Notes_ Respiration
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CHANDANI SHARMANotes_ Respiration
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CHANDANI SHARMA🌿 Respiration in Living Organisms
🌬️ Definition of Respiration
● Respiration is the process of oxidation of food materials (like glucose) in
cells to release energy for various life processes (like movement, growth,
repair, etc.).
🔥 Types of Respiration
Type Oxygen Used? Products
Aerobic Respiration Yes Carbon dioxide (CO₂) + Water +
Energy
Anaerobic No Lactic acid / Alcohol + Energy
Respiration
🧪 Aerobic Respiration
● Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
● Example: Most plants and animals, including humans, do this.
🧪 Anaerobic Respiration
● Some organisms (like yeast or muscle cells during hard exercise) can
respire without oxygen.
● Glucose → Alcohol + CO₂ + Energy (in yeast)
● Glucose → Lactic acid + Energy (in human muscles during heavy exercise)
🌱 Key Points
✅✅Organic matter (like glucose) is broken down.
Energy is released for life processes.
✅ CO₂ is produced as a by-product in aerobic respiration.
🌬️ Experiment: Proving that CO₂ is Released During Respiration in Humans
🎓 Materials Required
✅✅2Freshly
test tubes
✅ prepared lime water
✅ Rubber tubing
Syringe / Pichkari (to pass atmospheric air)
🧪 Procedure
1️⃣ Take fresh lime water in two test tubes:
● Test Tube A: Pass exhaled air from your mouth using a rubber tube.
● Test Tube B: Pass atmospheric air using a syringe or pichkari.
2️⃣ Observe the time taken for the lime water to turn milky (due to formation of
calcium carbonate when CO₂ reacts with lime water).
🔍 Observations
Test Tube Air Passed Lime Water Reaction
A Exhaled air (human breath) Turns milky quickly
B Atmospheric air Turns milky, but slowly
(syringe/pichkari)
📚 Conclusion
✅✅Exhaled air contains more CO₂ than atmospheric air.
This proves that CO₂ is produced during respiration in humans.
🧮 Chemical Reaction in Lime Water
Ca(OH)2+CO2→CaCO3↓+H2O
● Lime water + Carbon dioxide → Calcium carbonate (white precipitate, milky) +
Water
🌬️ Experiment: CO₂ Release During Respiration in Yeast
🎓 Materials Required
✅✅Test tube
✅
✅
One-holed cork
Bent delivery tube
✅ Lime water (freshly prepared)
✅ Yeast
Fruit juice / sugar solution
🧪 Procedure
1️⃣ Take fruit juice or sugar solution in a test tube.
2️⃣ Add a small amount of yeast to the test tube.
3️⃣ Close the test tube with a one-holed cork.
4️⃣ Fit the cork with a bent glass delivery tube.
5️⃣ Dip the free end of the tube into another test tube containing fresh lime water.
6️⃣ Leave the setup undisturbed for some time.
🔍 Observation
✅✅Lime water turns milky after some time.
This shows that CO₂ is released by yeast during respiration.
📚 Conclusion
✅ Yeast respires by breaking down sugar (anaerobic respiration or fermentation)
✅ This carbon dioxide turns lime water milky.
and produces carbon dioxide.
🍞 Fermentation Process (Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast)
Glucose (sugar) → Ethanol (alcohol) + CO2+Energy
🌿 Chemical Reaction in Lime Water
Ca(OH)2+CO2→CaCO3↓+H2O
✅ The white precipitate of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) makes the lime water
milky.
🌿 Breakdown of Glucose by Various Pathways
🌱 Step 1: Common for All
✅ In all organisms, the first step of respiration is the breakdown of glucose
✅ This occurs in the cytoplasm.
(6-carbon) into pyruvate (3-carbon).
Glucose (C6H12O6)⟶Pyruvate (3-C)
🔥 Pathways after Pyruvate Formation
1️⃣ In Presence of Oxygen (Aerobic Respiration in Mitochondria)
✅ Pyruvate is broken down into:
CO2+Water+Energy
✅✅Occurs in mitochondria.
Maximum energy released (large ATP yield).
2️⃣ In Absence of Oxygen (Anaerobic Respiration)
🌸 In Yeast (Fermentation):
Pyruvate⟶Ethanol (2-carbon)+CO2+Energy
✅✅Occurs in cytoplasm.
✅ Example: Making bread, alcohol (fermentation).
Less energy released.
💪 In Human Muscle Cells (During Sudden Activity):
Pyruvate⟶Lactic Acid (3-carbon)+Energy
✅✅Occurs when there is no oxygen in muscles (e.g., during intense exercise).
Causes muscle cramps due to lactic acid build-up.
📊 Summary Table
Respiration Product Where? Energy
Type
Aerobic CO₂ + Water + Mitochondria High (38 ATP)
Energy
Anaerobic in Ethanol + CO₂ + Cytoplasm Low
yeast Energy
Anaerobic in Lactic acid + Energy Cytoplasm Low
muscles
