Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineering.

Engineering Technical College

rd
3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

1.7 COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION

1.7.1 External Heat Gain
Solar Heat gain Glass
A large part of the solar heat energy that shines on a window or skylight is radiated
through the glass and transmitted directly into the space. The amount of solar heat
radiated through the glass depends primarily on the reflective characteristics of the glass
and the angle at

=
Factor 1.7 for steel sash
Window area m2
Solar Heat gain W/m2 T(12A)
Heat gain from windows W

Solar transmission window and door

Conduction is the process of transferring heat through a solid, such as a wall, roof, floor,
ceiling, window, or skylight. Heat naturally flows by conduction from a higher
temperature to a lower temperature. Generally, when estimating the maximum cooling
load for a space, the temperature of the air outdoors is higher than the temperature of the
air indoors.

=
Outdoor, indoor
Window or door area m2
Glass heat transfer coefficient W/m2oC T(20)
Solar transmission window and W
door

Solar and Transmission Gain- Walls

Most exterior surfaces of a building, however, are exposed to direct sunlight during some
portion of the day. Solar heat energy is generated by the sun and radiated to earth. Radiant
heat is similar to light, in that it travels in a straight line and can be reflected from a bright
surface. Both light and radiant heat can pass through a transparent surface (such as glass),
yet neither can pass directly through an opaque or non-transparent surface (such as a brick
tain amount of radiant
heat energy is transferred to that surface, resulting in an increase in the surface
temperature. The amount of heat transferred depends primarily on the color and
smooth e the surface.

=
Equivalent temp. diff.
Wall area m2
Wall heat transfer coefficient W/m2oC T(17-19)
Solar Transmission Gain- W
Walls

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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

Solar and Transmission Gain Roofs and Floors

A- Exposed Roof

The exposed roof subjected to the outdoor conditions and solar radiation, so the equivalent
temperature difference is used to calculate the heat flow to the building through the roof.

=
Equivalent temp. diff.
Roof area m2
Roof heat transfer coefficient W/m2oC T(17-19)
Solar Transmission Gain- W
Roof
B- Unexposed Roof and Unconditioned Space Above

For the unexposed roof to the outdoor conditions 9°C is extracted from the difference
between the outdoor and indoor temperatures.

=
Outdoor, indoor
Roof or floor area m2
Roof heat transfer coefficient W/m2oC T(17-19)
Solar Transmission - Roof W

C- Roof or Floor Kitchen or boiler room Below

When the roof is shared with a boiler or kitchen floor or vies versa, 15°C is added to the
indoor and outdoor temperature difference.

=
Outdoor, indoor
Roof or floor area m2
Roof heat transfer coefficient W/m2o T(17-19)
C
Solar Transmission - Roof W

1.7.2 Internal Heat Gain

Heat Transmission Partition
The partition between unconditioned spaces is treated as the unexposed roof. While the heat
flow through the partitions between two conditioned rooms equals to zero, since there is no
temperature difference between the partition sides.

=
Outdoor, indoor
Partition area m2
Partition heat transfer W/m2o T(17-19)
coefficient C
Solar Transmission Partition W
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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

Heat Gain People

People generate more heat than is needed to maintain body temperature. This surplus heat
is dissipated to the surrounding air in the form of sensible and latent heat. The amount of
heat released by the body varies with age, physical size, gender, type of clothing, and
level of physical activity. The human body generates both sensible and latent heat. The
sensible heat is due to the temperature difference between body and room temperatures.
While the latent heat is due the evaporation of sweat and steam accompanying human
breath.

6a. Sensible Heat Gain

= No
.
F=1 for men, 0,8 women, 0,75 children
Sen H.G. W/m2 T(26)
Number of People -
Sensible Heat Gain W

6.b Latent Heat gain

= No
.
F=1 for men, 0,8 women, 0,75 children
Lat H.G. W/m2 T(26)
Number of People -
Sensible Heat Gain W

Heat Gain Lights

Heat generated by lights in the space is a significant contribution to the cooling load. For
example, a 120-watt light fixture generates 120 W of heat approximately the same
amount of heat gain generated by an average office worker. Additionally, when
estimating the heat gain from fluorescent lights, approximately 20% is added to the
lighting heat gain to account for the additional heat generated by the ballast.

= Light power in
Watt
F=1.25For Fluorescent
To be assigned by electrical engineering, or it may be
assumed 20W/m2.Floor area
Heat Gain Lights W

Heat Gain Appliances

There are many types of appliances and equipment in restaurants, schools, office
buildings, hospitals, and other types of buildings. This equipment may generate a
significant amount of heat and should be accounted for when estimating the space cooling
load.

