station is 9 × 1010 m.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 103

1. When will you say a body is in (i) uniform acceleration? (ii) non-uniform
acceleration?
Ans. (i) A body is said to have uniform acceleration if it travels in a straight path in such a
way that its velocity changes at a uniform rate, i.e., the velocity of a body increases or
decreases by equal amounts in an equal interval of time.
(ii) A body is said to have non-uniform acceleration if it travels in a straight path in such a
way that its velocity changes at a non-uniform rate, i.e., the velocity of a body increases or
decreases in unequal amounts in an equal interval of time.

2. A bus decreases its speed from 80 km h−1 to 60 km h−1 in 5 s. Find the acceleration of
the bus.
Ans. Initial speed of the bus, u = 80 km/h = 80  22.22m / s
5
18
5
Final speed of the bus, v = 60 km/h = 60  16.66m / s
18
Time take to decrease the speed, t = 5 s
v  u 16.66  22.22
Acceleration, a    1.12m / s2
t 5
Here, the negative sign of acceleration indicates that the velocity of the car is decreasing.

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3. A train starting from a railway station and moving with uniform acceleration attains
a speed 40 km h−1 in 10 minutes. Find its acceleration.
Ans. Initial velocity of the train, u = 0 (since the train is initially at rest)
5
Final velocity of the train, v = 40 km/h = 40  11.11m / s
18
v  u 11.11 0
Acceleration, a    0.0185m /
s2
t 5
Time taken, t = 10 min = 10 × 60 = 600 s
Hence, the acceleration of the train is 0.0185 m/s2.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 107

1. What is the nature of the distance−time graphs for uniform and non-uniform
motion of an object?
Ans. The distance−time graph for uniform motion of an object is a straight line (as shown
in the following figure).

The distance−time graph for non-uniform motion of an object is a curved line (as shown in
the given figure).

2. What can you say about the motion of an object whose distance−time graph is a
straight line parallel to the time axis?
Ans. When an object is at rest, its distance−time graph is a straight line parallel to the time
axis.

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 A straight line parallel to the x-axis in a distance−-time graph indicates that with a change
in time, there is no change in the position of the object. Thus, the object is at rest.

3. What can you say about the motion of an object if its speed−time graph is a straight
line parallel to the time axis?
Ans. Object is moving uniformly.

A straight line parallel to the time axis in a speed−time graph indicates that with a
change in time, there is no change in the speed of the object. This indicates the uniform
motion of the object.

4. What is the quantity which is measured by the area occupied below the
velocity−time graph?
Ans. Distance

The graph shows the velocity−time graph of a uniformly moving body.

Let the velocity of the body at time (t) be v.
Area of the shaded region = length × breath
Where, Length = t, Breath = v
Area = vt = velocity × time …(i)
Distance
We know, Velocity 
Time
∴ Distance = Velocity × Time…(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii), Area = Distance
Hence, the area occupied below the velocity−time graph measures the distance covered
by the body.

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EQUATIONS OF MOTION BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

When an object moves along a straight line with uniform acceleration, it is possible to relate its
velocity, acceleration during motion and the distance covered by it in a certain time interval by
a set of equations known as the equations of motion. There are three such equations. These are:
v = u + at-----------------(1)
1
s  ut  at 2 -------------(2)
2
--------------------
2a s = v2 – u2 (3)
where u is the initial velocity of the object which moves with uniform acceleration a for time t,
v is the final velocity, and s is the distance travelled by the object in time t. Eq. (1) describes
the velocity-time relation and Eq. (2) represents the position-time relation. Eq. (3), which
represents the relation between the position and the velocity, can be obtained from Eqs. (1) and
(2) by eliminating t. These three equations can be derived by graphical method.

EQUATION FOR VELOCITY-TIME RELATION

In the graph, AC gives the initial velocity (u). BE gives the final velocity (v). CE represents the
time taken t. DF gives the change in velocity.

Change in velocity
Acceleration= Time
DF OF  OD
 a  CE OE  OC
But OE – OC = t
vu
a t

 v – u = at …… (i)
 v = u + at ……(I)

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EQUATION FOR POSITION-VELOCITY RELATION
Let ‘s’ be the displacement of the body in a time t.
In the graph, Displacement = Area CABE
s = Area of the rectangle CAGE + Area of the triangle ABG.
1
s = AC x CE + (AG x GB)
2
Here AC = u
CE = t
AG = t
GB = v – u = at [from(i)]
1
s = ut + x t x at
2
1 ....................................
s = ut + at2 (II)
2

EQUATION FOR POSITION-TIME RELATION

In the graph, Displacement = Area of the trapezium CABE
1
s = (AC+EB) x CE
2
Here AC = u, EB = v, CE = t
uv
s  t.........(ii)
2
vu
From (i), we have t 
a
Substituting the value of t,

uv vu
s  2 a

s v2  u 2
 2a
 v  u  2as
2 2

v2 = u2 + 2as......................(III)
(I), (II) and (III) are the equations of motion.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 109

1. A bus starting from rest moves with a uniform acceleration of 0.1 m s−2 for 2 minutes.
Find (a) the speed acquired, (b) the distance travelled.
Ans.
(a) Initial speed of the bus, u = 0 (since the bus is initially at rest)
Acceleration, a = 0.1 m/s2
Time taken, t = 2 minutes = 120 s
Let v be the final speed acquired by the bus.
vu v0
a   0.1 
t 120
∴v = 12 m/s
(b) According to the third equation of motion:
v2 − u2 = 2as
Where, s is the distance covered by the bus
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 (12)2 − (0)2 = 2(0.1) s
s = 720 m
Speed acquired by the bus is 12 m/s.
Distance travelled by the bus is 720 m.

2. A train is travelling at a speed of 90 km h −1. Brakes are applied so as to produce a

uniform acceleration of −0.5 m s−2. Find how far the train will go before it is brought
to rest.
Ans. Initial speed of the train, u = 90 km/h = 25 m/s
Final speed of the train, v = 0 (finally the train comes to rest)
Acceleration = −0.5 m s−2
According to third equation of motion:
v2 = u2 + 2 as
(0)2 = (25)2 + 2 (−0.5) s
Where, s is the distance covered by the train
252
s 
625m 2  0.5
The train will cover a distance of 625 m before it comes to rest.

3. A trolley, while going down an inclined plane, has an acceleration of 2 cm s−2. What
will be its velocity 3 s after the start?
Ans. Initial velocity of the trolley, u = 0 (since the trolley was initially at rest)
Acceleration, a = 2 cm s−2 = 0.02 m/s2
Time, t = 3 s
According to the first equation of motion:
v = u + at
Where, v is the velocity of the trolley after 3 s from start
v = 0 + 0.02 × 3 = 0.06 m/s
Hence, the velocity of the trolley after 3 s from start is 0.06 m/s.

4. A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 4 m s−2. What distance will it cover in 10 s
after start?
Ans. Initial velocity of the racing car, u = 0 (since the racing car is initially at rest)
Acceleration, a = 4 m/s2
Time taken, t = 10 s
According to the second equation of motion: s  ut  1 at 2
2
Where, s is the distance covered by the racing car
1 400
s  0   4102   200m
2 2
Hence, the distance covered by the racing car after 10 s from start is 200 m.

5. A stone is thrown in a vertically upward direction with a velocity of 5 m s −1. If the

acceleration of the stone during its motion is 10 m s−2 in the downward direction, what
will be the height attained by the stone and how much time will it take to reach there?
Ans. Initially, velocity of the stone,u = 5 m/s
Final velocity, v = 0 (since the stone comes to rest when it reaches its maximum height)
Acceleration of the stone, a = acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m/s2
(in downward direction)
There will be a change in the sign of acceleration because the stone is being thrown
upwards.
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 Acceleration, a = −10 m/s2
Let s be the maximum height attained by the stone in time t.
According to the first equation of motion:
v = u + at
0 = 5 + (−10) t
t 5
  0.5s
10
According to the third equation of motion:
v2 = u2 + 2 as
(0)2 = (5)2 + 2(−10) s
2
s 5 
1.25m 20
Hence, the stone attains a height of 1.25 m in 0.5 s.

EXERCISE QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 112

1. An athlete completes one round of a circular track of diameter 200 m in 40 s. What

will be the distance covered and the displacement at the end of 2 minutes 20 s?
Ans. Diameter of a circular track, d = 200 m
Radius of the track, r = d 
100m 2
Circumference = 2πr = 2π (100) = 200π m
In 40 s, the given athlete covers a distance of 200π m.
200π
In 1 s, the given athlete covers a distance = m
40
The athlete runs for 2 minutes 20 s = 140 s
200  22
∴Total distance covered in 140s  140  2200m
40  7
The athlete covers one round of the circular track in 40 s. This means that after every 40 s,
the athlete comes back to his original position. Hence, in 140 s he had completed 3 rounds
of the circular track and is taking the fourth round.
He takes 3 rounds in 40 × 3 = 120 s. Thus, after 120 s his displacement is zero.
Then, the net displacement of the athlete is in 20 s only. In this interval of time, he moves
at the opposite end of the initial position. Since displacement is equal to the shortest
distance between the initial and final position of the athlete, displacement of the athlete will
be equal to the diameter of the circular track.
∴ Displacement of the athlete = 200 m
Distance covered by the athlete in 2 min 20 s is 2200 m and his displacement is
200 m.

2. Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300 m road in 2 minutes
50 seconds and then turns around and jogs 100 m back to point C in another 1
minute. What are Joseph’s average speeds and velocities in jogging (a) from A to B
and (b) from A to C?
Ans. (a) From end A to end B

Distance covered by Joseph while jogging from A to B = 300 m

Time taken to cover that distance = 2 min 50 seconds = 170 s

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 Total distance covered
Average speed  Total time taken
Total distance covered = 300 m
Total time taken = 170 s
Displacement = shortest distance between A and B = 300 m
Time interval = 170 s
300
Average speed   1.765m / s
170
Average velocity Displacement
 Total time taken
Displacement = shortest distance between A and B = 300 m
Time interval = 170 s
300
Average velocity   1.765m / s
170
The average speed and average velocity of Joseph from A to B are the same and equal to
1.765 m/s.
(b) From end A to end C

Total distance covered

Average speed  Total time taken

Total distance covered = Distance from A to B + Distance from B to C

= 300 + 100 = 400 m
Total time taken = Time taken to travel from A to B + Time taken to travel from B to C =
170 + 60 = 230 s
400
Average speed   1.739m / s
230
Average velocity Displacement
 Total time taken
Displacement from A to C = AC = AB − BC = 300 − 100 = 200 m
Time interval = time taken to travel from A to B + time taken to travel from B to C
= 170 + 60 = 230 s
200
Average velocity   0.87m / s
230
The average speed of Joseph from A to C is 1.739 m/s and his average velocity is 0.87 m/s.
3. Abdul, while driving to school, computes the average speed for his trip to be 20 km/h.
On his return trip along the same route, there is less traffic and the average speed is
40 km/h. What is the average speed for Abdul’s trip?
Ans. Case I: While driving to school
Average speed of Abdul’s trip = 20 km/h
Total distance covered
Average speed  Total time taken
Total distance = Distance travelled to reach school = d
Let total time taken = t1

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 d d..........
20  t  (i)
1
t1 20
Case II: While returning from school
Total distance = Distance travelled while returning from school = d
Now,total time taken = t2
d...........
40   t (ii)
d 1
40

t2
Total distance covered in the trip
Average Speed for Abdul's trip = Total time taken
Where,
Total distance covered in the trip = d + d = 2d
Total time taken, t = Time taken to go to school + Time taken to return to school
= t1 + t2
Average speed = 2d
t1 +t2
From equations (i) and
2d (ii), 2 80
Average speed =    26.67m / s
d d 2 1 3
+
20 40 40

Hence, the average speed for Abdul’s trip is 26.67 m/s.

4. A motorboat starting from rest on a lake accelerates in a straight line at a constant

rate of 3.0 m/s2 for 8.0 s. How far does the boat travel during this time?
Ans. Initial velocity, u = 0 (since the motor boat is initially at rest)
Acceleration of the motorboat, a = 3 m/s2
Time taken, t = 8 s
According to the second equation of motion:
1
s  ut  at 2
2
Distance covered by the motorboat, s
1
s  0   3 82  96m
2
Hence, the boat travels a distance of 96 m.

5. A driver of a car travelling at 52 km/h applies the brakes and accelerates uniformly in
the opposite direction. The car stops in 5 s. Another driver going at 3 km/h in another
car applies his brakes slowly and stops in 10 s. On the same graph paper, plot the
speed versus time graphs for the two cars. Which of the two cars travelled farther
after the brakes were applied?
Ans. Case A:
Initial speed of the car, u1 = 52 km/h = 14.4 m/s
Time taken to stop the car, t1 = 5 s
Final speed of the car becomes zero after 5 s of application of brakes.
Case B:
Initial speed of the car, u2 = 3 km/h = 0.833 m/s □ 0.83 m/s
Time taken to stop the car, t2 = 10 s
Final speed of the car becomes zero after 10 s of application of brakes.
Plot of the two cars on a speed−time graph is shown in the following figure:
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 Distance covered by each car is equal to the area under the speed−time graph.
Distance covered in case A,
1 1
S   OP  OR  14.4  5  36m
1
2 2
Distance covered in case B,
1 1
S   OS  OQ   0.8310  4.15m
2
2 2
Area of ΔOPR > Area of ΔOSQ

Thus, the distance covered in case A is greater than the distance covered in case B.
Hence, the car travelling with a speed of 52 km/h travels farther after brakes were
applied.

6. Fig 8.11 shows the distance-time graph of three objects A,B and C. Study the graph
and answer the following questions:

(a) Which of the three is travelling the fastest?

(b) Are all three ever at the same point on the road?
(c) How far has C travelled when B passes A?

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 (d) How far has B travelled by the time it passes C?

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 Distance
Ans. Speed 
Time
y-axis Distance
Slope of the graph= 
x-axis Time
∴Speed = slope of the graph
Since slope of object B is greater than objects A and C, it is travelling the fastest.
(b) All three objects A, B and C never meet at a single point. Thus, they were never at the
same point on road.
(c) On the distance axis:

7 small boxes = 4 km
∴1 small box  4 km
7
Initially, object C is 4 blocks away from the origin.
16
∴Initial distance of object C from origin  km
7
Distance of object C from origin when B passes A = 8 km
16 56 16 40
Distance covered by C  8     5.714km
7 7 7
Hence, C has travelled a distance of 5.714 km when B passes A.
(d)
4 36
Distance covered by B at the time it passes C for 9 boxes   9   5.143km
7 7
Hence, B has travelled a distance of 5.143 km when B passes A.

7. A ball is gently dropped from a height of 20 m. If its velocity increases uniformly at

the rate of 10 m/s2, with what velocity will it strike the ground? After what time will it
strike the ground?
Ans. Distance covered by the ball, s = 20 m
Acceleration, a = 10 m/s2
Initially, velocity, u = 0 (since the ball was initially at rest)
Final velocity of the ball with which it strikes the ground, v
According to the third equation of motion:
v2 = u2 + 2 as
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 v2 = 0 + 2 (10) (20)
v = 20 m/s
According to the first equation of motion:
v = u + at
Where,
Time, t taken by the ball to strike the ground is,
20 = 0 + 10 (t)
t=2s
Hence, the ball strikes the ground after 2 s with a velocity of 20 m/s.

8. The speed-time graph for a car is shown is Fig. 8.12.

(a) Find how far does the car travel in the first 4 seconds. Shade the area on the
graph that represents the distance travelled by the car during the period.
(b) Which part of the graph represents uniform motion of the car?

Ans:
1
(a) The shaded area which is equal to 46
represents the distance travelled by
12m
2
the car in the first 4 s.

(b) The part of the graph in red colour between time 6 s to 10 s represents uniform motion of
the car.

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9. State which of the following situations are possible and give an example for each of
these: (a) an object with a constant acceleration but with zero velocity (b) an object
moving in a certain direction with an acceleration in the perpendicular direction.
Ans.
(a) Possible
When a ball is thrown up at maximum height, it has zero velocity, although it will have
constant acceleration due to gravity, which is equal to 9.8 m/s2.
(b) Possible
When a car is moving in a circular track, its acceleration is perpendicular to its direction.

10. An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit of radius 42250 km. Calculate its
speed if it takes 24 hours to revolve around the earth?
Ans. Radius of the circular orbit, r = 42250 km
Time taken to revolve around the earth, t = 24 h
Speed of a circular moving object,
2πr
v t
2  3.14  42250
v 24
 v  1.105104 km / h  3.069km / s
Hence, the speed of the artificial satellite is 3.069 km/s.

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 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
MOTION
Multiple Choice Questions

1. If the displacement of an object is proportional to square of time, then the object moves
with
(a) uniform velocity
(b) uniform acceleration
(c) increasing acceleration
(d) decreasing acceleration

2. The distance time graph of a body coincides with its time axis. The body must be
(a) in uniform motion
(b) at rest
(c) in uniformly accelerated motion
(d) in zig-zag motion

3. From the given v – t graph (see below Fig.), it can be inferred that the object is
(a) in uniform motion
(b) at rest
(c) in non-uniform motion
(d) moving with uniform acceleration

4. The velocity time graph of a body is parallel to the time axis. The body is
(a) at rest
(b) having uniform acceleration
(c) having zero acceleration
(d) having non-uniform acceleration

5. A particle is moving in a circular path of radius r. The displacement after half a circle
would be:
(a) Zero
(b) π r
(c) 2 r
(d) 2π r

6. A body is thrown vertically upward with velocity u, the greatest height h to which it will
rise is,
(a) u/g (b) u2/2g (c) u2/g (d) u/2g

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7. The numerical ratio of displacement to distance for a moving object is
(a) always less than 1
(b) always equal to 1
(c) always more than 1
(d) equal or less than 1

8. Suppose a boy is enjoying a ride on a merry-go-round which is moving with a constant

speed of 10 m/s. It implies that the boy is
(a) at rest
(b) moving with no acceleration
(c) in accelerated motion
(d) moving with uniform velocity

9. Area under a v – t graph represents a physical quantity which has the unit
(a) m2
(b) m
(c) m3
(d) m/s

10. Four cars A, B, C and D are moving on a levelled road. Their distance versus time graphs
are shown in below Fig.. Choose the correct statement
(a) Car A is faster than car D.
(b) Car B is the slowest.
(c) Car D is faster than car C.
(d) Car C is the slowest.

