Eyelid
Infections
Stye Chalazion Seborrheic anterior blepharitis
Staph/ Ulcerative anterior Complications of anterior blepharitis Posterior blepharitis
blepharitis
Malpositions
Aponeurotic ptosis (Good levator Congenital ptosis (poor levator function) Trichiasis
function) levator resection Frontalis sling Management:
1.Cryotherapy
2.Electrolysis
3.Surgical (mm graft in the grey line)
Cicatricial entropion (upper eyelid) Entropion Ectropion
Lagophthalmos
Other lesions
Xanthelasma Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma
Lacrimal system
Inflammation
Acute dacryoadenitis Acute dacryocystitis
Tear film
1. Dry eye
epithelial erosions stained with Fluorescein dye Decreased tear film breakup time (<10 seconds)
2. Epiphora
+ve regurge test Fluorescein dye Lacrimal probing Lacrimal irrigation (sac washout)
disappearance test
Orbit
Proptosis Pseudoproptosis TED: Orbital cellulitis
1- High myopia - Lid retraction
2- Ipsilateral lid - Proptosis
retraction - Lid lag
Conjunctiva
Conjunctivitis
Follicular conjunctivitis Papillary conjunctivitis Viral conjunctivitis
Bacterial conjunctivitis Active Trachoma: upper tarsal conjunctival Healed trachoma
follicles 1. Conjunctival scarring
2. Arlt's line
3. Herbert pits
4. PTCs
Ophthalmia neonatorum Allergic conjunctivitis Chemosis Cobblestone papillae with VKC
Tranta dots with VKC Shield corneal ulcers with VKC
Conjunctival degenerations
Pterygium Pingueculum
DDx: nodular episcleritis
Phlycten (endogenous allergy)
Bitot's spots (vitamin A deficiency)
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
Cornea
Keratitis-Corneal ulcers
Bacterial keratitis Fungal keratitis Herpetic dendritic ulcer
Geographic/ Amoeboid ulcer
Acanthamoebal keratitis: 1. No clinical signs 2, 3. Ring infiltration 4. Dendritic like infiltrate 5, 6. perineural infiltration
(Radial keratoneuritis)
Corneal abrasion Corneal degenerations
Arcus senilis Band-shaped keratopathy
Keratoconus
Keratoconus Munson's sign Acute corneal hydrops Investigations
Corneal collagen cross-linkage Intracorneal ring segments (ICRs) Keratoplasty
(CCC)
Other lesions
Exposure keratopathy Photokeratitis
Uvea
Iris
Heterochromia Posterior synechiae festooned pupil Anterior synechiae
Iris defects
Rubeosis Iridis
Anterior uveitis
Keratic precepitates (KPs) Cells and flare in the AC Hypopyon
complications of anterior uveitis :
- Posterior synechaie - Complicated cataract - Band shaped keratopathy
Sclera
Blue sclera Staphyloma Simple episcleritis Scleritis 1. Necrotizing Posterior scleritis
Nodular episcleritis anterior
scleritis
2. Scleromala
cia
perforans
Lens
Types of senile cataract according to site
- Nuclear cataract- slitlamp Cortical cataract Posterior subcapsular cataract
- Altered RR in nuclear cataract (Black areas against the red reflex)
Types of senile cataract according to maturity
Incipient cataract (same as Immature cataract Mature cataract
cortical cataract)
Hypermature cataract (shrunken type) Hypermature cataract: Morgagnian type
Other types of cataract
Pediatric cataract Pediatric cataract (lamellar Pediatric cataract (blue Traumatic cataract
- Leukocoria subtype) vision is dot type) no Left: blunt trauma
- Squint affected affection of vision Right: Penetrating trauma
- Altered red reflex
Cataract surgery
Phacoemulsification
Extracapsular cataract extraction
Complications of cataract surgery
The most common: Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) managed by YAG laser Serious: Endophthalmitis
capsulotomy
Pseudophakia Subluxated lens= Ectopia lentis
PCIOL ACIOL
Glaucoma
IOP measurement
Digital assessment Goldmann applanation tonometry (the best method) Schiotz indentation tonometry
Gonioscopy (assessment of the Perimetry (visual field Nerve fiber distribution Peripheral vision loss due to
angle) assessment) in the retina glaucoma
Optic disc cupping in POAG
Visual field changes in glaucoma Trabeculectomy ACG
Congenital glaucoma
Congenital glaucoma (Buphthalmos)
Haab's striae in congenital Optic disc cupping in Surgical management of congenital glaucoma
glaucoma congenital glaucoma مهم
(reversible)
Retina
Normal fundus appearance by Normal OCT macula
Ophthalmoscope, Fluoresceine
angiography
Diabetic retinopathy
NPDR Severe NPDR PDR: NVD
PDR: NVE PDR: NVD& NVE PDR: NVI = Rubeosis iridis
Fluoresceine angiography showing Fluorescine angiography showing Macular edema OCT:
PDR 1-Normal 2- Macular edema
PRP
BRAO- CRAO- BRVO- CRVO
BRAO CRAO AC paracentesis in CRAO
BRVO CRVO Rubeosis iridis in PRP for CRVO
ischemic CRVO
RD-AMD-RP
Rhegmatogenous RD Metamorphopsia with AMD
AMD Dry AMD: Left: Drusen Right: Atrophic RPE Wet AMD
changes
FA wet AMD OCT macula wet AMD
Follow up AMD using Amsler grid test Retinitis pigmentosa
EOM-Squint
Corneal light reflex Esotropia Corneal light reflex Exotropia Cover test showing Cover-uncover test to
manifest exotropia detect heterophoria
Neuro-ophthalmology
Normal pupillary light reflex Papilloedema Papillitis
Non-arteritic AION Arteritic AION 1ry optic atrophy:
chalky white disc
2ry optic atrophy Consecutiv optic atrophy: Glucomatous optic atrophy:
waxy disc optic disc cupping