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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

8a Sensible Heat gain

= No
.
F=0.5 Positive exhaust hood
Sen H.G. W T(28-29)
Number of Appliances -
Sensible Heat Gain W
8b Latent Heat gain

= No
.
F=0.5 Positive exhaust hood
Lat H.G. W T(27-29)
Number of Appliances -
Sensible Heat Gain W

Heat gain from electric motors

= No
.
Motor Power W T(27)
Number of Appliances -
Sensible Heat Gain W

1.7.2.6 Infiltration:
In a typical building, air leaks into or out of a space through doors, windows, and small
cracks in the building envelope. Air leaking into a space is called
infiltration. During the cooling season, when air leaks into a conditioned
space from outdoors, it can contribute to both the sensible and latent heat gain
in the space because the outdoor air is typically warmer and more humid than
the indoor air. The amount of infiltration can be found by two methods as follows:

Figure (5) infiltration through windows

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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

i- Depending on windows or doors area:

= No
.
Volume flow rate/ m2 Lit/s per Person T(21-23)
Number of window -
and doors
Outdoor air Lit/s

ii- Depending on the crack length LC

Depends on figure 6 , for single hung window or door, crack length can be calculated as
follows:

LC=2.(H+W)

While for double hung window or door

LC=2.(H+W) +H

= LC.
Volume flow rate/ m Lit/s per Person T(24)
Number of window -
and doors
Outdoor air Lit/s

Single Hung Window Double Hung Window

W W

Figure 6 single and double hung windows

1.7.2.7 Ventilation:
Outdoor air is often used to dilute or remove contaminants from the indoor air. The

system, is called ventilation. This outdoor air must often be cooled and dehumidified before
it can be delivered to the space, creating an additional load on the air-conditioning
equipment. You should never depend on infiltration to satisfy the ventilation
requirement of a space. On days when the outdoor air is not moving (due to wind), the
amount of infiltration can drop to zero. Instead, it is common to introduce outdoor air through
the HVAC system, not only to meet the ventilation needs, but also to maintain a positive
pressure (relative to the outdoors) within the building. This positive pressure reduces, or may
even eliminate, the infiltration of unconditioned air from outdoors. To pressurize the

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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

building, the amount of outdoor air brought in for ventilation must be greater than the amount
of air exhausted through central and local exhaust fans. The ventilation can be calculated by
two methods as follows:

i- Outdoor air ventilation depending on the number of people:

= No
.
Volume flow rate/ person Lit/s per Person T(25)
Number of People -
Outdoor air Lit/s

ii- Outdoor air ventilation depending on the floor area

= A.
Volume flow rate/ person Lit/s per m2 T(25)
Floor area m2
Outdoor air Lit/s
iii- VOA= IOA +V

Room Load
Room load is the summation of room sensible and latent heats

11a Outdoor Air Sensible heat OASH

=
o
Outdoor, indoor C
Ventilation rate Lit/s
Factor
Outdoor Air Sensible heat W

11b Outdoor Air Latent Heat OALH

=
Moisture content kgw/kga
Ventilation rate Lit/s
Factor
Outdoor Air Sensible heat W

111c Outdoor air Total Heat OATH

=
enthalpy kJ/kg
Ventilation rate Lit/s
Factor
Outdoor Air Sensible heat W

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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

12- ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT RSH

13- ROOMLATENT HEAT RLH

14- ROOM TOTAL HEAT RTH

RTH= RSH + RLH

15- TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT TSH

TSH=RSH + (OASH (eques. 10 a and 11a))

16-TOTAL LATENT HEAT TLH

TLH=RLH + (OALH(eques. 10 b and 11b))

17- GRANG TOTAL HEAT GTH

GTH = TSH + (TLH (eques. 10 c and 11c))

18- TOTAL ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT TRSH

19- TOTAL ROOM LATEN HEAT TRLH

20- TOTAL ROOMS TOTAL HEAT TRTH

TRTH = TRSH + TRLH

21- TOTAL OUTDOOR AIR

The ventilation outdoor air is the maximum air required that covers the ventilation air for
rooms or the ventilation required for kitchen and bathroom

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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

22- TOTAL OUTDOOR SENSIBLE HEAT TOASH

=
o
Outdoor, indoor C
Total outdoor air Lit/s
Factor
Total Outdoor Air Sensible W
heat

