Experiment No.

2 Date: 21 Sep 21
Aim: To prepare: a mixture and a compound using iron filings and sulphur powder
and distinguish between these on the basis of:

1. appearance i.e., homogeneity and heterogeneity.

2. behaviour towards a magnet
3. behaviour towards carbon disulphide as a solvent.
4. effect of heat.

Materials Required: Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, hard glass test
tube, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, magnet, China dish and a watch glass.

Chemicals Required: Iron filings, sulphur powder, carbon disulphide.

Procedure:

1. Preparation of a mixture of iron and sulphur powder.

Take a pinch of iron filings and two pinch of sulphur powder, mix them
thoroughly. The product obtained is mixture of iron and sulphur. Keep it
in a watch glass (A).
2. Preparation of the compound of iron and sulphur.
Take a pinch of iron filing and a pinch of sulphur powder in a hard glass
test tube. Hold it in a test tube holder, heat it on the flame till the
contents glow. The reaction between sulphur and iron filings is seen in
the test tube and iron sulphide is formed. Transfer the compound
formed in a watch glass (B).(The mixture of iron filing and sulphur
powder can be heated in China dish)
Record your observations in the table.

Observations: (make this table on white sheet of your file with pencil)
Precautions: ( Do this on ruled sheet after procedure)

1. Heat the mixture of iron and sulphur in hard glass tube or in a china
dish.
2. Avoid wasting the chemicals, use very little amount of it.
3. Heating activity should be done carefully.
4. Carbon disulphide is flammable, keep it away from flame.

(On new page of your file )

Experiment No. 3 Date: 21 Sep 21

Aim: To carry out the following chemical reactions and classify them as physical or
chemical changes.

1. Iron with copper sulphate solution in water.

2. Burning of magnesium ribbon in air.
3. Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid.
4. Heating of copper sulphate.
5. Sodium sulphate with barium chloride in the form of their solutions in
water.

Materials Required
Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, a pair of tongs, Bunsen burner.

Chemicals Required
Iron filings, copper sulphate solution, magnesium ribbon, zinc granules, dilute
sulphuric acid, sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions and copper sulphate
crystals.

Procedure (make this table on white sheet of your file with pencil)

Iron with copper sulphate solution in water

Burning of magnesium ribbon in air
Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid.

Heating of copper sulphate salt

Reaction of sodium sulphate and barium sulphate solutions.

Precautions: ( Do this on ruled sheet after chemicals required)

1. Use all the chemicals in very less quantity.

2. Use test tube holder for heating.
3. Clean magnesium ribbon with sand paper and use fire tongs for holding
magnesium ribbon.
4. Handle the acids and alkalies carefully.
 (On new page of your file )

Experiment No. 4 Date: 21 Sep. 21

Aim: To prepare stained temporary mounts of

1. onion peel and

2. human cheek cells and to record observations and draw their labelled
diagrams.

A. To prepare stained, temporary mount of onion peel cells.

Materials Required: Onion, slides, coverslips, watch glass, petridish, forceps, needles,
dropper, glycerine, blotting paper, blade/knife, safranin solution and a microscope.

Procedure:

1. Take a medium sized onion, cut its outer surface with knife.
2. Use forceps to remove the peel of onion.
3. With the help of needle separate the small portion of epidermis (peel)
4. Keep dilute safranin solution in a watch glass.
5. Put this small peel in this watch glass with brush and allow it to stain for
3-5 minutes.
6. Transfer the stained peel to another watch glass that contains distilled
water in it, to remove extra stain.
7. Take a clean dry slide and place two drops of water/glycerine on the
centre of the slide.
8. Transfer the stained peel with needle and brush on the middle of the
slide, if the peel curls straighten it and flatten it with brush and needle,
do this gently.
9. With the help of blade cut the peel into a square shape.
10. Take a dry and clean coverslip and gently place it on the slide with the
help of needle such that no air bubbles enter in it.
11. Gently press the coverslip with needle for even spreading of glycerine.
12. Remove the extra stain and water with the help of blotting paper.

Observations: The cells under observation are the plant cells. It consists of cell wall
and large vacuoles. The nucleus is very prominent and is clearly visible.

Inference: Plant cell shows the following:

1. It consists of cell wall.

2. The nucleus is prominent and present at the periphery of cytoplasm.
3. Large vacuoles are seen at the centre of the cell.
4. A lightly stained cytoplasm is present in the cell.

Precautions:

1. Use dilute stain for staining.

 2. Avoid the formation of air-bubbles while placing the coverslip on the
slide.
3. Take very thin peel of onion to get a single layer of cells, no overlapping
of cells should be seen.
4. Use dry and clean slide, wipe out extra stain or water present on the
sides of the slide.

