General Mathematics

Activity Sheets
Quarter 1 – MELC 30
Solving Problems Involving
Logarithmic Functions, Equations, and
Inequalities

REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS

General Mathematics– Grade 11
Activity Sheet No. 30
First Edition, 2021

Published in the Philippines

By the Department of Education
Region 6 – Western Visayas

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
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exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

This Learning Activity Sheet is developed by DepEd Region 6 – Western

Visayas.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this learning resource may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical
without written permission from the DepEd Regional Office 6 – Western Visayas.

Development Team of General Mathematics Activity Sheet

Writer: Michael M. Luna

Illustrator: Michael M. Luna

Layout Artists: Michael M. Luna & Rutchel J. Ngipen

Schools Division Quality Assurance Team:

Ligaya H. Montelijao, EPS-Mathematics
Leila G. Valencia, EPS-LR
Jezereel Grace G. Tiron
Bernie P. Alcedo
Alma M. Mirasol, EPS, SDO Sagay City
Lesser A. Loc
Rona L. Parreno
Division of Iloilo City Management Team:
Ma. Luz M. De los Reyes, PhD, CESO V, SDS
Dannie Clark M. Uguil, OIC-ASDS
Arlo L. Villalva, CID Chief
Jerry M. Lego, EdD, SGOD Chief
Leila G. Valencia, EPS-LR
Ligaya H. Montelijao, EPS-Mathematics
Regional Management Team:
Ramir B. Uytico, EdD, CESO IV
Pedro T. Escobarte, Jr., PhD, CESO V
Elena P. Gonzaga, EdD
Donald T. Genine

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Introductory Message
Welcome to General Mathematics 11!

The Learning Activity Sheet is a product of the collaborative efforts of the

Schools Division of Iloilo City and DepEd Regional Office VI - Western Visayas through
the Curriculum and Learning Management Division (CLMD). This is developed to guide
the learning facilitators (teachers, parents and responsible adults) in helping the learners
meet the standards set by the K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum.

The Learning Activity Sheet is self-directed instructional materials aimed to

guide the learners in accomplishing activities at their own pace and time using the
contextualized resources in the community. This will also assist the learners in acquiring
the lifelong learning skills, knowledge and attitudes for productivity and employment.

For learning facilitator:

The General Mathematics Activity Sheet will help you facilitate the teaching-
learning activities specified in each Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC) with
minimal or no face-to-face encounter between you and learner. This will be made
available to the learners with the references/links to ease the independent learning.

For the learner:

The General Mathematics Activity Sheet is developed to help you continue

learning even if you are not in school. This learning material provides you with
meaningful and engaging activities for independent learning. Being an active learner,
carefully read and understand the instructions then perform the activities and answer
the assessments. This will be returned to your facilitator on the agreed schedule.

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 Quarter 1, Week 10

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No. 30

Name of Learner: ___________________ Date: _____________________________
Grade and Section: _________________

GENERAL MATHEMATICS ACTIVITY SHEET

Solving Problems Involving Logarithmic Functions, Equations, and
Inequalities

I. Learning Competency with Code

Solves problems involving logarithmic functions, equations, and inequalities.
(M11GM-Ij-2)

II. Background Information for Learners

Have you ever saved your money in the bank? Are you curious when to
achieve your goal interest for your savings to accumulate? How about
wondering when will the Philippines have twice population more than this
year? These are just a few examples of where we can use logarithms in real-
life situations. Other than the questions mentioned, there are many different
applications of logarithm especially on biology, business, social studies, etc.
Logarithm is the inverse of exponential function. While exponential
functions focus more on the power, logarithms are finding the exponents to
reach a desired power. Some of the problems can only be answered by
logarithm. We will explore the real-life applications of logarithm on this learning
material.

Important Terminologies:
 Compound Interest – this is a type of interest where you earn further from
your past interest.
 Growth – this is the rate by which the population increases in number.
 Decay – this is the rate by which the population decreases in number.
 Natural Number (e) – it is approximately equal to 2.71828… which is
derived from continuously getting compounded interest.
 Natural logarithm (ln) – it is a special logarithm with the base e.

