COMMUNICATION is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from

one person to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures.
- it is a two-way process of connecting to both living and non-living things. Means sharing
and exchanging messages, information, ideas, and feelings for mutual understanding.

Communication is a PROCESS ( systematic process,dynamic process/changing,

process/complicated/more than one
OCCURS between two or more people
EXPRESSED through written and spoken words
INEVITABLE/cannot be avoided
IRREVERSIBLE/ cannot undo
UNREPEATABLE cannot be repeated

Process of communication

-Sender the person who initiates a message

-encoding the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that
the speaker understands.

-Message is a communication or statement conveyed from one person or another group to

another

-Channel the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal,
in which the encoded message is conveyed

-Reciever the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message.

-Decoding the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver.

-Feedback the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver.

-Noise refers to interference that takes place during the process of communication

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Speaker- the source of information or message.

2. Message- the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in

actions.

3. Encoding- the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that
the speaker understands.
4. Channel- the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or
nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed

5. Decoding- the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the
receiver.

6. Receiver- the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message.

7. Feedback- the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver.

8. Context- the environment where communication takes place.

• Physical context- the environment where communication takes place.

• Social Context- the relationship the participants hold for each other

• Psychological Context- mood and emotions of the communicators at the moment of

communication.

9. Barrier- the factors that affect the flow of communication

• External Noise- comes from the physical environment

• Internal Noise- confined with the psychological and sociological nature of individuals.

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Control- communication functions to control behavior.

2. Social Interaction- Communication allows individuals to interact with others.

3. Motivation- Communication motivates or encourages people to live better.

4. Emotional Expression- communication facilitates people's expression of their feelings

and emotions.

5. Information dissemination- communication functions to convey information.

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

A. Linear communication
- one-way, focusing on the transmission of a message to a receiver who never responds or
has no way of responding to the information conveyed
SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
-It is known as the mother of all communication models. It is a linear one-way acess
consisting of five elements.

B. Interactive Communication
-Interactive approach is a two-way communication process where a response is given after a
message is sent. The recipient of the action intentionally or unintentionally gives a feedback
associated with the information received.

SCHRAMM MODEL
Schramm (1954) visualized the process of communication as an exchange of thoughts and
ideas.
Feedback was added to the Shannon-Weaver Model. The recipient of the message decodes
it and creates a f eedback based on his understanding of the information sent and vice
versa.

C. Transactional Model
-describes communication as a process in which communicators generate social realities
within social, relational and cultural contexts.
-Feedback is given freely and deliberately to one another or to all members participating in
the communication transaction.
-The sender and the receiver may simultaneously exchange roles as communicators.

Communication breakdown and its types

Communication breakdown
when communication falters, It can lead to
misunderstandings, misinterpretation or even lack of communication.

1. PHYSICAL BARRIERS
- are the natural or environmental condition that act as a barrier in communication in sending
the message from sender to receiver.

Examples: PHYSICAL BARRIERS

1. People talking too loud.
2. Noise from a construction site
3. Loud sound of a karaoke
4. Blaring of jeepney horns

2. PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS
-are called as mental barriers. These refer to social and personal issues of a speaker
towards communicating with others.
Examples: PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS
1. trauma
2. shyness, lack of confidence
3. depression
4. fear, stage fright

3. CULTURAL BARRIERS
- pertain to communication problems encountered by people regarding their intrinsic values,
beliefs, and traditions in conflict with others. People's culture affects the way they
communicate and relate to others

Examples: CULTURAL BARRIERS

1. different beliefs
2. traditions, and customs
3. manners of dressing
4. speaking

4. LINGUISTIC BARRIERS
- pertain conflicts with regard to language and word meanings.
Because words carry denotative and connotative meanings, they can sometimes cause
confusion and misunderstanding. Meaning of words and symbols also vary depending on
culture.

Examples: LINGUISTIC BARRIERS

1, difference in language
2. accent and dialect
3. use of jargon and slang

4. speech defects or language impairments

Verderber (1991) gives a similar idea of barrier when he classifies noise into three kinds:

1. External
2. Internal
3. Semantic noise.

External Noises
-are the "sight sound and other stimuli

Internal noises
- are the "thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaning.

Examples: Internal noises

1. confrontation with a friend
2. fear of speaking in front of the class.
3. racial prejudice

Semantic noises
are the "alternate meanings aroused by a speaker's symbols."
This idea means that a word may have another meaning in the minds of the students.