B. To prepare stained, temporary mount of human cheek cells.

Materials Required: Slide, coverslip, watch glass, methylene blue stain, blotting
paper, toothpick, needle, dropper, brush, microscope and glycerine.

Procedure:

1. Make a dilute methylene blue solution in a watch glass.

2. Keep a clean slide with a drop of distilled water at the middle of the
slide.
3. Take a clean/unused toothpick and scrap the inner wall of your
mouth/cheek gently to obtain the epithelial animal tissue, (use the blunt
side of toothpick)
4. Transfer the scrap on the middle of the glass slide and put a drop of
methylene blue solution on it, to stain the cells.
5. After 2-3 minutes place the coverslip gently on the cheek cell with the
help of needle and avoid the air bubble. (A drop of glycerine can be
spread on the cheek cells, it is optional)
6. With the help of blotting paper remove the extra stain/water present on
the slide.
7. Place the slide under microscope and observe it.

Observations:

1. Cells with irregular shapes are seen.

2. A prominent nucleus is seen in the middle of the cell.
3. A thin membrane called plasma-membrane is visible at the boundary of
each cell.
4. The cells do not show any intercellular space.
5. No big vacuoles and cell wall is seen.

Inference: The cells observed under the microscope do not have cell wall and big
vacuoles, these are the cells of animal.

Precautions:

1. Use unused/new toothpick for scraping of cheek cells.

2. Placing of coverslip should be done carefully to avoid air bubbles.
3. Avoid overstaining.
4. Use clean/dry mounted slide while placing it under the lens of the
microscope.
5. Avoid overlapping of the cells.
Diagrams to be drawn on white page of file

(On new page of your file )

Experiment No. 5 Date: 21 Sep 21

Aim: To identify parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in plants, striated muscle fibres and
nerve cells in animals, from prepared (permanent) slides and to draw their labelled
diagrams.

Materials Required: Permanent slides of parenchyma tissues, sclerenchyma tissues,

straited muscle fibre, nerve cell and compound microscope.

Procedure:
 1. Place the compound microscope where proper light can be received and
reflected on the slide.
2. Place the permanent slides one by one. Observe its structure and draw
diagrams.

Observations
I. Plant tissues

(a) Parenchymatous tissues:

1. All cells are same in size and length.

2. Corners of the cells show intercellular spaces.
3. Each cell shows prominent nucleus and a large central vacuole.
4. Each cell has thin cell walls.
5. Intercellular spaces are present in between the cells.

Inference

1. These are plant cells as large vacuole is seen and cell wall is present.
2. These are all living cells.
3. These cells are present all over the plant body i.e. — stems, leaves,
roots, flowers and fruits.

(b) Sclerenchymatous tissues:

1. These cells show thick comers and thick cell walls.

2. They do not have any protoplasm in it.
3. They show lignified walls.
4. They can be divided into two types: sclerenchyma fibres and sclereids.
5. These cells are dead.

Inference
The sclerenchymatous tissues are dead cells, with hard cell wall and provides
mechanical support to plant. For e.g. coconut husk, hard shells of fruits.

(c) Collenchymatous tissues:

1. The cells of collenchyma may be oval or elongated.

2. Each cell consists of central nucleus with cytoplasm at the periphery.
3. Cell walls are thickened at the comers. The thickening is due to cellulose
and pectin.
4. Intercellular space is absent.
5. These cells are commonly seen below the epidermis in petiole, leaves
and stems.
6. Its main function is to provide mechanical strength.

Inference

1. These cells have thick comers.

 2. There is no space between the cells.
3. The nucleus is prominent at the periphery with cytoplasm but the centre
of the cells consists of vacuole.

II. Animal tissues

(a) Striated muscles:

1. These muscles show long cylindrical fibres.

2. The cells are multinucleated.
3. The muscles show alternate dark and light bands.
4. The cells are surrounded and held by connective tissue.
5. The cells are surrounded by a membrane called as sarcolemma.

Inference

1. The slide shows cylindrical fibres, with dark and light bands
2. These are voluntary muscles and work according to our will.

(d) Nerve cell:

1. The nerve cells has a neuron with a large body called cyton.
2. The cyton has a prominent nucleus.
3. It has projections called dendrites.
4. One of the dendrite which is long called axon.
5. The nerve endings are attached to muscles.

Inference
Each nerve cell consists of prominent nucleus and granular cytoplasm with
projections called dendrites

Precautions

1. Handle the microscope carefully.

2. Handle the permanent slides carefully.
3. Always focus the slide first at low power and then at high power.
Diagrams to be drawn on white page of file