11. Slope of a velocity – time graph gives

(a) the distance

(b) the displacement
(c) the acceleration
(d) the speed

12. In which of the following cases of motions, the distance moved and the magnitude of
displacement are equal?

(a) If the car is moving on straight road

(b) If the car is moving in circular path
(c) The pendulum is moving to and fro
(d) The earth is revolving around the Sun

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13. Which of the following figures (see below Figure) represents uniform
motion of a moving object correctly?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

14. The displacement of a moving object in a given interval of time is zero. Would the distance
travelled by the object also be zero? Justify you answer.
15. How will the equations of motion for an object moving with a uniform velocity change?

16. A car starts from rest and moves along the x-axis with constant acceleration 5 m/s 2 for 8
seconds. If it then continues with constant velocity, what distance will the car cover in 12
seconds since it started from the rest?
17. A motorcyclist drives from A to B with a uniform speed of 30 km/h and returns back with a
speed of 20 km/h. Find its average speed.

18. Draw a velocity versus time graph of a stone thrown vertically upwards and then coming
downwards after attaining the maximum height.
19. The velocity-time graph (see below Figure) shows the motion of a cyclist. Find (i) its
acceleration (ii) its velocity and (iii) the distance covered by the cyclist in 15 seconds.

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20. A girl walks along a straight path to drop a letter in the letterbox and comes back to her
initial position. Her displacement–time graph is shown in below figure. Plot a velocity–
time graph for the same.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

21. An object starting from rest travels 20 m in first 2 s and 160 m in next 4 s. What will be the
velocity after 7 s from the start.

22. An electron moving with a velocity of 5 × 104 m/s enters into a uniform electric field and
acquires a uniform acceleration of 104 m/s2 in the direction of its initial motion.
(i) Calculate the time in which the electron would acquire a velocity double of its initial
velocity.
(ii) How much distance the electron would cover in this time?

23. Obtain a relation for the distance travelled by an object moving with a uniform acceleration
in the interval between 4th and 5th seconds.

24. Two stones are thrown vertically upwards simultaneously with their initial velocities u1 and
u2 respectively. Prove that the heights reached by them would be in the ratio of u21 : u22
( Assume upward acceleration is –g and downward acceleration to be +g ).

25. An object is dropped from rest at a height of 150 m and simultaneously another object is
dropped from rest at a height 100 m. What is the difference in their heights after 2 s if both
the objects drop with same accelerations? How does the difference in heights vary with
time?

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 CHAPTER – 9

FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 118

1. Which of the following has more inertia: (a) a rubber ball and a stone of the same
size? (b) a bicycle and a train? (c) a five-rupees coin and a one-rupee coin?
Ans. Inertia is the measure of the mass of the body. The greater is the mass of the body; the
greater is its inertia and vice-versa.
(a) Mass of a stone is more than the mass of a rubber ball for the same size. Hence, inertia
of the stone is greater than that of a rubber ball.
(b) Mass of a train is more than the mass of a bicycle. Hence, inertia of the train is greater
than that of the bicycle.
(c) Mass of a five rupee coin is more than that of a one-rupee coin. Hence, inertia of the
five rupee coin is greater than that of the one-rupee coin.

2. In the following example, try to identify the number of times the velocity of the ball
changes: “A football player kicks a football to another player of his team who kicks
the football towards the goal. The goalkeeper of the opposite team collects the football
and kicks it towards a player of his own team”. Also identify the agent supplying the
force in each case.
Ans. The velocity of the ball changes four times. As a football player kicks the football, its
speed changes from zero to a certain value. As a result, the velocity of the ball gets
changed. In this case, the player applied a force to change the velocity of the ball. Another
player kicks the ball towards the goal post. As a result, the direction of the ball gets
changed. Therefore, its velocity also changes. In this case, the player applied a force to
change the velocity of the ball. The goalkeeper collects the ball. In other words, the ball
comes to rest. Thus, its speed reduces to zero from a certain value. The velocity of the ball
has changed. In this case, the goalkeeper applied an opposite force to stop/change the
velocity of the ball. The goalkeeper kicks the ball towards his team players. Hence, the
speed of the ball increases from zero to a certain value. Hence, its velocity changes once
again. In this case, the goalkeeper applied a force to change the velocity of the ball.

3. Explain why some of the leaves may get detached from a tree if we vigorously shake
its branch.
Ans. Some leaves of a tree get detached when we shake its branches vigorously. This is
because when the branches of a tree are shaken, it moves to and fro, but its leaves tend to
remain at rest. This is because the inertia of the leaves tend to resist the to and fro motion.
Due to this reason, the leaves fall down from the tree when shaken vigorously.
4. Why do you fall in the forward direction when a moving bus brakes to a stop and fall
backwards when it accelerates from rest?
Ans. Due to the inertia of the passenger. Every body tries to maintain its state of motion or
state of rest. If a body is at rest, then it tries to remain at rest. If a body is moving, then it
tries to remain in motion. In a moving bus, a passenger moves with the bus. As the driver
applies brakes, the bus comes to rest. But, the passenger tries to maintain his state of
motion. As a result, a forward force is exerted on him. Similarly, the passenger tends to fall
backwards when the bus accelerates from rest. This is because when the bus accelerates,
the inertia of the passenger tends to oppose the forward motion of the bus. Hence, the
passenger tends to fall backwards when the bus accelerates forward.
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INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 126

1. If action is always equal to the reaction, explain how a horse can pull a cart.
Ans. A horse pushes the ground in the backward direction. According to Newton’s third
law of motion, a reaction force is exerted by the Earth on the horse in the forward direction.
As a result, the cart moves forward.

2. Explain, why is it difficult for a fireman to hold a hose, which ejects large amounts of
water at a high velocity.
Ans. Due to the backward reaction of the water being ejected. When a fireman holds a
hose, which is ejecting large amounts of water at a high velocity, then a reaction force is
exerted on him by the ejecting water in the backward direction. This is because of
Newton’s third law of motion. As a result of the backward force, the stability of the
fireman decreases. Hence, it is difficult for him to remain stable while holding the hose.

3. From a rifle of mass 4 kg, a bullet of mass 50 g is fired with an initial velocity of 35
ms−1. Calculate the initial recoil velocity of the rifle.
Ans. Mass of the rifle, m1 = 4kg
Mass of the bullet, m2 = 50g = 0.05 kg
Recoil velocity of the rifle = v1
Bullet is fired with an initial velocity, v2 = 35m/s
Initially, the rifle is at rest.
Thus, its initial velocity, v = 0
Total initial momentum of the rifle and bullet system =(m1 + m2)v = 0
Total momentum of the rifle and bullet system after firing
= m1v1 + m2v2 = 4(v1) + 0.05 x 35 = 4v1 + 1.75
According to the law of conservation of momentum:
Total momentum after the firing = Total momentum before the firing
1.75
4v 1.75  0  v    0.4375m / s
1
1 4
The negative sign indicates that the rifle recoils backwards with a velocity of 0.4375 m/s.

4. Two objects of masses 100 g and 200 g are moving along the same line and direction
with velocities of 2 m s−1 and 1 m s−1, respectively. They collide and after the collision,
the first object moves at a velocity of 1.67 m s −1. Determine the velocity of the second
object.
Ans.
Mass of one of the objects, m1 = 100 g = 0.1 kg
Mass of the other object, m2 = 200 g = 0.2 kg
Velocity of m1 before collision, v1 = 2 m/s
Velocity of m2 before collision, v2 = 1 m/s
Velocity of m1 after collision, v3 = 1.67 m/s
Velocity of m2 after collision = v4
According to the law of conservation of momentum:
Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision
m1v1 + m2v2 = m3v3 + m4v4
 (0.1) x 2 + (0.2) x 1 = (0.1) x 1.67 + (0.2) x v4
 0.4 = 0.167 + 0.2v4
v4 = 1.165 m/s
Hence, the velocity of the second object becomes 1.165 m/s after the collision.