Compound Interest

Interest will further earn interest if it stays with the principal amount. This
interest is called compound interest. If you let your money sit on the bank for 2
months, the first month interest will be added to the principal amount which will
become your new principal for the 2nd month. See the illustration below:

Time Principal Interest

1st Month 5,000 Php 20 Php
2nd Month 5,020 Php 25 Php
(new principal amount) (higher interest)

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There are two formulas for the compound interest for different cases:

Case 1: Interest is compounded n Case 2: Interest is compounded

times per year for t years continuously for t years

𝒓 𝒏𝒕
𝑨 = 𝑷 (𝟏 + ) 𝑨 = 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒕
𝒏
where, where,
A is the amount of interest. A is the amount of interest.
P is the principal money. P is the principal money.
r is the rate of interest. r is the rate of interest.
n is the number of times interest e is the natural number
will be given in a year. (e=2.71828…)
Monthly: n = 12 t is the number of years.
Quarterly: n = 4
Yearly: n=1
t is the number of years.

Growth and Decay

This refers to the population exponential growth or decay over a period of time.
This is applied mostly to organisms such as bacteria, substances, chemicals
and many more. Population of humans can also be explained by exponential
and logarithmic function.

Growth Decay

𝒚 = 𝒂𝒆𝒌𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒆𝒌𝒕

where, where,
y is the population after a y is the population after a
certain time. certain time.
a is the initial population. a is the initial population.
k is the constant. k is the constant.
k>0 for growth k<0 for decay
t refers to time elapsed. t refers to time elapsed.

As you solve problems, always ask yourself of the following:

a. What is to be solve?
b. What are the clues given in the situation?
c. Can we use drawing or illustrations to represent the problem?
d. What formula is applicable and appropriate?
e. Does the value/s or solutions answer the first question?
f. If so, what does this imply?

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Illustration of Compound Interest:

Example 1: Juan deposited P1,000.00 on his savings account that yields 12%
interest per year. How will it take for the investment to reach P2,000 if it is
compounded, a.) monthly or b.) continuously?

a. Case 1: Interest is
Solution
compounded monthly
𝒓 𝒏𝒕 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝒕
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝟏 + )
𝑨 = 𝑷 (𝟏 + ) 𝟏𝟐
𝒏
2000 = 1000(1.01)12𝑡
where,
A = P2,000 is the target 2000
= (1.01)12𝑡
amount 1000
P = P1,000 is the initial
2 = (1.01)12𝑡
deposit
r = 12% = 0.12 rate To solve for the exponent, we use the
converted to decimal concept of logarithm.
n = 12 times the interest 𝑙𝑜𝑔1.01 2 = 12𝑡
compounded in a year
t = ? is the time when the 𝑙𝑜𝑔1.01 2
𝑡=
investment will 12
accumulate to P2,000 Use your calculator and we get

𝑡 ≈ 5.81 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

Thus, the P1,000 invested by Juan will

become P2,000 after 5.81 years (which is
approximately 5 years and 9 months).
b. Case 2: Interest is
Solution
compounded continuously

𝑨 = 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒕 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒆𝟎.𝟏𝟐𝒕

where, 2000
= 𝑒 0.12𝑡
A = P2,000 is the target 1000
amount 2 = 𝑒 0.12𝑡
P = P1,000 is the initial
deposit To solve for the exponent, we use the
r = 12% = 0.12 rate concept of natural logarithm.
converted to decimal ln 2 = 0.12𝑡
t = ? is the time when the
investment will ln 2
𝑡=
accumulate to P2,000 0.12
Use your calculator and we get

𝑡 ≈ 5.77 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

Thus, the P1,000 invested by Juan will

become P2,000 after 5.77 years (which is
approximately 5 years and 9 months).
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Though we get nearly the same result, compounded continuously need shorter
time to accumulate the interest than monthly compounded interest in just a
matter of days. If you are Juan, what compound interest will you choose?