23- TOTAL OUTDOOR AIR LATENT HEAT TOALH

=
Moisture content kgw/kga
Total outdoor air Lit/s
Factor
Total outdoor latent heat W

23- TOTAL OUTDOOR TOTAL HEAT TOATH

TOATH = TOASH +TOALH

25- By Pass Factor BF

BF (T 31)

26- EFFECTIVE ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT ERSH

ERSH = TRSH +(B.F).TOASH

27- EFFECTIVE ROOM LATANT HEAT ERLH

ERLH = TRLH +(B.F).TOALH

28- EFFECTIVE ROOM TOTAL HEAT ERTH

ERTH= TRTH + (B.F).TOATH

29- EFFECTIVE SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR ESHF

30- APPARATUS DEW POINT Adp

Adp (T 32)

31- TOTAL SUPPLY (DEHUMIDIFID) AIR Vda

32- ENTERING AIR TEMPERATURE (DB) EAT

33- LEAVING AIR TEMPERATURE (DB) LAT

34- LAT = Adp + BF.(EAT-Adp)

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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

35- GRAND SENSIBLE HEAT GSH

GSH = TRSH +TOASH

34- GRAND LATENT HEAT GLH

GLH= TRLH + TOALH

35- GRAND TOTAL HEAT GTH

GTH = GSH + GLH

PSYCH ROMETERIC CHART

Cooling Coil
Room
R EAT (DB)
LAT (DB)

O M AC unit S

Adp

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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

Example 2.
A single-family detached house shown in Fig. 1a is located in Iraq- Baghdad. The wall is
built from of 13 mm cement plaster, 20 cm common brick and 13 mm gypsum plaster. While
the partition is built from 10 cm common brick and 13 mm gypsum plaster on both sides. The
roof is built from outside to inside from 10 mm cement tail, 130 mm sand, 10 mm Expanded
polyurethane, Asphalt shingles, 150 mm concrete and 10 mm gypsum. The floor consist from
outer to inner from carp, cement tile of 25 mm thick., heavy concert of 15 cm thick. Ceiling
height is 2.5 m Fenestration. Clear single glass, 3 mm thick. Assume closed, medium-color
well fitted, aluminum frame. Doors made of wood of 25 mm thickness. Occupancy. Four
persons, based on two for the master bedroom and one for each additional bedroom. Assign
to the living room. Llights. Assume 480 W for the kitchen, and 480 W for living room, assign
50% to bed room 1, 25% for bedrooms 2 and 3. Appliances : there is one TV,PC laptop, laser
printer, and Coffee brewer in living room, The construction of the house is considered
medium. Find the sensible, latent, and total cooling load; size the cooling unit; and compute
the air quantity for each room.
15.5
W1 W3 W3
2 7

Bath Bedroom 1 Living Room

W
D2
D2
E

4.5 4.5 5.5

Bedroom 2 Bedroom 3 Kitchen

W2 W2 W2 W1

0.6

Dimensions in meter

0.6 0.6
1.5 2 2 1
W1
W2 W3 D1 D2

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Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineering. Engineering Technical College
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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

Solution: The cooling load must be made on a room-by-room basis to determine the
proper distribution of air. The calculations follow the procedure outlined in the section on
Load Components.

The using of thermal resistance R is not like the use of the thermal conductivity k, since
the thermal resistance depends on a given material thickness, while the thermal
conductivity does not depends on the material thickness, Let takes an example, If we have
two thicknesses of Stucco, the first one is 25 mm and the second is 10 mm, find the heat
transfer coefficient and the thermal resistance for both thicknesses.

From table 19 the thermal resistance of Stucco R at 25 mm thickness is 0.037 m2K/W, the
heat transfer coefficient U is:

While when the given thickness is not tableted, like for 10 mm thickness, we should use
the thermal conductivity:

Heat transfer coefficient and weight of the wall, partition and roof.