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EXERCISE QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 128

1. An object experiences a net zero external unbalanced force. Is it possible for the
object to be travelling with a non-zero velocity? If yes, state the conditions that must
be placed on the magnitude and direction of the velocity. If no, provide a reason.
Ans. Yes. Even when an object experiences a net zero external unbalanced force, it is
possible that the object is travelling with a non-zero velocity. This is possible only when
the object has been moving with a constant velocity in a particular direction. Then, there is
no net unbalanced force applied on the body. The object will keep moving with a non-zero
velocity. To change the state of motion, a net non-zero external unbalanced force must be
applied on the object.

2. When a carpet is beaten with a stick, dust comes out of it. Explain.
Ans. Inertia of an object tends to resist any change in its state of rest or state of motion.
When a carpet is beaten with a stick, then the carpet comes to motion. But, the dust
particles try to resist their state of rest. According to Newton’s first law of motion, the dust
particles stay in a state of rest, while the carpet moves. Hence, the dust particles come out
of the carpet.

3. Why is it advised to tie any luggage kept on the roof of a bus with a rope?
Ans. When the bus accelerates and moves forward, it acquires a state of motion. However,
the luggage kept on the roof, owing to its inertia, tends to remain in its state of rest. Hence,
with the forward movement of the bus, the luggage tends to remain at its original position
and ultimately falls from the roof of the bus. To avoid this, it is advised to tie any luggage
kept on the roof of a bus with a rope.

4. A batsman hits a cricket ball which then rolls on a level ground. After covering a
short distance, the ball comes to rest. The ball slows to a stop because
(a) the batsman did not hit the ball hard enough.
(b) velocity is proportional to the force exerted on the ball.
(c) there is a force on the ball opposing the motion.
(d) there is no unbalanced force on the ball, so the ball would want to come to rest.
Ans. (c) A batsman hits a cricket ball, which then rolls on a level ground. After covering a
short distance, the ball comes to rest because there is frictional force on the ball opposing
its motion. Frictional force always acts in the direction opposite to the direction of motion.
Hence, this force is responsible for stopping the cricket ball.

5. A truck starts from rest and rolls down a hill with a constant acceleration. It travels a
distance of 400 m in 20 s. Find its acceleration. Find the force acting on it if its mass is
7 metric tonnes (Hint: 1 metric tonne = 1000 kg.)
Ans. Initial velocity, u = 0 (since the truck is initially at rest)
Distance travelled, s = 400 m
Time taken, t = 20 s
1 2
According to the second equation of motion: s  ut  at
2
Where, Acceleration = a
1 1
400  0   400  a(400)
a(20)2 2
2
 a = 2m/s2
1 metric tonne = 1000 kg (Given)

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 ∴ 7 metric tonnes = 7000 kg

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 Mass of truck, m = 7000 kg
From Newton’s second law of motion:
Force, F = Mass × Acceleration
F = ma = 7000 × 2 = 14000 N
Hence, the acceleration of the truck is 2 m/s2 and the force acting on the truck is 14000 N.

6. A stone of 1 kg is thrown with a velocity of 20 m/s across the frozen surface of a lake
and comes to rest after travelling a distance of 50 m. What is the force of friction
between the stone and the ice?
Ans. Initial velocity of the stone, u = 20 m/s
Final velocity of the stone, v = 0 (finally the stone comes to rest)
Distance covered by the stone, s = 50 m
According to the third equation of motion:
v2 = u2 + 2as
Where,
Acceleration, a
(0)2 = (20)2 + 2 × a × 50
a = −4 m/s2
The negative sign indicates that acceleration is acting against the motion of the stone.
Mass of the stone, m = 1 kg
From Newton’s second law of motion:
Force, F = Mass × Acceleration
F = ma
F = 1 × (− 4) = −4 N
Hence, the force of friction between the stone and the ice is −4 N.

7. A 8000 kg engine pulls a train of 5 wagons, each of 2000 kg, along a horizontal track.
If the engine exerts a force of 40000 N and the track offers a friction force of 5000 N,
then calculate:
(a) the net accelerating force;
(b) the acceleration of the train; and
(c) the force of wagon 1 on wagon 2.
Ans.
(a) Force exerted by the engine, F = 40000 N
Frictional force offered by the track, Ff = 5000 N
Net accelerating force, Fa = F − Ff = 40000 − 5000 = 35000 N
Hence, the net accelerating force is 35000 N.
(b)Acceleration of the train = a
The engine exerts a force of 40000 N on all the five wagons.
Net accelerating force on the wagons, Fa = 35000 N
Mass of the wagons, m = Mass of a wagon × Number of wagons
Mass of a wagon = 2000 kg
Number of wagons = 5
∴ m = 2000 × 5 = 10000 kg
Mass of the engine, m′ = 8000 kg
Total mass, M = m + m′ = 18000 kg
From Newton’s second law of motion:
Fa = Ma
35000
a   1.944m / s2
Fa 18000
M
Hence, the acceleration of the wagons and the train is 1.944 m/s2.
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 (c)Mass of all the wagons except wagon 1 is 4 × 2000 = 8000 kg

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 Acceleration of the wagons = 3.5 m/s2
Thus, force exerted on all the wagons except wagon 1
= 8000 × 3.5 = 28000 N
Therefore, the force exerted by wagon 1 on the remaining four wagons is 28000 N.
Hence, the force exerted by wagon 1 on wagon 2 is 28000 N.

8. An automobile vehicle has a mass of 1500 kg. What must be the force between the
vehicle and road if the vehicle is to be stopped with a negative acceleration of 1.7
m/s2?
Ans. Mass of the automobile vehicle, m = 1500 kg
Final velocity, v = 0 (finally the automobile stops)
Acceleration of the automobile, a = −1.7 ms−2
From Newton’s second law of motion:
Force = Mass × Acceleration = 1500 × (−1.7) = −2550 N
Hence, the force between the automobile and the road is −2550 N, in the direction opposite
to the motion of the automobile.

9. What is the momentum of an object of mass m, moving with a velocity v?

(a) (mv)2 (b) mv2 (c) ½ mv2 (d) mv
Ans. (d) mv
Mass of the object = m
Velocity = v
Momentum = Mass × Velocity
Momentum = mv
10. Using a horizontal force of 200 N, we intend to move a wooden cabinet across a floor
at a constant velocity. What is the friction force that will be exerted on the cabinet?
Ans. A force of 200 N is applied in the forward direction. Thus, from Newton’s third law
of motion, an equal amount of force will act in the opposite direction. This opposite force is
the fictional force exerted on the cabinet. Hence, a frictional force of 200 N is exerted on
the cabinet.

11. Two objects, each of mass 1.5 kg, are moving in the same straight line but in opposite
directions. The velocity of each object is 2.5 m s-1 before the collision during which
they stick together. What will be the velocity of the combined object after collision?
Ans. Mass of one of the objects, m1 = 1.5 kg
Mass of the other object, m2 = 1.5 kg
Velocity of m1 before collision, v1 = 2.5 m/s
Velocity of m2, moving in opposite direction before collision, v2 = −2.5 m/s
(Negative sign arises because mass m2 is moving in an opposite direction)
After collision, the two objects stick together.
Total mass of the combined object = m1 + m2
Velocity of the combined object = v
According to the law of conservation of momentum:
Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision
m1v1 + m2 v1 = (m1 + m2) v
1.5(2.5) + 1.5 (−2.5) = (1.5 + 1.5) v
3.75 − 3.75 = 3 v
v=0
Hence, the velocity of the combined object after collision is 0 m/s.

12. According to the third law of motion when we push on an object, the object pushes
back on us with an equal and opposite force. If the object is a massive truck parked
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along the roadside, it will probably not move. A student justifies this by answering that
the two opposite and equal forces cancel each other. Comment on this logic and
explain why the truck does not move.
Ans. The truck has a large mass. Therefore, the static friction between the truck and the road is
also very high. To move the car, one has to apply a force more than the static friction.
Therefore, when someone pushes the truck and the truck does not move, then it can be said
that the applied force in one direction is cancelled out by the frictioal force of equal amount
acting in the opposite direction. Therefore, the student is right in justifying that the two
opposite and equal cancel each other.