Illustration of Growth and Decay:

Example 2: Pedro observes that a certain type of bacteria is increasing its

population after t hours. The growth is explained by the equation
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒆𝟎.𝟏𝟗𝟓𝒕 with an initial 500 bacteria. How long will it take to have 5000
bacteria in the colony?

Growth Solution
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒆𝟎.𝟏𝟗𝟓𝒕
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒆𝟎.𝟏𝟗𝟓𝒕
5000
= 𝑒 0.195𝑡
where, 500
y = 5000 is the population 10 = 𝑒 0.195𝑡
after a certain time.
a = 500 is the initial To solve for the exponent, we use the
population. concept of logarithm.
k = 0.195 is the constant. ln 10 = 0.195𝑡
k>0 for growth
ln 10
t = ? refers to time 𝑡=
elapsed. 0.195
Use your calculator and we get

𝑡 ≈ 11.81 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

Thus, the bacteria will become 5000 after

11.81 hours.

Example 3: A certain chemical has a half-life of 2.6 years. Determine the value
of k for the equation of decay of the chemical. When will the chemical reach
10% of its original amount?

Decay Solution

𝒚 = 𝒂𝒆𝒌𝒕 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒆𝒌(𝟐.𝟔)

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where, 50
a = 100 can be the initial = 𝑒 𝑘(2.6)
100
population since half-life 1
is 50% or 50/100. = 𝑒 𝑘(2.6)
y = 50 since 100 is our 2
arbitrary initial population. To solve for the exponent, we use the
k = ? is the constant. concept of logarithm.
k<0 for decay 1
ln = 𝑘(2.6)
t = 2.6 years refers to time 2
elapsed.
1
ln 2
𝑘=
2.6
Use your calculator and we get
𝑘 ≈ −0.267

This confirms that the equation is about

decay because the k is negative.
Thus, the equation for the decay is
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒆−𝟎.𝟐𝟔𝟕𝒕

Use the equation to solve for the time for

the chemical to reduce to 10% = 10/100.

𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝟎.𝟐𝟔𝟕𝒕
10
= 𝑒 −0.267𝑡
100
ln 0.1 = −0.267𝑡
ln 0.1
𝑡=
−0.267
𝑡 ≈ 8.62 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
Thus, the bacteria will reduce to 10% after
8.62 years.

For more examples, you may visit the following learning materials and sites
cited below.

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III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Education Sites
Bumgarner, L. (2017). Day 10 logarithmic word problems. YouTube. Retrieved
from https://youtu.be/8ngEB7vWWsM
Department of Education (2016). General mathematics: Learner’s material.
DepEd-BLR, Philippines.
Paul’s Online Notes. Applications of Logarithm. Retrieved from
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/Alg/ExpLogApplications.aspx
The Organic Chemistry Tutor (2018). Compound interest and population
growth word problems-Logarithm. YouTube. Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/k4LLdFFLRmQ

IV. Activity Proper

General Directions: In answering the exercises in the Learning Activity Sheet
(LAS), please do not write anything in the LAS. All answers must be written in
a separate sheet of paper. Read each problem carefully and answer it
systematically. If solution is required, encircle your final answer.

1. Problem Solving: Compounded Interest. Show your solutions neatly and

completely on your paper.
a. Maria started to save money by investing P80,000 into a bank
account with 7.5% annual interest. How long will it take for the
money to reach P100,000 if the interest is compounded
i. quarterly;
ii. continuously?
iii. Which compounding interest will you choose?

2. Problem Solving: Compounded Interest. Show your solutions neatly and

completely on your paper.
a. The population of a certain animal in one of the forests in the
Philippines became twice of its original population after 10 years.
i. Determine the growth equation of the population by finding
k.
ii. When will the population reach 50,000 if initially there are
10,000 of that certain animal in the forest?

V. Reflection
Instruction. Reflect on the following questions and write your response onyour
journal.

1. What important idea/s have you learned from the learning activitysheet?
2. What important value/s has been embedded to you by the lesson?
3. In what way can you apply or use the lesson learned in your daily life as
a student or in the future?

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VI. Answer Key