This is affected by the language in which they grew and the culture in which they are
exposed.

Examples: Semantic noises

1. incorrect grammar
2. using excessive technical jargon
3. using idiomatic expressions

5 ways to avoid communication breakdown

1. Have Clarity of thought before speaking

Arrange your thoughts before verbalizing them this can help you communicate much more
clearly and succinctly.

2. Learn to Listen

As simple as it sounds, you'll be surprised how many people out there don't know how to
listen well.

3. Take Care of your Body Language and Tone

Keep your emotions in check, try to maintain eye contact, and adopt a relaxed tone when
conversing with others.

4. Build up your confidence by asking for feedback and observing others

Focus on improving your skills by practicing in front of those who you may feel more
comfortable with.

5. Communicate Face to Face on the important issues

Having that face to face dialogue means you can convey your point more clearly, with your
body language as well as your tone of voice.

SEVEN CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE

COMMUNICATION
1. Completeness (All the needed details are given.)
2. Conciseness (Straight to the point.)
3. Concreteness (Based on facts.)
4. Consideration (Consider the status, level, age, belief, gender of the audience.)
5. Courtesy (Know how to respect.)
6. Clearness (Messages are easy to understand.)
7. Correctness (Correct substance/content. Correct language/grammar.)

Types of speech context

Types of speech context

-intrapersonal
-interpersonal
-public
-mass communication

Intrapersonal
-the message is made up of your thoughts and feelings

Interpersonal
-you and another person become linked together

Types of interpersonal context

Dyad communication-occurs between two people

Small group-involves three but not more than twelve people engaging in a face to face
interaction

Public
-The voice is louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience is bigger.
Informational or persuasive purpose.

Mass Communication
-Takes place through magazine, television; radio, newspaper, books;
billboards, etc

WHAT IS SPEECH STYLE?

-The unique way in which the information is delivered through the audience.
-It is a form of language that the speaker uses which is characterized by the degree of
formality.
(Joos, 1976)

TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE

Intimate

-Style is private.
-Occurs between close family members or intimate individuals.
Casual

-Common among peers and friends.

-Jargon, slang, street language, gay language, or vulgar words are used

Consultative

-Standard style of speech

-Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in this style.

Formal

-One-way communication.
-Straight forward speech.
-Uses logically sequenced idea

Frozen

-Used during respectful events and ceremonies.

-Speech used remains unchanged over time.

Types of speech act

What is speech act

A speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended

3 types of speech act

-locutionary
-illocutionary
-perlocutionary

Locutionary act
-act making a meaningful utterance

Illocutionary act
-speaker’s intention in delivering an utterance

Perlocutionary act
-the resulting act of what is said

SUBTYPES OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACT

-Assertive
-Directive
-Commisive
-Experssive
-Declaration

ASSERTIVE
- A representation of reality
- A statement, description, classification, explanation, and clarification.
- Asserting needs confidence
- The quality (tone) of your voice is important

DIRECTIVE
- An act which commits the speaker to doing something in the future.
- Not true or false like assertives, but it's either to be followed or to be unfollowed.
- Other examples are: when ordering, commanding, requesting, pleading, begging, praying.
insisting, and suggesting.

COMMISSIVE
- are those kinds of speech acts that speaker use to commit themselves to some future
actions.

EXPRESSIVE
- speech acts are utterances that convey the speaker's emotions about themselves/the
world.

DECLARATION
- It is the most interesting type of speech act as it brings a change in the external situation.
- A declaration is an utterance that change the worlds by representing it as being so change.

Types of communicative strategies

communicative strategies

Communicative strategies refer to the methods or techniques people use to achieve effective
communication

Types of strategies
-nomination
-restriction
-turn-taking
-topic control
-topic shifting
-repair
-termination

NOMINATION
The act of suggesting or introducing a topic or participant for consideration or discussion in a
conversation.
RESTRICTION
The imposition of limits or boundaries on the content, scope, or participation within a
conversation.

TURN-TAKING
The practice of alternating between speakers in a conversation, allowing each person a
chance to speak and be heard.

TOPIC CONTROL
This covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in
conversation.

TOPIC SHIFTING
The process of changing the focus of a conversation from one subject to another, either
intentionally or naturally as the discussion evolves.

REPAIR
The act of correcting errors, misunderstandings, or gaps in communication to ensure clarity
and mutual understanding.

TERMINATION
The process of bringing a conversation or interaction to a close, often in a structured or
polite manner.