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The document discusses trigonometric functions, focusing on their periodic behavior and applications in modeling real-world phenomena such as temperature variations and Ferris wheel motion. It covers the sine and cosine functions, their transformations, and how to fit trigonometric models to data. Additionally, it includes exercises and examples to illustrate the concepts of periodicity, amplitude, and wave patterns.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views36 pagesTrigo Book1
The document discusses trigonometric functions, focusing on their periodic behavior and applications in modeling real-world phenomena such as temperature variations and Ferris wheel motion. It covers the sine and cosine functions, their transformations, and how to fit trigonometric models to data. Additionally, it includes exercises and examples to illustrate the concepts of periodicity, amplitude, and wave patterns.
Uploaded by
dark knightCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 36
Trigonometric
functions
Contents: Periodic behaviour
The sine and cosine functions
General sine and cosine functions
Modelling periodic behaviour
Fitting trigonometric
models to data
The tangent function
Trigonometric equations
Using trigonometric models
monwp
za7 448__ TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (Chapter 17)
OPENING PROBLEM
A Ferris wheel rotates anticlockwise at a constant
speed. The wheel's radius is 10 m and the bottom
of the wheel is 2 m above ground level. From his
viewing point next to the ticket booth, Andrew is
watching a green light on the perimeter of the wheel.
He notices that the green light moves in a circle. It
takes 100 seconds for a full revolution.
Click on the icon to visit a simulation of the Ferris
wheel. You will be able to view the light from:
‘© in front of the wheel EMO
© a side-on position
‘© above the wheel.
You can then observe graphs of the green light’s position as the wheel rotates at a constant rate.
Things to think about:
a Andrew estimates how high the light is above ground level at two second intervals. What will
a graph of this data look like? Assume that the light is initially in the position shown.
b Andrew then estimates the horizontal position of the light at two second intervals. What will a
graph of this data look like?
¢ What similarities and differences will there be between your two graphs?
Can you write a function which will give the:
I height of the light at any time ¢ seconds
i horizontal displacement of the light at any time ¢ seconds?
EN MMNNN Perovic senaviour
Periodic phenomena occur all the time in the physical world. For example, in:
‘¢ seasonal variations in our climate
© variations in average maximum and minimum monthly temperatures
© the number of daylight hours at a particular location
© tidal variations in the depth of water in a harbour
© the phases of the moon
© animal populations.
These phenomena illustrate variable behaviour which is repeated over time. The repetition may be called
periodic, oscillatory, or eyelic in different situations,
In this Chapter we will see how trigonometric functions ean be used to model periodic phenomer TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (Chapter 17) 449
OBSERVING PERIODIC BEHAVIOUR
The table below shows the mean monthly maximum temperature for Cape Town, South Africa.
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul [ Aug | Sep | Oct [ Nov | Dec
28 | 27 | 252] 22 [183 | 16 | 15] 16 | 1s [213] 24 | 26
On the graph alongside we plot the temperature Ton 4 TCC)
the vertical axis. We assign January as t= 1 month, — 30|-, z
February ast = 2 months, and so on for the a
12 months of the year. 20) eee NN
. (20,215)
10 2
€(ononths)
oT RFT
JAN
The temperature shows a variation TEC),
from an average of 28°C in 30], =
January through a range of values Fed Nitiad oe Pid
across the months, The cycle will 24 ese eee
approximately repeat itself for each Fr * .
subsequent 12 month period. By the :
(enonths)
end of the Chapter we will be able to fp
establish a periodic function which Cre ra 5 2 2 4
approximately fits this set of points.
HISTORICAL NOTE
lines of
magnetic
force
direction
of rotation
In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered that an electric current was generated by rotating a coil of
wire at a constant speed through 360° in a magnetic field. The electric current produced showed a
voltage which varied between positive and negative values in a periodic function called a sine wave.
TERMINOLOGY USED TO DESCRIBE PERIODICITY
A periodic function is one which repeats itself over and over in a horizontal direction, in intervals of
the same length. The period of a periodic function is the length of one repetition or cycle.
F(x) is a periodic function with period p if f(@ + p) = F(w) for all x, and p is the smallest
positive value for this to be true. 450 _ TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (Chapter 17)
A cycloid is an example of a periodic function, It is the curve traced out by a point on a circle as the
circle rolls across a flat surface in a straight line.
horizontal Mat surface
aiinal
Use a graphing package to examine the function f(x) =2— |r] poe
where [| is “the largest integer less than or equal to 2”.
In the graphing package, you type [2] as floor().
Is f(x) periodic? What is its period?
‘WAVES
In this course we are mainly concerned with periodic phenomena which show a wave patter:
‘principal axis
A wave oscillates about a horizontal line called the principal axis or mean line.
A maximum point occurs at the top of a erest, and a minimum point at the bottom of a trough.
If the maximum and minimum values of the wave are max and min respectively, then the principal
max + min
2
‘The amplitude is the distance between a maximum (or minimum) point and the principal axis.
axis has equation y
max — min
amplitude = ™2*—™"
‘maximum point
7
minimum point: TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (Chapter 17) 451
EXERCISE 17A
1 Which of these graphs show periodic behaviour?
any ’
a
=
¢
q
v h y
| Ie a a
2 Paul spun the wheel of his bicycle. The following tabled values show the height above the ground
of a point on the wheel at various times.
o2[o4[oe[os] 1 [i2[i4[ic[isy 2
6 | 23 | 42 | 57 | 64 [59 [ 43 [23 [7 [a
2.4] 26] 28] 3 [32] 34/36] 38
27 | 40 [55 [03 [oo [ a [2a [ 9
0
0
Ba
5
a Plot the graph of hei
b Is it reasonable to fit a curve to this data, or should we leave it as discrete points?