Outside Wall:
Table 19 Properties of building materials

Description L K P R Mass
mm W/mK kg/m3 2
m K/W kg/m2
Outside surface resistance 0 0.000 0 0.059 0.00
Common brick 100 0.727 1922 0.140 195.20
Inside surface resistance 0 0.000 0 0.121 0.00
Cement plaster 13 1680 0.05 105.6
Expanded polyurethane 0.04 16
Plaster or gypsum

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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

Common Brick

Cement plaster

Overall heat transfer coefficient and weight of outside wall

Partition
Description L K P R Mass
mm W/mK kg/m3 2
m K/W kg/m2
Outside surface resistance 0 0.000 0 0.059 0.00
Common brick 100 0.727 1922 0.140 195.20
Inside surface resistance 0 0.000 0 0.121 0.00
Plaster or gypsum 20 0.727 1602 0.026 30.74

Plaster or gypsum

Common Brick

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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

Overall heat transfer coefficient of partition

Roof:
roof is built from outside to inside from 10 mm cement tail, 100 mm sand, 25 mm Expanded
polyurethane, Asphalt shingles, 150 mm concrete and 13 mm gypsum
Description L K P R Mass
mm W/mK kg/m3 m2K/W kg/m2
Outside surface resistance 0 0.000 0 0.059 0.00
high density concrete 150 1.731 2243 0.088 341.60
Inside surface resistance 0 0.000 0 0.121 0.00
Plaster or gypsum 20 0.727 1602 0.026 30.74
Asphalt Roll Roofing 1120 0.09
Concrete Tile 10 1921 0.037 23
Sand 130 1681 0.016 21
Expanded polyurethane 0.04 16
Concrete tile

sand

Expanded polyurethane

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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

Asphalt roll roofing

High density concrete

Gypsum

Overall heat transfer coefficient and weight of exposed roof

Door 25 mm wood thick (table 20 exposed door)

Widow ordinary glass (table 20 exposed door)

Weight and heat transfer coefficients for the building constructions

Outer wall Partition Roof Window Door
U W 2.1 W/m2K U W
2 W/m2K 2.1 1.4 W/m2K 6.42 W/m2K 3.92 W/m2K

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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

Area of building construction

Net area of walls Windows Exp.
door
applications W N E S roof floor W N E S Door partition glass
N
18.1
Bed R1 13.9 -- -- -- 50.75 50.75 3.6 -- -- -- 2.1 3.6
13.3
Living R 10.2 16.4 -- -- 38.8 38.8 3.6 -- -- -- 4.2 10.75 3.6
Bed R2 8.6 6.7 16.9 16.9 -- -- 2.7 2.7 2.1 9.2 5.4
9.2
Bed R3 8.6 16.9 16.9 2.7 2.1 2.7
9.4 (k)
Corridor 2.5 9 9 2.1 2.9
Kitchen 21 21

Appliances
People Lights appliances
applications
Bed R1 2 120
Living R 4 480 TV Pc Print. coffe
Bed R2 1 120
Bed R3 1 120
Corridor
Kitchen 480
Inside Design Conditions
From table 2
Type of Summer Winter
application Deluxe Commercial With Humidification Without
Practice Humidification
DBT RH DBT RH Temp DBT RH Temp. DBT Temp.
°C % °C % swing °C % Swing °C Swing
°C °C °C
General
Comfort
Apt. Houses, 23.5- 50- 25- 50- 23.5- 50- -1.5 to
1-2 24-25 -2.2
Hotel, Office, 24.5 45 26 45 24.5 45 2.2
Hospital,
School, etc.
In summer the design conditions is 25°C DBT and 50% RH

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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

Outside design conditions

From table 1
summer winter
Actual Approx.
Cities Location Longitude DB RH Daily DB RH
Latitude Latitude
oC % range oC %
HADITHA 34.040 42.220 43.5 16 18 1 93

MIDDLE
BAGHDAD 33.140 44.140 45 15 18.7 1.5 84

330
RUTBA 33.020 40.470 40 15 17.3 0.5 82
HABBANIYA 33.220 43.340 44 17 18.3 2.5 85

The outside design conditions for summer is 45°C DBT and 15% RH with daily range of
18.7°C, 1.5°C and 84% RH for winter.
Equivalent temperature difference: To calculate the equivalent temperature difference for
any wall or roof at any orientation, the following procedures must be considered:
This sample of calculation is for West wall

No Procedures Value Table

1 Calculate the weight of wall or roof per m2 ( Tables 17 to 20) 516 19
2 Select the equivalent temperature difference depending on 5.6 15
orientation, weight of wall and day time
3 Select the outdoor design conditions for summer 45 1
4 Select the outdoor design conditions for winter 1.5 1
5 Find the yearly range 43.5 ---
6 Find the daily range 18.7 1
7 Find the difference between (outdoor design condition for month 45- ---
at 3P.M. ) Room design condition 25=20
8 Find the correction of equivalent temp. diff 7.2 16 A
Note 1
9 12.8
10 Find equivalent temperature difference for same wall or roof in 1.7 15
shade at desired time of day
11 8.9

