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Basic Logic Symbols

The document defines various logical symbols used in logic and their meanings. It provides the symbol, name, what it should be read as, the logical concept it represents, examples of its use, and in some cases the category of logic it applies to. Some of the key logical symbols defined include material implication, logical conjunction, logical disjunction, negation, universal quantification, existential quantification, tautology, contradiction, and symbols representing provability and semantic entailment.

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260 views

Basic Logic Symbols

The document defines various logical symbols used in logic and their meanings. It provides the symbol, name, what it should be read as, the logical concept it represents, examples of its use, and in some cases the category of logic it applies to. Some of the key logical symbols defined include material implication, logical conjunction, logical disjunction, negation, universal quantification, existential quantification, tautology, contradiction, and symbols representing provability and semantic entailment.

Uploaded by

Sedat Can
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASIC LOGIC SYMBOLS Name Symbol Should be read as Category material implication A B means if A is true then B is also true;

; if A is false then nothing is said about B. implies; if .. then may mean the same as (the symbol may also x = 2 x2 = 4 is true, but x2 = indicate the domain and codomain of a function; 4 x = 2 is in general false (since see table of mathematical symbols). x could be 2). may mean the same as (the symbol may also mean superset). Explanation Examples

propositional logic, Heyting algebra

! & +

material equivalence if and only if; iff propositional logic negation not propositional logic logical conjunction and propositional logic logical disjunction or propositional logic exclusive disjunction The statement A B is true if A or B (or both) are n 4 n 2 n 3 when n is a true; if both are false, the statement is false. natural number. The statement A B is true if A and B are both true; else it is false. n < 4 n >2 n = 3 when n is a natural number. The statement A is true if and only if A is false. A slash placed through another operator is the same as "" placed in front. (A) A x y (x = y) A B means A is true if and only if B is true. x + 5 = y +2 x + 3 = y

xor propositional logic, Boolean algebra

The statement A B is true when either A or B, but not both, are true. A B means the same.

(A) A is always true, A A is always false.

Tautology T 1 top The statement is unconditionally true. propositional logic, Boolean algebra Contradiction F 0 bottom The statement is unconditionally false. propositional logic, Boolean algebra universal quantification for all; for any; for each predicate logic existential quantification there exists first-order logic uniqueness quantification ! ! x: P(x) means there is exactly one x such that there exists exactly P(x) is true. one first-order logic := : definition is defined as everywhere precedence grouping everywhere x := y or x y means x is defined to be another name for y (but note that can also mean other things, such as congruence). P : Q means P is defined to be logically equivalent to Q. ! n N: n + 5 = 2n. x: P(x) means there is at least one x such that P(x) is true. n N: n is even. x: P(x) means P(x) is true for all x. n N: n2 n. A is always true. A is always true.

cosh x := (1/2)(exp x + exp (x)) A XOR B : (A B) (A B)

()

Perform the operations inside the parentheses first.

(8/4)/2 = 2/2 = 1, but 8/(4/2) = 8/2 = 4.

Turnstile provable propositional logic, first-order logic double turnstile entails propositional logic, first-order logic x y means x semantically entails y A B B A x y means y is provable from x (in some specified formal system). A B B A

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