13. A hockey ball of mass 200 g travelling at 10 m/s is struck by a hockey stick so as to
return it along its original path with a velocity at 5 m/s. Calculate the change of
momentum occurred in the motion of the hockey ball by the force applied by the
hockey stick.
Ans. Mass of the hockey ball, m = 200 g = 0.2 kg
Hockey ball travels with velocity, v1 = 10 m/s
Initial momentum = mv1
Hockey ball travels in the opposite direction with velocity, v2 = −5 m/s
Final momentum = mv2
Change in momentum = mv1 − mv2 = 0.2 [10 − (−5)] = 0.2 (15) = 3 kg m s−1
Hence, the change in momentum of the hockey ball is 3 kg m s−1.
14. A bullet of mass 10 g travelling horizontally with a velocity of 150 m/s strikes a
stationary wooden block and comes to rest in 0.03 s. Calculate the distance of
penetration of the bullet into the block. Also calculate the magnitude of the force
exerted by the wooden block on the bullet.
Ans. Now, it is given that the bullet is travelling with a velocity of 150 m/s. Thus,
when the bullet enters the block, its velocity = Initial velocity, u = 150 m/s Final
velocity, v = 0 (since the bullet finally comes to rest)
Time taken to come to rest, t = 0.03 s
According to the first equation of motion, v = u + at
Acceleration of the bullet, a
0 = 150 + (a ×0.03 s)
150
a  5000m / s2
0.03
(Negative sign indicates that the velocity of the bullet is decreasing.)
According to the third equation of motion:
v2 = u2 + 2as
0 = (150)2 + 2 (−5000) s
s  (150)  22500  2.25m
2


2(5000) 10000
Hence, the distance of penetration of the bullet into the block is 2.25 m.
From Newton’s second law of motion:
Force, F = Mass × Acceleration
Mass of the bullet, m = 10 g = 0.01 kg
Acceleration of the bullet, a = 5000 m/s2
F = ma = 0.01 × 5000 = 50 N
Hence, the magnitude of force exerted by the wooden block on the bullet is 50 N.

15. An object of mass 1 kg travelling in a straight line with a velocity of 10 m/s collides
with, and sticks to, a stationary wooden block of mass 5 kg. Then they both move off

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together in the same straight line. Calculate the total momentum just before the
impact and just after the impact. Also, calculate the velocity of the combined object.
Ans.
Mass of the object, m1 = 1 kg
Velocity of the object before collision, v1 = 10 m/s
Mass of the stationary wooden block, m2 = 5 kg
Velocity of the wooden block before collision, v2 = 0 m/s
∴ Total momentum before collision = m1 v1 + m2 v2
= 1 (10) + 5 (0) = 10 kg m s−1
It is given that after collision, the object and the wooden block stick together.
Total mass of the combined system = m1 + m2
Velocity of the combined object = v
According to the law of conservation of momentum:
Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision
m1 v1 + m2 v2 = (m1 + m2) v
1 (10) + 5 (0) = (1 + 5) v
10 5
v  m/s
6 3
The total momentum after collision is also 10 kg m/s. Total
momentum just before the impact = 10 kg m s−1
5
Total momentum just after the impact = (m1 + m2) v = 6   10kgm / s
3
5
Hence, velocity of the combined object after collision = m / s .
3
16. An object of mass 100 kg is accelerated uniformly from a velocity of 5 m/s to 8 m/s in
6 s. Calculate the initial and final momentum of the object. Also, find the magnitude
of the force exerted on the object.
Ans.
Initial velocity of the object, u = 5 m/s Final
velocity of the object, v = 8 m/s Mass of
the object, m = 100 kg
Time take by the object to accelerate, t = 6 s Initial
momentum = mu = 100 × 5 = 500 kg m s−1 Final
momentum = mv = 100 × 8 = 800 kg m s−1
Force exerted on the object, mv  mu
F t
m(v  u) 800  500 300
F t  6  6  50N
Initial momentum of the object is 500 kg m s−1.
Final momentum of the object is 800 kg m s−1.
Force exerted on the object is 50 N.

17. Akhtar, Kiran and Rahul were riding in a motorcar that was moving with a high
velocity on an expressway when an insect hit the windshield and got stuck on the
windscreen. Akhtar and Kiran started pondering over the situation. Kiran suggested
that the insect suffered a greater change in momentum as compared to the change in
momentum of the motorcar (because the change in the velocity of the insect was much
more than that of the motorcar). Akhtar said that since the motorcar was moving
with a larger velocity, it exerted a larger force on the insect. And as a result the insect
died. Rahul while putting an entirely new explanation said that both the motorcar and

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the insect experienced the same force and a change in their momentum. Comment on
these suggestions.
Ans.
According to the law of conservation of momentum:
Momentum of the car and insect system before collision = Momentum of the car and insect
system after collision
Hence, the change in momentum of the car and insect system is zero.
The insect gets stuck on the windscreen. This means that the direction of the insect is reversed.
As a result, the velocity of the insect changes to a great amount. On the other hand, the car
continues moving with a constant velocity. Hence, Kiran’s suggestion that the insect suffers
a greater change in momentum as compared to the car is correct. The momentum of the
insect after collision becomes very high because the car is moving at a high speed.
Therefore, the momentum gained by the insect is equal to the momentum lost by the car.
Akhtar made a correct conclusion because the mass of the car is very large as compared to the
mass of the insect.
Rahul gave a correct explanation as both the car and the insect experienced equal forces caused
by the Newton’s action-reaction law. But, he made an incorrect statement as the system
suffers a change in momentum because the momentum before the collision is equal to the
momentum after the collision.

18. How much momentum will a dumb-bell of mass 10 kg transfer to the floor if it falls
from a height of 80 cm? Take its downward acceleration to be 10 m/s2.
Ans. Mass of the dumbbell, m = 10 kg
Distance covered by the dumbbell, s = 80 cm = 0.8 m
Acceleration in the downward direction, a = 10 m/s2
Initial velocity of the dumbbell, u = 0
Final velocity of the dumbbell (when it was about to hit the floor) = v
According to the third equation of motion:
v2 = u2 + 2as  v2 = 0 + 2 (10) 0.8  v = 4 m/s
Hence, the momentum with which the dumbbell hits the floor is
= mv = 10 × 4 = 40 kg m s−1

ADDITIONAL EXERCISE QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 128

1. The following is the distance-time table of an object in motion:

Time in seconds
Distance in metres
0

3 27

4 64

5 125

6 216

7 343

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 (a) What conclusion can you draw about the acceleration? Is it constant,
increasing, decreasing, or zero?
(b)What do you infer about the forces acting on the object?
Ans.
(a) There is an unequal change of distance in an equal interval of time. Thus, the given
object is having a non − uniform motion. Since the velocity of the object increases with
time, the acceleration is increasing.
(b) According to Newton’s second law of motion, the force acting on an object is
directly proportional to the acceleration produced in the object. In the given case, the
increasing acceleration of the given object indicates that the force acting on the object is
also increasing.
2. Two persons manage to push a motorcar of mass 1200 kg at a uniform velocity along
a level road. The same motorcar can be pushed by three persons to produce an
acceleration of 0.2 ms-2. With what force does each person push the motorcar?
(Assume that all persons push the motorcar with the same muscular effort.)
Ans.
Mass of the motor car = 1200 kg
Only two persons manage to push the car. Hence, the acceleration acquired by the car is
given by the third person alone.
Acceleration produced by the car, when it is pushed by the third person,
a = 0.2 m/s2
Let the force applied by the third person be F.
From Newton’s second law of motion:
Force = Mass × Acceleration
F = 1200 × 0.2 = 240 N
Thus, the third person applies a force of magnitude 240 N.
Hence, each person applies a force of 240 N to push the motor car.

3. A hammer of mass 500 g, moving at 50 m s-1, strikes a nail. The nail stops the
hammer in a very short time of 0.01 s. What is the force of the nail on the hammer?
Ans.
Mass of the hammer, m = 500 g = 0.5 kg
Initial velocity of the hammer, u = 50 m/s
Time taken by the nail to the stop the hammer, t = 0.01 s
Velocity of the hammer, v = 0 (since the hammer finally comes to rest)
From Newton’s second law of motion:
m(v  u) 0.5(0  50)
Force, F    2500N
t 0.01
The hammer strikes the nail with a force of −2500 N. Hence, from Newton’s third law of
motion, the force of the nail on the hammer is equal and opposite, i.e., +2500 N.

4. A motorcar of mass 1200 kg is moving along a straight line with a uniform velocity of
90 km/h. Its velocity is slowed down to 18 km/h in 4 s by an unbalanced external
force. Calculate the acceleration and change in momentum. Also calculate the
magnitude of the force required.
Ans. Mass of the motor car, m = 1200 kg
Initial velocity of the motor car, u = 90 km/h = 25 m/s
Final velocity of the motor car, v = 18 km/h = 5 m/s
Time taken, t = 4 s
According to the first equation of motion:
v = u + at  5 = 25 + a (4)

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 a = − 5 m/s2
Negative sign indicates that its a retarding motion i.e. velocity is decreasing.
Change in momentum = mv − mu = m (v−u)
= 1200 (5 − 25) = − 24000 kg m s−1
Force = Mass × Acceleration
= 1200 × − 5 = − 6000 N
Acceleration of the motor car = − 5 m/s2
Change in momentum of the motor car = − 24000 kg m s−1
Hence, the force required to decrease the velocity is 6000 N.
(Negative sign indicates retardation, decrease in momentum and retarding force)

5. A large truck and a car, both moving with a velocity of magnitude v, have a head-on
collision and both of them come to a halt after that. If the collision lasts for 1 s:
(a) Which vehicle experiences the greater force of impact?
(b) Which vehicle experiences the greater change in momentum?
(c) Which vehicle experiences the greater acceleration?
(d) Why is the car likely to suffer more damage than the truck?
Ans.
Let the mass of the truck be M and that of the car be m.
Thus, M > m
Initial velocity of both vehicles, v
Final velocity of both vehicles, v’ = 0 (since the vehicles come to rest after collision)
Time of impact, t = 1 s
(a) From Newton’s second law of motion, the net force experienced by each vehicle is
given by the relation:
Fcar m(v ' v)
 t  mv
F M (v ' v)
  Mv
truck t
Since the mass of the truck is greater than that of the car, it will experience a greater force
of impact.
(b) Initial momentum of the car = mv
Final momentum of the car = 0
Change in momentum = mv
Initial momentum of the truck = Mv
Final momentum of the truck = 0
Change in momentum = Mv
Since the mass of the truck is greater than that of the car, it will experience a greater
change in momentum.