12 Find the maximum solar radiation maximum solar heat gain 521 12A
through glass for wall facing or horizontal for roofs, for month
and latitude desired
13 Find the maximum solar heat gain through glass for wall facing 511 12B
or horizontal for roofs, for July at 40 North latitude ,
14 d- For medium color walls and roofs 12.18

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 Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineering. Engineering Technical College
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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

Note 1
16 A
OUTDOO
R DESIGN
CONDITI Daily Range oC
ON FOR
MONTH
AT 3 P.M.
MINUS 8.9 10.0 11.1 12.2 13.3 14.4 15.6 16.7 17.8 18.9 20.0 21.1 22.2
ROOM
TEMP
19.4 12.2 11.7 11.1 10.6 10.0 9.4 8.9 8.3 7.8 7.2 6.7 6.1 5.6

Equivalent Temp Diff. For example 2

W N E S Roof
2
1 Calculate the weight of wall or roof per m 516 516 516 516 416
2 Select the equivalent temperature difference (T15) 5.6 1.7 11.1 8.3 15.6
3 Summer outdoor design conditions 45 45 45 45 45
4 Winter outdoor design conditions 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
5 yearly range 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5
6 daily range 18.7 18.7 18.7 18.7 18.7
7 To-Ti 20 20 20 20 20
8 correction of equivalent temp. diff (T16A) 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2
9 Dtem 12.8 8.9 18.3 15.5 22.8

10 Dtes-N 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

11 Dtes- calculated 8.9 3.4 12.8 10 8.9

12 Rs 521 44 521 199 741
13 Rm 511 44 511 322 675
14 medium 12.18 7.7 17.4 8.8 21.7
Cooling load sheet title

Cooling Load Building: home Room name: bed Room No.1

Room 1
o o
Indoor Design 25 C DBT C WBT RH 50 %
condition
o o
Outdoor design 45 C DBT C WBT RH 15 %
condition
Month :Aug. Peak time:3 PM City: Baghdad Lat. 33.14 o
gindoor= 0.01 kgw/kg/a

goutdoor=0.009 kgw/kg/a

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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION

External Heat Gain

1- Solar and transmission Heat gain Glass

E Q SolHG. A F
q
1 W/ window = 476 3.6 1.7 =
(T12A) 2913
E/ window = =
S/ window = =
Glass

/ window = =
Transmission windows
2o
2 W/m C A
window = 6.4 3.6 11 = 418

2- Solar and transmission gain walls, roof and partitions

Solar and Transmission Gain

2o
3 W/m C A
Waals, Floor and Roof

W/Wall = 2 13.9 12.18 = 339

N/Wall = =
E/Wall = =
s/Wall = =
4 Roof = 1.4 50.75 21.7 = 1542
Floor = =
5 Partitions = 2.1 18.1 15 = 760
Note: the partition near corridor will not calculated since the exhaust air is through the
corridor

3- People

Heat Gain
Nos. SenHG F
People

6a Sensible = 2 75 1 = 150
(T26)
6b Latent = 2 55 1 = 110
4- Appliances : No appliance in bed room 1
5- Lights

7 m2 W F
Lig

Light = -- 240 1.25 = 300

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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

6- Ventilation and infiltration (W3):

Vent & inflit. 10 LC/W= 1 Nos. 2(( 1 +0.6 )=3.2 A= Nos. m2=
m LC/D m2
IOA/windo = 3.2 0.3 = 1 Lit/s
ws (T924)
IOA/door
11 V = 2 Nos. x 2.5 1 = 5 Lit/s
(T 26)
VOA = 1Lit/s + 5Lit/s = 6 Lit/s

Room load
F VOA
11a OASH = 1.21 6 20 = 145
11b OALH = 3000 6 (0.01-0.009) = 18
11c OATH = 9607 + 1191 = = 163
12 RSH = = 5823
13 RLH = 110 + = 110
14 RTH = 5705 + 110 = 5815
15 TSH = 5705 + 145 = 5850
16 TLH = 18 + 110 = 128
17 GTH = 64167 + 4791 = 6000

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Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineering. Engineering Technical College
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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

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Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineering. Engineering Technical College
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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

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Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineering. Engineering Technical College
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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

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Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineering. Engineering Technical College
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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

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Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineering. Engineering Technical College
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3 year refrigeration and Air conditioning Course 8/8/2018 Prof. Dr. Abdul N. Khalifa.

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