d"No-l;s|L k|0ffnL

/fh]Gb| k|;fb k|wfg, jl/i7 s[lif ljsf; clws[t

lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, b}n]v
s= If]q (Sector):
If]q eGgfn] s'g} klg a[xt lasf;sf cfwf/nfO{ hgfpFb5 . h:t}M s[lif If]q, kz'
If]q, jg If]q, :j:Yo If]q .

v= ;xIf]q (Sub-sector)
sRrf kbfy{x?sf] cfk'lt{ u/L ltgLx?af6 ag]sf] ;fdfu|Lx?nfO{ lglZrt pkef]Qmf
ahf/ ;dIf k'¥ofpg ;+:yf jf AolQm ;lDdlnt ;+hfn g} ;xIf]q xf] .

;Dk"{0f Joj;flos kmfd{x?n] Ps cfsf{ ;Fu s'g} cfsf/df (form) tof/ ePsf] pTkfbg
j:t' of ;]jfx? lsGg] of a]Rg] u/L cGtdf t}of/L a:t' of ;]jfx? (Final products or
services) clGtd pkef]Qmf ;Dd k'/\ofpg] k|ls|ofnfO{ g} ;xIf]q eGg ;lsG5 .
e]n' r]g, cfk'tL{ r]g eGgfn] klg s/La s/La o:t} a'lemFG5 .

s'g} klg ;xIf]qdf ;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ stf{ (Input supplier), pTkfbg stf{ (Producer) ,
tyf Jofkf/L (Output supplier) x? t}of/L a:t'sf] nflu ldn]/ sfo{ ub{5g\ .
e]n' r]g eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < (What is Value chain ?)
e]n' r]g eGgfn] p2dsf] ljleGg txdf x'g] ;Dk{0f ls|ofsnfkx? h;n] s'g} klg
pTkfbg (Products) of ;]jfx? (Services) af/]sf] cjwf/0fjf6 lnP/ pTkfbgsf] ljleGg
txjf6 (phases) (j:t'sf] ef}lts cfsf/g} kl/{jtg x'G5 ;fy} ljleGg ;]jfx? cfk'lt{ )
lnP/sf] j:t'nfO{ clGtd pkef]Qmf ;dIf k'/\ofFp5 / clGtdf pkef]u u/] kl5 km\
oFflsG5 .
;fdfu|L cfk'tL{ r]gsf ;Dk"{0f ls|ofsnfkx?M clGtd pTkfbg j:t'sf nflu sRrf
kbf{y cfk'tL{jf6 lnP/ k|zf]wg, ljt/0f / v'b|f Jokf/L;Dd k'/ofO{ cGtdf
pkef]Qm ;Dd kUg] ;Dk"{0f k|ls|ofnfO{ ;fdfu|L cfk"tL{ r]g eGg ;lsG5 .
h:t}M s[lif kmf{dsf] 9f]sf (gate) jf6 lnP/ pkef]Qmfsf] yfn (plate) ;Dd,
v]tjf6sf] pTkfbg jf6 xf]6nsf] 6ansf] sfF6f ;Dd, xl/of] 3fF; jf6 b"wsf]
lunf; ;Dd .
e]n'r]gsf] Ps emns
-pbfx/0f ;lxt_

!= t/sf/L ;xIf]qsf] 5gf}6 M

- b]z leq / aflx/sf] ahf/sf] dfu ePsf]
- yf]/} ;dodf ;fgf ls;fgx?sf] cfo a9fpg ;lsg]
- o; ;xIf]qdf ;xefuL ;+Vof a9L x'g]
- dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf a9L x'g ;Sg]
- /f]huf/L a9fpg ;Sg]
- 8f]g/sf] O{R5f
- ef}uf]ls ?kn] k|fyldstf kfPsf]
@= t/sf/L ;xIf]qsf kfqx? M

dnvfb l;FrfO{
cfk'lt{ ahf/ (Input
lap Market) C0f

k|fljlws #=
afnL
;+/If0f zLk÷1fg
;'rgf
t/sf/L ;xIf]qsf t/sf/L pTkfbg ug] laleGg
kfqx? tyf ltgLx?sf { ;fgf p2dL ls;fgx? e'ldsfx?
ahf/ kfqx? kfqsf] e'ldsf
;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ -;fgf l; ;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ ÷ k|lalw cfk'lt{ h:t] aLp,
sldzgagfpg]
+rfO[ dnvfb, ls6gfzs cf}iflw, ;fgf l;+rfO{ tyf cGo
Ph]06 AoflQm,
ˆofS6«L, ;]jfafXo ahf/ ug][
h:t} h8fg (Output v'b|fug]{
tyf dd{t ;+ef/ las|]tf
Aofkf/Lx?
yf]s las|]tf, v'b|f Market) yf]s las|]tf
las|]tf, ld:qL,
cfk'lt{ lat/s, Pu|f]e]6,
cu'jf s[ifs
;fgf p2dL ls;fgx?n] tfhf t/sf/L pTkfbs
t/sf/l pTkfbg tyf las|L
ug]{
pTkflbt a:t'sf] Aofkf/L yf]s las|]tf tyf v'b|f las|]tf
(Output Trader) -ahf/
Aoj:yfkg ;d'x Aofkf/L
yf]s las|]tf, v'b|f
las|]tf_

