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L3 Derivatives

The document discusses tangent lines to circles and their properties, including the definition of a tangent line as one that touches a curve at a point and represents the instantaneous rate of change. It covers the concept of derivatives, including rules for differentiation such as the power rule, product rule, and chain rule, along with examples and exercises. Additionally, it highlights situations where derivatives do not exist, such as at corners and cusps.

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2 views29 pages

L3 Derivatives

The document discusses tangent lines to circles and their properties, including the definition of a tangent line as one that touches a curve at a point and represents the instantaneous rate of change. It covers the concept of derivatives, including rules for differentiation such as the power rule, product rule, and chain rule, along with examples and exercises. Additionally, it highlights situations where derivatives do not exist, such as at corners and cusps.

Uploaded by

perfalfonseaatienza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tangent lines to circles

Which is a tangent line?


Which is a tangent line?

The tangent line to a line is itself


Tangent line

TANGENT LINE
Line that touches the
graph of the function
and is parallel (in
some way) to the
graph at that point.

The tangent line represents the


instantaneous rate of change of the function
at that one point.
Curves that do not have a tangent line

Corner at P Cusp at P
Derivative
Slope of tangent line
Definition of derivative (as a function of x)

𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒎𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 =
𝒙+𝒉−𝒙

𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒎𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 =
𝒉

𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒎𝑻𝑳 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
The Derivative
● It gives us information on how the function is
changing with respect to a variable.
● It is the slope of tangent line at a given point.
𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 )
𝒇′
𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝒙𝒐 𝒙 − 𝒙𝒐
′
𝒇 𝒙𝒐 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 )
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
Definition of derivative (as a function of x)
EXAMPLES (using the definition of derivative)

𝒇 𝒙𝒐 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 )
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉

1. Find the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 1


2. Find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2
3. Find the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 at 𝑥 = −2
The derivataive DOES NOT EXIST at
➢ Points where the function is not continuous.

➢ Corner and cusps


Differentiation
Rules
Constant Rule
The derivative of a constant function
is 0. In symbols, if c is a constant,
𝑑
then 𝑐 =0
𝑑𝑥

Example:
1. f(x) = -4 , what is f’(x)?
2. g(x) = 100 , what is g’(x)?
𝑑
3. 𝜋 = ____
𝑑𝑥
The Power rule
If n is any real number,
𝑑
then 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

Example:
1. f x = 𝑥 6
2. g x = 𝑥 25
1
3. h(x) = 3
𝑥
4. f x = √𝑥
The Constant Multiple Rule
If k is any real number constant and f
is a differentiable function of x, then
𝑑 𝑑
[𝑘 ∙ 𝑓 𝑥 ] = 𝑘 ∙ [𝑓 𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example: 1
1. f x = 4𝑥 5 4. f x = 𝑥 5
3 8
2. g x = 𝑥
4
3. h x = 2𝑥 −6
The Sum and Difference Rules
If f and g are two differentiable functions at x,
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
then 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example:
1. f m = 9m + 2
2. g r = 2𝑟 3 + 4𝑟 2 − 𝑟 + 1
2
3. h x = 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 10
𝑥
Exercise
Find the derivative of each function.
1.) 𝑓(𝑥) = −1,400 4
6.) 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 + 2
3
𝑥 𝑥
2.) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 10
3.) 𝑔(𝑡) = 3𝑡 + 4 7.) 𝑔(𝑚) = 3𝑚 −1
− 2𝑚 7

3 1 8.) 𝑦 = 4𝑥 5 − 𝑥 −10 + 𝑥
4.) ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 4
5
5.) 𝑦 = 3 𝑥
Exercise (Answerkey)
Find the derivative of each function.
1.) 0 −16 6 −16
6.) 5 − 3 or 5 + 3
−6
2.) 30𝑥 9 𝑥
−3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

3.) 3 7.) 2 − 14𝑚6


𝑚
3
4.) 3 8.) 20𝑥 +
4 10
+1
20𝑥 4 𝑥 11
3 3
5.) 1/2 =
𝑥 𝑥
The Product Rule
𝑑
𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Example:
1. y = 4 − 2x 3 2x + x 4
d
2. (𝑥 5 + 𝑥)(𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 1)
dx
1
3. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 1)(3𝑥 − 2)
The Quotient Rule
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′(𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔 𝑥 ]2

Example:
2𝑥 2 +1
1. y=
𝑥−1
d 𝑥
2. dx 3𝑥 4 +𝑥 3 −1
𝑑 (3𝑥+2)(𝑥 2 −1)
3. 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+2
(try!)
Higher Order Derivatives
Consider the function y=f(x).
𝑑𝑦
The derivative y’, f’(x), Dx y, is called the First derivative of f with
𝑑𝑥
respect to x.
The derivative of the first derivative is called the second derivative
and is denoted by any of the following symbols : y’’, f’’(x), D2xy,
𝑑2 𝑑2𝑦
[𝑓𝑥 ],
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
The derivative of the second derivative is called the third derivative
and is denoted by any of the following symbols : y’’’, f’’’(x), D3xy,
𝑑3 𝑑3𝑦
[𝑓 𝑥 ],
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 3
Higher Order Derivatives

In general, the nth derivative of f with respect to


x is the derivative of the (n-1)st derivative and is
denoted by any of the following symbols:
𝑑𝑛 𝑦
𝑦𝑛 , 𝑓 𝑛 (x), 𝐷𝑛 x y,
𝑑𝑥 𝑛
Examples

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 1
a. Find the first derivative.
b. Find the second derivative.
c. Find the third derivative.
(4) 2 3
2. Find the 𝑓 of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 4
𝑥
2𝑥+1
3. Find the third derivative of 𝑦 =
3𝑥
How to get the derivative of f(x) = (3𝑥 2 −2𝑥 + 4)2 ?

Expand and get the derivative,


we can also use the product rule…
How about if we have large exponents like
f(x) = (3𝑥 2 −2𝑥 + 4)120
Chain Rule
Suppose that we have two functions f(x) and g(x) and they
are both differentiable.
If we define 𝐹(𝑥) = (𝑓𝑜𝑔) (𝑥), then the derivative of 𝐹(𝑥) is:
𝐹’(𝑥) = 𝑓’(𝑔(𝑥)) ∙ 𝑔’(𝑥)

Examples Find the derivative of the following functions.

1.) f x = (3𝑥 2 −2𝑥 + 4)120


2.) g(x) = 3𝑥 − 4
3.) f(x) = (4𝑥 2 + 2x − 7)6 (TRY!)
Chain Rule More Examples

1. 𝐷𝑥 (3𝑥 2 −5)3
3
𝑥 2 +3
2. 𝐷𝑥
4𝑥
3. 𝐷𝑚 (5𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 9)3
Other Remarks

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