¢ Is the data periodic? If so, estimate:
1 the equation of the principal axis i the maximum value
Hit the period iv. the amplitude,
¢ against time.
2. Plot the points for each data set below. Is there any evidence to suggest the data is periodic?
a | || |||
oft [14] 1 [0 [-1]-14[-1[ 0 [1 fa4f a fo
» (zjo[2 7s [4[s5]e6[7][ 8] 9 [w]e p
0| 47/34] 17 [21/52] 89| 109] 102] 84] 104 ‘cates
cateuiaton
INSTRUCTIONS 452_ TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (Chapter 17)
A trigonometric function is a function which involves one of the trigonometric ratios.
Consider the point P(cos@, sin@) on the unit circle. y
As @ increases, the point P moves around the unit eirele, and P(cos8, sind)
‘the values of cos@ and sin @ change.
We can draw the graphs of y @ and y = cos by
plotting the values of sin@ and cos 0 against 8.
THE GRAPH OF y
By considering the y-coordinates of the points on the unit circle at intervals of $, we can create a table
of values for sin 6:
‘in O
Fa
bb 4h [e[a]-4[a[-4]4[o
Plotting sin @ against @ gives:
a1
Once we reach 27, P has completed a full revolution of the =
unit circle, and so this pattern repeats itself,
THE GRAPH OF y = cos@
By considering the -coordinates of the points on the unit circle at intervals of £, we can create a table
of values for cos:
tl fl? Fee
BBO SaSeoRek TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (Chapter 17) __ 453
Plotting cos against 0 gives: The graph of y=eond
shows the «-coordinate
of P as P moves around
the unit circle.
EXERCISE 17B
1 Below is an accurate graph of y= sin 8.
a Find the y-intercept of the graph.
b Find the values of @ on 0 <9 < 4m for which:
i sind =0 Wi sin@=-1 fii sine Ww sing=4
¢ Find the intervals on 0 < @ < 4 where sin@ is:
| positive fi negative.
Find the range of the function.
2 Below is an accurate graph of y = cos 6.
¥ :
A
15
a Find the y-intercept of the graph.
Find the values of 6 on 0 <6 < 4x for which:
i cos8=0 ii cos =1 iii cosd
¢ Find the intervals on 0 < @ < 4 where cos@ is:
1 positive i negative.
Find the range of the function, 4S4__ TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (Chapter 17)
(2) GENERAL SINE AND cosine FuNctioNs
Now that we are familiar with the graphs of y =
graph more complicated trigonometric functions.
n8 and y= cos#, we can use transformations to
Instead of using 6, we will now use 0, what is the period?
Zn W y=sin2 ity
3° a Graph on the same set of axes:
1 y=sing
b What translation moves y
4a Graph on the same set of axes:
iy
b What translation moves y=sing to y=sinx +d?
€ What is the principal axis of y = sinx +d?
ine Wo y=sinz+2 Wi y=sine-2
5 What sequence of transformations maps y=sinx onto y= asinb(r rf D per 17
From the Investigation you should have observed the following properties of the general sine function:
For the general sine function
y =asin(b(x —c)) +d
Se
affects affects affects affects
amplitude period horizontal translation —_yertical translation
© the amplitude is |
© the period is = for b> 0
© the principal axis is y =a
© y =asin(6(@ —c)) +d. is obtained from y = sinx by a vertical stretch with scale factor a
and a horizontal stretch with scale factor t followed by a horizontal translation of ¢ units and a
vertical translation of d units,
‘The properties of the general cosine function y = acos(b(x —e)
those of the general sine function.
)) +4 are the same as bai
Example 1 Eaten
Sketch the graphs of the following on 0 0 has period:
ain b# © 127 d4
5. State the maximum and minimum value of
ay =4cos2i b y=3cosr+5
6 For the function y = 4sin3x + 2, state the:
2 amplitude b period
7 The general cosine function is y = acos(b(a — ¢)) +d.
State the geometrical significance of a, b, c, and d.
8 Sketch the graphs of the following for 0 0.
© The principal a
is y DYNAMIC TANGENT
FUNCTION
‘© The period of this function is z
‘© The amplitude of this function is undefined,
© There are infinitely many vertical asymptotes.
Pt
Without using technology, sketch the graph of y =tan(x+4) for 0 0, has asymptotes
ZQk+1)+e forall kez.
Fek+ +e fo €
9 Consider the functions f(x) = tana and g(z) =
a Find:
i (fog)te) H oN)
b Find the value of:
i (fog)(3) Hi (go fm)
¢ Write down the period and vertical asymptotes of:
I (Feg)tz) H GeN@)
Sketch the graphs of (fog)(x) and (go f)(x) for -2n 0 has period:
a Gr bs a)
5. State the minimum and maximum values of:
a y=5sinz—3 b y=heosr+1
6 Find the principal axis of:
a y=—4zsin(x—F)+5 b y= 2cos$—4
7 Sketch the graphs of the following for 0