$= cj;/ klxrfg
klxrfg ePsf cj;/x?sf] s]xL pbfx/0fx?
- ef}uf]lns tyf xfjf kflgsf] kmfObf
- tfhf t/sf/Lsf] ahf/ :yflgo, If]lqo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o :t/df /fd|f] x'g'
h:t} ef/tsf] af]8{/ ahf/ x?
- ;'xfpFbf] / ls;fgn] lsGg ;Sg] ;fgf l;+rfO{sf] pknAwtf

%= ;d:ofsf] klxrfg

!= ;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ txsf] ;d:of

- u'0f:tl/o aLp, dn, l;+rfO{ tyf ls6gfzs cf}iflwx? dfly kx'Fr gx'g'
- s[lif ;DalGw k|flalws cfk'lt{sf] 1fg / lzk gx'g'
- ef/taf6 cfk'lt{ cfoft ug]{ k|ls|of cK7\of/]f x'g'
- ls;fg / cfk''lt{ stf{ lar /fd|f] ;DaGw gx'g' .
- df6f] hfFrsf] nfuL 1fg lzk / ;fdfu|L gx'g' .
 @= pTkfbg txsf] ;d:of
- ;fgf ls;fgx? ;+u t/sf/L v]tLsf] 1fg / lzk sf] sdL
- l;+rfO{ k|lalw dx+uf] x'g'
- dx+uf], aLp lahg tyf aLpsf] pd|g] k|ltztdf sdL tyf laZjfl;nf] gx'g'
- ltg{ ;Sg] C0fsf] kx'Fr gx'g'
- ef}lts ;+/rgf h:t} af6f], 6]lnkmf]gx? k|ofKt gx'g'

#= pTkfbg ahf/ (Output Market) sf] ;d:of

- ahf/sf] ;'rgfsf] kx'Fr gx'g'
- ;fgf ls;fgx?n] Aokf/Ln] tf]s]sf] u'0f:t/ cg';f/sf] ;fdfu|L pTkfbg /
cfk'lt{ ug{ g;Sg'
- ahf/sf]nfuL ;+:yfx? gx'g' a:t'sf] dfusf] af/]df yfxf gx'g'
- ahf/ Joj:yfkg gx'g'
- 9'jfgL vr{ a9L nfUg'

%=! ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nfuL ;]jx?sf] klxrfg -;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ tx_

;d:ofx? Joj;flos ;]jfx? cfk'lt{ stf{ sf]
nfuL
u'0f:t/Lo aLp, dn, l;+rfO{ tyf u'0f:tl/o aLp, dn, ;fgf l;+rfO{sf]
ls6gfzs cf}iflwx? dfly kx'Fr Joj:yf x'g'
gx'g'
aLp÷dn÷ls6gfzs cf}iflwsf] k| ;fgf ls;fgx?nfO{ /fd|
flalws 1fg / zLk gx'g' f] ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbgsf nflu
cfk'lt{ stf{nfO{ k|flalws tflndsf]
Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{
r'FuLs/ (Tax) n] r'FuL s/ 36fpgsf nfuL kxn
ubf{ cfk'lt{sf ;fdfu|Lx?sf] d'No ug'{ kg]{
g]kfn / ef/tsf] ahf/df w]/} km/s
x'g'
ef/taf6 s[ifL ;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ cfoft s[lif ;fdfu|L cfk'lt{sf ;fdfgx? ;/n
ug]{ k|ls|of cK7\of/f] x'g' k|ls|ofaf6 cfoft ug{sf nful kxn
x'g' kg]{
;fgf p2dL ls;fg / ;fgf p2dL ls;fgnfO{ cfk'lt{ stf{ ;
cfk'lt{ stf{ lar ;DaGw /fd|f] +u ;DaGw la:tf/ ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'
gx'g' kg]{
df6f] hfFrsf] nfuL 1fg df6f] hfFr ug]{ ls6sf] Joj:yf ;fy}
zLk / ;fdfu|L gx'g' Pu|f]e]6nfO{ df6f] hfFr ;DaGwL
tflndsf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{

%=@ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nfuL ;]jfx?sf] klxrfg -pTkfb\g tx_