(c) From the first equation of motion, acceleration produced in a system is independent of
the mass of the system. The initial velocity, the final velocity, and the time of impact
remain the same in both cases. Hence, both the car and the truck experience the same
amount of acceleration.

(d)According to Newton’s third law of motion, for every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction that acts on different bodies. Since the truck experiences a greater force
of impact (action), this larger impact force is also experienced by the car (reaction). Thus,
the car is likely to suffer more damage than the truck.

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 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following statement is not correct for an object moving along a straight path
in an accelerated motion?
(a) Its speed keeps changing
(b) Its velocity always changes
(c) It always goes away from the earth
(d) A force is always acting on it

2. The forces of action and reaction are

(a) always equal only
(b) always equal and opposite
(c) always equal but in same direction
(d) always unequal and opposite.

3. According to the third law of motion, action and reaction

(a) always act on the same body
(b) always act on different bodies in opposite directions
(c) have same magnitude and directions
(d) act on either body at normal to each other

4. The action and reaction forces at

(a) on different bodies always
(b) on some body always
(c) on same body, sometimes
(d) on different bodies, sometimes

5. A goalkeeper in a game of football pulls his hands backwards after holding the ball shot at
the goal. This enables the goal keeper to
(a) exert larger force on the ball
(b) reduce the force exerted by the ball on hands
(c) increase the rate of change of momentum
(d) decrease the rate of change of momentum

6. The inertia of an object tends to cause the object

(a) to increase its speed
(b) to decrease its speed
(c) to resist any change in its state of motion
(d) to decelerate due to friction

7. Principle of conservation of linear momentum is deduced from

(a) Newton’s first law
(b) Newton’s second law
(c) Newton’s third law
(d) none of the above

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8. The function of mud guards is based on
(a) inertia of rest
(b) inertia of direction
(c) inertia of motion
(d) none of the above

9. The force of action and reaction

(a) always cancel each other
(b) never cancel
(c) cancel sometimes
(d) cannot say

10. A passenger in a moving train tosses a coin which falls behind him. It means that motion of
the train is
(a) accelerated
(b) uniform
(c) retarded
(d) along circular tracks

11. An object of mass 2 kg is sliding with a constant velocity of 4 m s–1 on a frictionless

horizontal table. The force required to keep the object moving with the same velocity is
(a) 32 N
(b) 0 N
(c) 2 N
(d) 8 N

12. Rocket works on the principle of conservation of

(a) mass
(b) energy
(c) momentum
(d) velocity
2
13. A water tanker filled up to of its height is moving with a uniform speed. On sudden
3
application of the brake, the water in the tank would
(a) move backward
(b) move forward
(c) be unaffected
(d) rise upwards

14. Inertia of a body in linear motion is measured by its

(a) mass
(b) momentum
(c) velocity
(d) none of the above

15. What mass of a body can attain an acceleration of 5m/s2 under a force of 250 N?
(a) 5 kg
(b) 250 kg
(c) 50 kg
(d) 10 kg

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 SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

16. There are three solids made up of aluminium, steel and wood, of the same shape and same
volume. Which of them would have highest inertia?

17. Two balls of the same size but of different materials, rubber and iron are kept on the
smooth floor of a moving train. The brakes are applied suddenly to stop the train. Will the
balls start rolling? If so, in which direction? Will they move with the same speed? Give
reasons for your answer.

18. Two identical bullets are fired one by a light rifle and another by a heavy rifle with the
same force. Which rifle will hurt the shoulder more and why?

19. A horse continues to apply a force in order to move a cart with a constant speed. Explain
why?

20. Suppose a ball of mass m is thrown vertically upward with an initial speed v, its speed
decreases continuously till it becomes zero. Thereafter, the ball begins to fall downward
and attains the speed v again before striking the ground. It implies that the magnitude of
initial and final momentums of the ball are same. Yet, it is not an example of conservation
of momentum. Explain why ?

21. Velocity versus time graph of a ball of mass 50 g rolling on a concrete floor is shown in
below Figure. Calculate the acceleration and frictional force of the floor on the ball.

22. A truck of mass M is moved under a force F. If the truck is then loaded with an object
equal to the mass of the truck and the driving force is halved, then how does the
acceleration change?

23. Why does a gun recoil on firing? Obtain an expression for recoil velocity of gun.

24. A rocket can move in air free space, but a jet plane cannot. Why?

25. Two friends on roller-skates are standing 5 m apart facing each other. One of them throws a
ball of 2 kg towards the other, who catches it, How will this activity affect the position of
the two? Explain your answer.

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26. Water sprinkler used for grass lawns begins to rotate as soon as the water is
supplied. Explain the principle on which it works.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

27. Using second law of motion, derive the relation between force and acceleration. A
bullet of 10 g strikes a sand-bag at a speed of 103 m/s and gets embedded after
travelling 5 cm.
Calculate
(i) the resistive force exerted by the sand on the bullet
(ii) the time taken by the bullet to come to rest.

28. Derive the unit of force using the second law of motion. A force of 5 N produces an
acceleration of 8 m/s2 on a mass m1 and an acceleration of 24 m/s 2 on a mass m2 . What
acceleration would the same force provide if both the masses are tied together?

29. State and explain Newton’s third law of motion. How will you prove it experimentally?

30. What is momentum? Write its SI unit. Interpret force in terms of momentum.
Represent the following graphically
(a) momentum versus velocity when mass is fixed.
(b) momentum versus mass when velocity is constant.

CHAPTER - 11
WORK AND ENERGY

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 148

1. A force of 10 N acts on an object. The displacement is, say 8 m, in the direction of the
force. Let us take it that the force acts on the object through the displacement. What
is the work done in this case?

Ans: When a force F acts on an object to displace it through a distance S in its direction, then
the work done W on the body by the force is given by:
Work done = Force × Displacement W =
F×S
where, F = 7 N , S = 8 m
Therefore, work done, W = 7 × 8 = 56 Nm = 56 J

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 149

1. When do we say that work is done?

Ans: Work is done whenever the given conditions are satisfied:
(i) A force acts on the body.
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 (ii) There is a displacement of the body caused by the applied force along the direction of
the applied force.
2. Write an expression for the work done when a force is acting on an object in the
direction of its displacement.
Ans: When a force F displaces a body through a distance S in the direction of the applied force,
then the work done W on the body is given by the expression:
Work done = Force × Displacement W =
F×s
3. Define 1 J of work.
Ans: 1 J is the amount of work done by a force of 1 N on an object that displaces it through a
distance of 1 m in the direction of the applied force.
4. A pair of bullocks exerts a force of 140 N on a plough. The field being ploughed is 15
m long. How much work is done in ploughing the length of the field?
Ans: Work done by the bullocks is given by the expression: Work
done = Force × Displacement
W=F×d
Where,
Applied force, F = 140 N
Displacement, d = 15 m
W = 140 × 15 = 2100 J
Hence, 2100 J of work is done in ploughing the length of the field.

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INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 152

1. What is the kinetic energy of an object?

Ans:
Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body by the virtue of its motion. Every moving
object possesses kinetic energy. A body uses kinetic energy to do work. Kinetic energy of
hammer is used in driving a nail into a log of wood, kinetic energy of air is used to run
wind mills, etc.
2. Write an expression for the kinetic energy of an object.
Ans:
If a body of mass m is moving with a velocity v, then its kinetic energy Ek is given by the
expression, E  1 mv2 . Its SI unit is Joule (J).
k
2
3. The kinetic energy of an object of mass, m moving with a velocity of 5 ms–1 is 25 J.
What will be its kinetic energy when its velocity is doubled? What will be its kinetic
energy when its velocity is increased three times?
1 2
Ans: Expression for kinetic energyEis  mv
k
2
m = Mass of the object
v = Velocity of the object = 5 m/s
Given that kinetic energy, Ek = 25 J
(i) If the velocity of an object is doubled, then v = 5 × 2 = 10 m/s.
Therefore, its kinetic energy becomes 4 times its original value, because it is proportional
to the square of the velocity. Hence, kinetic energy = 25 × 4 = 100 J.
(ii) If velocity is increased three times, then its kinetic energy becomes 9 times its original
value, because it is proportional to the square of the velocity. Hence, kinetic energy = 25 ×
9 = 225 J.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 156

1. What is power?
Ans:
Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy. If W is the amount of work
done in time t, then power is given by the expression,
W
Work Energy P
Power  Time  Time
t
It is expressed in watt (W).

