Time and Calendar

Clocks
Look at the following clocks.

Here are some units for measuring time:

Telling the Time

1. To the Nearest 5 Minutes

As you can see, there are 60 marks on the face of the clock, out of which 12
are numbered. The numerals show a duration of 5 minutes, that is, if the
minute hand is at 1, it means 5 minutes past the hour; if at 2, it shows 10
minutes and so on.

Between the numerals, we have sub-divisions. Each sub-division stands

for 1 minute. So, 60 divisions on the dial shows 60 minutes. The minute
 hand completes 1 round of the dial in 1 hour, i.e., 60 minutes.
Now, read the following clocks:

2. To the Nearest Minute

Whatever we have studied in Class 3, let us recall with the help of the
examples given below.

In Clock A, the minute hand has moved 23 divisions and the hour hand is
between 10 and 11, so the time is 10:23 or twenty-three minutes past ten.
Similarly, the times for Clock B and Clock C are shown above.
Tips:

• When the minute hand is before 6, we read it as past.

• When the minutehand is after 6, we read it as to...

Using A.M. and P.M. Time

The time shown on the clock given alongside is 8:25, but we are not able to
determine whether it is 8:25 in the morning or evening.

A day has 24 hours, so in a 12-hour clock (that we use) the hour hand goes around
the clock two times and shows similar time twice a day.

To differentiate this, we use a.m. (ante meridian) to show time from after midnight
to before noon and p.m. (post meridian) to show time from afternoon to
midnight.

So, 8:25 in the morning is written as 8:25 a.m. and the same time at night is written
as 8:25 p.m.

Tips: A day begins at 12 midnight and ends at 12 midnight of the following day.
24-Hour Time Notation
We have already studied the 24-hour clock in Class 3. The 24-hour time notation is
represented by a ‘24-hour clock’.

Here, the time from 12 midnight to 12 midnight (1 day) is given as 0000 hours to
2400 hours, where the first two digits refer to hours and the last two digits to
minutes.
The table given below shows the 24-hour time equivalent to12-hour time:

Thus,

• 8:35 a.m. = 0835 hours;

• 3:15 p.m. = 1515 hours;
• 11:40 a.m. = 1140 hours;
• 11:50 p.m. = 2350 hours.

Conversion of Time

Look at the following clocks and tell what time they show.
Tips:

Converting from Hours to Minutes and Minutes to Hours

1. Hours to minutes: 1 h = 60 min

Examples:
(a) 5 h = 5 × 60 min = 300 min
(b) 2 h 45 min = 2 h + 45 min = 2 × 60 min + 45 min
= 120 min + 45 min
= 165 min
2. Minutes to hours:

Examples:
(a) 480 min = (480 ÷ 60) h = 8 h
(b) 352 min = (352 ÷ 60) h
= 5 h 52 min
 Or

352 min = 300 min + 52 min

= (300 ÷ 60) h + 52 min
= 5 h + 52 min
= 5 h 52 min

Operations on Measures of Time

1. Addition
Example 1: Add 6 hours 45 minutes and 11 hours 39 minutes.

Thus, 6 hours 45 minutes + 11 hours 39 minutes = 18 hours 24 minutes.

Think:
45 min + 39 min = 84 min
= 60 min + 24 min
= 1 h + 24 min

2. Subtraction

Example 2: Raju completes a painting in 6 hours 26 minutes and Rohit completes it

in 4 hours 45 minutes. How much more time does Raju take to complete the
painting?

You have to subtract 4 hours 45 minutes from 6 hours 26 minutes to find the
required time.
Thus, Raju takes 1 hour 41 minutes more to complete the painting.

Think:
45 min cannot be subtracted from 26 min.
Borrow, 1 h = 60 min from 6 hours.
60 min + 26 min = 86 min
86 min – 45 min = 41 min
5h–4h=1h

Elapsed Time

Using the 24-hour time notation and our knowledge of addition and subtraction of
time, we can easily find the elapsed time.
Elapsed time is the time between the two given times.
We can also find the starting time, when the finishing time and the duration of
activity is given or the finishing time, when the starting time and the duration of the
activity is given.

Example 3: Mr Verma’s office starts at 10 a.m. and closes at 6 p.m. How many hours
does the office remain open?

Thus, Mr Verma’s office remains open for 2 hours + 6 hours = 8 hours.

Example 4: A flight took off for Mumbai from New Delhi at 3:10 p.m. The plane
landed in Mumbai at 4:55 p.m. What was the duration of the flight?
∴ Duration of the flight = 50 minutes + 55 minutes
= 105 minutes = 60 minutes + 45 minutes
= 1 hour + 45 minutes
∵ 1 hour = 60 min
Thus, the duration of the flight was 1 hour 45 minutes.

Example 5: How long is the time from

(a) 1542 hours to 2039 hours?
(b) 4:35 a.m. to 6:20 p.m.?

(a) The elapsed time is 2039 hours – 1542 hours.

Thus, the elapsed time is 4 hours 57 minutes.

(b) To find the elapsed time between 4:35 a.m and 6:20 p.m., first convert the time
into 24-hour time.