;d:ofx? ;]jfx?
;fgf p2dL ls;fgx? ;+u t/sf/L ;'wfl/Psf t/sf/L v]tL ;DalGw tflnd
v]tLsf] 1fg / zLk sf] sdL / k|rf/ k|;f/sf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{
dx+uf], aLp lahg tyf aLpsf] pd| ;fgf p2dL ls;fgn]
g] k|ltztdf sdL tyf laZjfl;nf] Joxf]g{ ;Sg] ;fgf l;+rfO{ h:t}
gx'g' l;+rfO{ k|lalw dx+uf] x'g' l9sL kDk yf]kf l;+rfO[sf] Joj:yf,
u'0f:tl/o aLp, dn tyf cGo
cfk'lt{sf] Joj:yf
ltg{ ;Sg] C0fsf] kx'Fr gx'g' ;fgf p2dL ls;fgx?nfO{ C0fsf]
kx'Fr x'g' kg]{
ef}lts ;+/rgf h:t} af6f], u|fld0f af6f] 3f6f] tyf ;+rf/sf]
6]lnkmf]gx? k|ofKt gx'g' dd{t tyf ;'wf/sf] nflu kxn x'g'
kg]{

%=# ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nfuL ;]jfx?sf] klxrfg -pTkfbg ahf/sf] tx_

;d:ofx? klxrfg ePsf ;]jfx?
ahf/sf] ;'rgfsf] kx'Fr gx'g' ahf/sf] ;'rgfdf kx'Fr u/fpg'

;fgf p2dL ls;fgx?n] Aokf/Ln] Jofkf/Ln] vf]h]sf] u'0f:t/ cg';f/sf

tf]s]sf] u'0f:t/ cg';f/sf] ;fdfu|L t/sf/L pTkfbg ug]{ Aoj:yf x'g'
pTkfbg / cfk'lt{ ug{ g;Sg' kg]{
ahf/sf]nflu ;+:yfx? gx'g' a:t'sf] ahf/sf] nflu ;+:yfx? h:t}
dfFusf] af/]df yfxf gx'g' ahf/ ;d'xx? v8f ug]{ Aoj:yf x'g'
kg]{
;fgf p2dL ls;fgx?nfO{ ahf/ ;fgf p2dL ls;fgx?nfO{ ahf/
dFfusf] af/]df ;'rgf pknAw gx'g] dFfusf] af/]df ;'rgf pknAw u/fpg
Joj:yf x'g' kg]{
ahf/ Joj:yfkg gx'g' ahf/sf] /fd|f] Joj:yfkg x'g' kg]{
9'jfgL vr{ a9L nfUg' :yflgo r'FuL s/x? (Taxes) 36fpgsf
nfuL af6f] agfpg tyf dd{t ug{sf
nfuL kxn x'g' kg]{

^= Joj;flos ;]jf laZn]if0fsf] nfuL rf6{

;x If]q laZn]if0fsf] nfuL k|ZgfjnL

;xIf]qsf] ;d:of klxrfg

Aoj;flos ;]jf klxrfg

Aoj;flos ;]jf k|bfossf] Aoj;flos ;]jf k|bfossf] nfuL k|

nfuL k|ZgfjnL -cfk'lt{ ZgfjnL -dfu kIf_
kIf_
Aoj;flos ;]jf laZn]if0f
&= Joj;flos ;]jf laZn]if0f
- xfn ahf/df pknAw ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf of AoflQmsf] ;'lr tof/
- ;]jf pkef]u ug]{ pkef]Qmfsf] ;'lr
- dFfu tyf ;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ kIfsf nfuL 5gf}6 ePsf Aoj;flos ;]jfx?sf] ;d:ofx?
- ;fgf p2dL s[ifsx? pQm ;]jf af/]df hfgsf/L 5 sL 5}g
- ;]jfsf] dFfu tyf u'0f:t/

*= ;xhsfo{sf] 5gf}6sf cfwf/e't cjwf/0ffx? .

- ahf/sf] cj;/sf nfuL ahf/ ;DaGw ;xh sfo{df hf]8 .
- ;xh sfo{x? ahf/ lasf;df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? ;+u d]n vfg] vfn.
- ahf/ glaufg{sf nfuL yf]/} ;xh sfo{x? 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 .
- k|ltZkwf{sf nfuL w]/} ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf÷AoflQmx?sf] lasf; .
- Aoj;fo lasf ;]jfsf] ahf/ / ;fgf pBdL x? nlrnf] { .
- cGo Aoj;fo lasf; ;]jf lbg] ;/f]sf/jfnf x? ;+u ;dGjo .

(= ;xhsfo{sf] 5gf}6 ubf{ n]Vg] gd'gf kmf/d

;xIf]qsf ;d:of
Joj;flos ;dfwfg
;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;
+:yf÷AoflQm
;]jfdf b]lvg] ;d:of
;xh sfo{