2. Define 1 watt of power.

Ans:
1 watt is the power of an agent, which does work at the rate of 1 joule per second.
Power is 1 W when the rate of consumption of energy is 1 J/s.
1 watt = 1 joule/second or 1 W = 1 J/s.

3. A lamp consumes 1000 J of electrical energy in 10 s. What is its power?

Ans: Here, electrical energy consumption, W = 1000 J, time, t = 10 s.
W 1000
Power   
T 100W 10

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4. Define average power.
Ans: A body can do different amount of work in different time intervals. Hence, it is better
to define average power. Average power is obtained by dividing the total amount of work
done in the total time taken to do this work.
total energy consumed
Average power = total time taken
EXERCISE QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 158 AND 159

1. Look at the activities listed below. Reason out whether or not work is done in the light
of your understanding of the term ‘work’.
a). Suma is swimming in a pond.
b). A donkey is carrying a load on its back.
c). A wind-mill is lifting water from a well.
d). A green plant is carrying out photosynthesis.
e). An engine is pulling a train.
f). Food grains are getting dried in the sun.
g). A sailboat is moving due to wind energy.
Ans:
Work is done whenever the given two conditions are satisfied:
(i) A force acts on the body.
(ii) There is a displacement of the body by the application of force in or opposite to the
direction of force.
(a) While swimming, Suma applies a force to push the water backwards. Therefore, Suma
swims in the forward direction caused by the forward reaction of water. Here, the force
causes a displacement. Hence, work is done by Seema while swimming.
(b) While carrying a load, the donkey has to apply a force in the upward direction. But,
displacement of the load is in the forward direction. Since, displacement is perpendicular to
force, the work done is zero.
(c) A wind mill works against the gravitational force to lift water. Hence, work is done by
the wind mill in lifting water from the well.
(d) In this case, there is no displacement of the leaves of the plant. Therefore, the work
done is zero.
(e) An engine applies force to pull the train. This allows the train to move in the direction
of force. Therefore, there is a displacement in the train in the same direction. Hence, work
is done by the engine on the train.
(f) Food grains do not move in the presence of solar energy. Hence, the work done is zero
during the process of food grains getting dried in the Sun.
(g)Wind energy applies a force on the sailboat to push it in the forward direction.
Therefore, there is a displacement in the boat in the direction of force. Hence, work is done
by wind on the boat.

2. An object thrown at a certain angle to the ground moves in a curved path and falls
back to the ground. The initial and the final points of the path of the object lie on the
same horizontal line. What is the work done by the force of gravity on the object?
Ans: Work done by the force of gravity on an object depends only on vertical
displacement. Vertical displacement is given by the difference in the initial and final
positions/heights of the object, which is zero.
Work done by gravity is given by the expression,
W = mgh, where, h = Vertical displacement = 0
W = mg × 0 = 0 J
Therefore, the work done by gravity on the given object is zero joule.

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3. A battery lights a bulb. Describe the energy changes involved in the process.
Ans: When a bulb is connected to a battery, then the chemical energy of the battery is
transferred into electrical energy. When the bulb receives this electrical energy, then it
converts it into light and heat energy. Hence, the transformation of energy in the given
situation can be shown as:
Chemistry Energy  Electrical Energy  Light Energy + Heat Energy

4. Certain force acting on a 20 kg mass changes its velocity from 5 m s–1 to 2 m s–1.
Calculate the work done by the force.
Ans: Kinetic energy is given by the expression, (E  1 mv2
)k v
2
where, Ek = Kinetic energy of the object moving with a velocity, v
m= Mass of the object
(i) Kinetic energy when the object was moving with a velocity 5 m s−1
1
(E k )5   20  52  250J
2
Kinetic energy when the object was moving with a velocity 2 m s−1
1
(Ek )2   20  22  40J
2
Work done by force is equal to the change in kinetic energy.
Therefore, work done by force = (Ek )2  (Ek )5 = 40 − 250 = −210 J
The negative sign indicates that the force is acting in the direction opposite to the motion of
the object.

5. A mass of 10 kg is at a point A on a table. It is moved to a point B. If the line joining A

and B is horizontal, what is the work done on the object by the gravitational force?
Explain your answer.
Ans: Work done by gravity depends only on the vertical displacement of the body. It does
not depend upon the path of the body. Therefore, work done by gravity is given by the
expression,
W = mgh
where, Vertical displacement, h = 0
Therefore, W = mg × 0 = 0
Hence, the work done by gravity on the body is zero.

6. The potential energy of a freely falling object decreases progressively. Does this
violate the law of conservation of energy? Why?
Ans: No. The process does not violate the law of conservation of energy. This is because
when the body falls from a height, then its potential energy changes into kinetic energy
progressively. A decrease in the potential energy is equal to an increase in the kinetic
energy of the body. During the process, total mechanical energy of the body remains
conserved. Therefore, the law of conservation of energy is not violated.

7. What are the various energy transformations that occur when you are riding a
bicycle?
Ans: While riding a bicycle, the muscular energy of the rider gets transferred into heat
energy and kinetic energy of the bicycle. Heat energy heats the rider’s body. Kinetic energy
provides a velocity to the bicycle. The transformation can be shown as:

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 Mechanical Energy  Kinetic Energy + Heat Energy
During the transformation, the total energy remains conserved.

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8. Does the transfer of energy take place when you push a huge rock with all your might
and fail to move it? Where is the energy you spend going?
Ans: When we push a huge rock, there is no transfer of muscular energy to the stationary
rock. Also, there is no loss of energy because muscular energy is transferred into heat
energy, which causes our body to become hot.

9. A certain household has consumed 250 units of energy during a month. How much
energy is this in joules?
Ans: 1 unit of energy is equal to 1 kilowatt hour (kWh).
1 unit = 1 kWh
1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J
Therefore, 250 units of energy = 250 × 3.6 × 106 = 9 × 108 J

10. An object of mass 40 kg is raised to a height of 5 m above the ground. What is its
potential energy? If the object is allowed to fall, find its kinetic energy when it is half-
way down.
Ans: Gravitational potential energy is given by the expression,
W = mgh
Where,
h = Vertical displacement = 5 m
m = Mass of the object = 40 kg
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m s−2
Therefore, W = 40 × 5 × 9.8 = 1960 J.
1960
At half-way down, the potential energy of the object will be = 980 J.
2
At this point, the object has an equal amount of potential and kinetic energy. This is due to
the law of conservation of energy. Hence, half-way down, the kinetic energy of the object
will be 980 J.

11. What is the work done by the force of gravity on a satellite moving round the earth?
Justify your answer.
Ans: Work is done whenever the given two conditions are satisfied:
(i) A force acts on the body.
(ii) There is a displacement of the body by the application of force in or opposite to the
direction of force.
If the direction of force is perpendicular to displacement, then the work done is zero.
When a satellite moves around the Earth, then the direction of force of gravity on the
satellite is perpendicular to its displacement. Hence, the work done on the satellite by the
Earth is zero.

12. Can there be displacement of an object in the absence of any force acting on it?
Think. Discuss this question with your friends and teacher.
Ans: Yes. For a uniformly moving object
Suppose an object is moving with constant velocity. The net force acting on it is zero. But,
there is a displacement along the motion of the object. Hence, there can be a displacement
without a force.

13. A person holds a bundle of hay over his head for 30 minutes and gets tired. Has he
done some work or not? Justify your answer.
Ans: Work is done whenever the given two conditions are satisfied:
(i) A force acts on the body.

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 (ii) There is a displacement of the body by the application of force in or opposite to the
direction of force.
When a person holds a bundle of hay over his head, then there is no displacement in the bundle
of hay. Although, force of gravity is acting on the bundle, the person is not applying any
force on it. Hence, in the absence of force, work done by the person on the bundle is zero.

14. An electric heater is rated 1500 W. How much energy does it use in 10 hours?
Ans: Energy consumed by an electric heater can be obtained with the help of the
expression, P  W
T
where, Power rating of the heater, P = 1500 W = 1.5 kW
Time for which the heater has operated, T = 10 h
Work done = Energy consumed by the heater
Therefore, energy consumed = Power × Time = 1.5 × 10 = 15 kWh
Hence, the energy consumed by the heater in 10 h is 15 kWh.

15. Illustrate the law of conservation of energy by discussing the energy changes which
occur when we draw a pendulum bob to one side and allow it to oscillate. Why does
the bob eventually come to rest? What happens to its energy eventually? Is it a
violation of the law of conservation of energy?
Ans: The law of conservation of energy states that energy can be neither created nor
destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another.
Consider the case of an oscillating pendulum.