Thus, the elapsed time is 13 hours 45 minutes.

Example 6: Find the time using a 24-hour clock.

(a) 4 hours 25 minutes after 2040 hours
(b) 8 hours 15 minutes before 2:35 p.m.
(a) Add 4 hours 25 minutes to 2040 hours to find the required time.
20 h 40 min + 4 h 25 min
= 24 h 65 min = 24 h + 1 h + 5 min
= 1:05 a.m. (It becomes next day.) 1 h 5 min after 12:00 midnight.

(b) 2:35 p.m. = 1435 hours = 14 h 35 min

∴ Required time = 14 h 35 min – 8 h 15 min
= 6 h 20 min
= 0620 hours or 6:20 a.m.

Calendar
A calendar is a record of the months, weeks and days in a year. Calendar for the year
2019 is shown below.

It is a record of 12 months of a year. One year has 365 days. It has 52 weeks. A day is
the time that the earth takes to complete one rotation on its axis. 1 day is the
standard unit of time. 1 year is equivalent to 365 days. 7 days make one week.

Starting from the first day of the week, the names of different days of the week are:
This cycle of days is repeated again and again.

The short forms for the days of the week are as follows:
Mon., Tues., Wed., Thurs., Fri., Sat., Sun.
If today is a Monday, after 7 days it will again be Monday.

Months and Days

There are 12 months in a year. They are — January, February, March, April, May,
June, July, August, September, October, November and December.
The number of days in various months are as follows:

April, June, September and November have 30 days. All the rest have 31, except
February which has 28 days and 29 days in a leap year.
To find the number of days in a year:
(7 × 31) + (4 × 30) + (1 × 28) = _________.

There are 365 days in a year. Once in every four years has an extra day. A year with
366 days is called a leap year. Every fourth year is a leap year. The extra day is
added to February, which then has 29 days. Here are some leap years: 2004, 2008,
2012, 2016.

What leap year comes next after 2016? How did you find it?
1. A year is a leap year, if it is divisible by 4.
2. If a year ends in a hundred, it will not be a leap year, unless it is divisible by 400.

Thus, the year 2000 is a leap year, while 1900 is not.

To find the number of weeks in a year, divide 365 by 7, since each week has 7 days.
365 ÷ 7 = 52 weeks 1 day. There are 52 weeks and 1 day extra.
By studying the calendar, we learn that:

We call the years from 1900 to 1999 the twentieth century. The years from 2000 to
2099 is the twenty-first century.
Months and Years

We already know that 12 months = 1 year.

We can change 1 year 7 months to months, as follows.
1 year 7 months = 12 months + 7 months = 19 months
We can change 20 months to year and months, as follows.
20 months = 12 months + 8 months = 1 year 8 months

Solved Examples

Example 7: If 10 April, 2018 was a Tuesday, what was the day on 30 April, 2018?

The same day is repeated after every 7 days. After 10 April, the next Tuesday fell on
17 April and then on 24 April.

Therefore, counting ahead from 24 April, 30 April, 2018 was a Monday.

Example 8: Rahul is 4 years 8 months old. His sister Divya is 2 years 9 months elder
to him. How old is she?

Divya’ s age = Rahul’s age + 2 years 9 months

= 4 years 8 months + 2 years 9 months
= 6 years 17 months
= 6 years + 12 months + 5 months
= 6 years + 1 year + 5 months (12 months = 1 year)

= 7 years 5 months.

Example 9: Piyush went for a project to London when he was 24 years 5 months old.

Now he is 33 years 2 months old. How long has he been there?

Piyush stayed in London for: (33 years 2 months – 24 years 5 months)

Thus, Piyush stayed in London for 8 years 9 months.

5 months cannot be subtracted from 2 months. So, we borrow one year from 33
years. 1 year = 12 months; 12 + 2 = 14.
Subtract 5 months from 14 months and 24 years from remaining 32 years.

Number of Days between Two Given Dates

We can find the number of days between two given dates as under:
For example, to find the number of days between 20 July, 1947 and 2 October, 1947,
we proceed as follows.
Leaving out 20 July, take 11 days for July, that is, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30
and 31 of the month. Also leave out 2 October.
Note: Whether you should count the first or the last day or both depends on the
particular situation or nature of question.

Tips: If you have to find the number of days from (not between) 20 July to 2 Oct.,
then the number of days are 12 + 31 + 30 + 2 = 75

Example 10: The football team reached England on 10 February, 2017 and stayed
for 45 days. Find the date on which the team returned?
Number of days the team stayed in England in February
= 19 days (10th February is also counted.)

(Count from 10 to 28 11, 11, ..., 28)

Number of days the team stayed in England in March,
= 45 – 19 = 26 days
Thus, the team stayed till 26 March, 2017 and returned on 27 March 2017.

Example 11: Nishant started reading “Charlie and the Chocolate Factory” on 15 May.

It took him 21 days to complete the book. On what day did he finish reading?
Number of days on which Nishant read the book in May = 31 – 14 = 17
(Here, 15 May is also counted.)
Number of days he read in June = 21 – 17 = 4.
Thus, Nishant finished reading the book on 4 June.