When a pendulum moves from its mean position P to either of its extreme positions A or B,
it rises through a height h above the mean level P. At this point, the kinetic energy of the
bob changes completely into potential energy. The kinetic energy becomes zero, and the
bob possesses only potential energy. As it moves towards point P, its potential energy
decreases progressively. Accordingly, the kinetic energy increases. As the bob reaches
point P, its potential energy becomes zero and the bob possesses only kinetic energy. This
process is repeated as long as the pendulum oscillates.

The bob does not oscillate forever. It comes to rest because air resistance resists its motion.
The pendulum loses its kinetic energy to overcome this friction and stops after some time.
The law of conservation of energy is not violated because the energy lost by the pendulum
to overcome friction is gained by its surroundings. Hence, the total energy of the pendulum
and the surrounding system remain conserved.

16. An object of mass, m is moving with a constant velocity, v. How much work should be
done on the object in order to bring the object to rest?

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 Ans: Kinetic energy of an object of mass, m moving with a velocity, v is given by the
expression, E  1 mv2
k
2
To bring the object to rest, 1
mv2 amount of work is required to be done on the object.
2
17. Calculate the work required to be done to stop a car of 1500 kg moving at a velocity of
60 km/h?
Ans: Kinetic energy, E  1 mv2
k
2
Where, Mass of car, m = 1500 kg
Velocity of car, v = 60 km/h  60 
5 ms1
18

 1 2
5   20.8104 J
Ek  1500 60 18
 
2

 
Hence, 20.8 × 104 J of work is required to stop the car.
18. In each of the following a force, F is acting on an object of mass, m. The direction of
displacement is from west to east shown by the longer arrow. Observe the diagrams
carefully and state whether the work done by the force is negative, positive or zero.

Ans: Work is done whenever the given two conditions are satisfied:
(i) A force acts on the body.
(ii) There is a displacement of the body by the application of force in or opposite to the
direction of force.
Case I

In this case, the direction of force acting on the block is perpendicular to the displacement.
Therefore, work done by force on the block will be zero.
Case II

In this case, the direction of force acting on the block is in the direction of displacement.
Therefore, work done by force on the block will be positive.
Case III

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In this case, the direction of force acting on the block is opposite to the direction of
displacement. Therefore, work done by force on the block will be negative.

19. Soni says that the acceleration in an object could be zero even when several forces are
acting on it. Do you agree with her? Why?

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Ans: Acceleration in an object could be zero even when several forces are acting on it. This
happens when all the forces cancel out each other i.e., the net force acting on the object is
zero. For a uniformly moving object, the net force acting on the object is zero. Hence, the
acceleration of the object is zero. Hence, Soni is right.

20. Find the energy in kW h consumed in 10 hours by four devices of power 500 W each.
Ans: Energy consumed by an electric device can be obtained with the help of the
W
expression for power, P 
T
where, Power rating of the device, P = 500 W = 0.50 kW Time
for which the device runs, T = 10 h
Work done = Energy consumed by the device
Therefore, energy consumed = Power × Time = 0.50 × 10 = 5 kWh
Hence, the energy consumed by four equal rating devices in 10 h will be 4 × 5 kWh = 20
kWh = 20 Units

21. A freely falling object eventually stops on reaching the ground. What happenes to its
kinetic energy?
Ans: When an object falls freely towards the ground, its potential energy decreases and kinetic
energy increases. As the object touches the ground, all its potential energy gets converted
into kinetic energy. As the object hits the hard ground, all its kinetic energy gets converted
into heat energy and sound energy. It can also deform the ground depending upon the
nature of the ground and the amount of kinetic energy possessed by the object.

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 PRACTICE QUESTIONS

WORK AND ENERGY

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. When a body falls freely towards the earth, then its total energy
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remains constant
(d) first increases and then decreases

2. A car is accelerated on a levelled road and attains a velocity 4 times of its initial velocity.
In this process the potential energy of the car
(a) does not change
(b) becomes twice to that of initial
(c) becomes 4 times that of initial
(d) becomes 16 times that of initial

3. In case of negative work the angle between the force and displacement is
(a) 00 (b) 450 (c) 900 (d ) 1800

4. An iron sphere of mass 10 kg has the same diameter as an aluminium sphere of mass is 3.5
kg. Both spheres are dropped simultaneously from a tower. When they are 10 m above the
ground, they have the same
(a) acceleration
(b) momenta
(c) potential energy
(d) kinetic energy

5. A girl is carrying a school bag of 3 kg mass on her back and moves 200 m on a levelled
road. The work done against the gravitational force will be (g =10 ms–2)
(a) 6 ×103 J (b) 6 J (c) 0.6 J (d) zero

6. Which one of the following is not the unit of energy?

(a) joule
(b) newton metre
(c) kilowatt
(d) kilowatt hour

7. The work done on an object does not depend upon the

(a) displacement
(b) force applied
(c) angle between force and displacement
(d) initial velocity of the object

8. Water stored in a dam possesses

(a) no energy
(b) electrical energy
(c) kinetic energy
(d) potential energy

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9. A body is falling from a height h. After it has fallen a height h/2 , it will possess
(a) only potential energy
(b) only kinetic energy
(c) half potential and half kinetic energy
(d) more kinetic and less potential energy

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

10. A rocket is moving up with a velocity v. If the velocity of this rocket is suddenly tripled,
what will be the ratio of two kinetic energies?

11. Avinash can run with a speed of 8 m s –1 against the frictional force of 10 N, and Kapil can
move with a speed of 3 m s–1 against the frictional force of 25 N. Who is more powerful
and why?

12. A boy is moving on a straight road against a frictional force of 5 N. After travelling a
distance of 1.5 km he forgot the correct path at a round about (see below figure) of radius
100 m. However, he moves on the circular path for one and half cycle and then he moves
forward upto 2.0 km. Calculate the work done by him.

13. Can any object have mechanical energy even if its momentum is zero? Explain.

14. Can any object have momentum even if its mechanical energy is zero? Explain.

15. The power of a motor pump is 2 kW. How much water per minute the pump can raise to a
height of 10 m? (Given g = 10 m s–2)

16. The weight of a person on a planet A is about half that on the earth. He can jump upto 0.4
m height on the surface of the earth. How high he can jump on the planet A?

17. The velocity of a body moving in a straight line is increased by applying a constant force F,
for some distance in the direction of the motion. Prove that the increase in the kinetic
energy of the body is equal to the work done by the force on the body.

18. Is it possible that an object is in the state of accelerated motion due to external force acting
on it, but no work is being done by the force. Explain it with an example.

19. A ball is dropped from a height of 10 m. If the energy of the ball reduces by 40% after
striking the ground, how much high can the ball bounce back? (g = 10 m s–2)

20. If an electric iron of 1200 W is used for 30 minutes everyday, find electric energy
consumed in the month of April.

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 LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

21. A light and a heavy object have the same momentum. Find out the ratio of their kinetic
energies. Which one has a larger kinetic energy?

22. An automobile engine propels a 1000 kg car (A) along a levelled road at a speed of 36 km h –1.
Find the power if the opposing frictional force is 100 N. Now, suppose after travelling a
distance of 200 m, this car collides with another stationary car (B) of same mass and comes to
rest. Let its engine also stop at the same time. Now car (B) starts moving on the same level road
without getting its engine started. Find the speed of the car (B) just after the collision.

23. A girl having mass of 35 kg sits on a trolley of mass 5 kg. The trolley is given an initial velocity
of 4 m s–1 by applying a force. The trolley comes to rest after traversing a distance of 16 m. (a)
How much work is done on the trolley? (b) How much work is done by the girl?

24. Four men lift a 250 kg box to a height of 1 m and hold it without raising or lowering it. (a) How
much work is done by the men in lifting the box? (b) How much work do they do in just
holding it? (c) Why do they get tired while holding it? (g = 10 m s–2)

25. What is power? How do you differentiate kilowatt from kilowatt hour? The Jog Falls in
Karnataka state are nearly 20 m high. 2000 tonnes of water falls from it in a minute. Calculate
the equivalent power if all this energy can be utilized? (g = 10 m s–2)

26. How is the power related to the speed at which a body can be lifted? How many kilograms will
a man working at the power of 100 W, be able to lift at constant speed of 1 m s –1 vertically? (g =
10 m s–2)

27. Define watt. Express kilowatt in terms of joule per second. A 150 kg car engine develops 500
W for each kg. What force does it exert in moving the car at a speed of 20 m s–1?

28. Compare the power at which each of the following is moving upwards against the force of
gravity? (given g = 10 m s–2) (i) a butterfly of mass 1.0 g that flies upward at a rate of 0.5 ms –1.
(ii) a 250 g squirrel climbing up on a tree at a rate of 0.5 m s–1.

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