Wh t I . Life science, also called biology, IS the study of living things.

as . The term biology comes from the Greek words bios (life) and logos (knowledge).
Li"e Science? . All living things: are made of cells; obtain food to make energy; grow and develop, reproduce, respond and adapt to
their environment.

Cells HOW IT ALL WORKS TOGETHER

Cells: AnI..... Cells:
• are the smallest unit of life. • lack a rigid cell wall (present in plant cells); therefore, animal cells:
• are the basic unit of structure for all - exist in a variety of shapes, depending on their function in an organ­ cell : • encloses the cell
living organisms. ism. membrane : • is semi-permeable, allowi1.lg
, some substances to move m
• create, modify, and utilize proteins. -can change . and out of the cell
which direct all cellular activity. shape easily. .................................................
• compose and manage nearly every - can sometimes cytoplasm ! • is a watery substance that
aspect of living organisms. completely ribosome : fills the cell
• carry messages that control how surround cytoskeleton • provides the cell with its shape
organisms move, eat, and react. and engulf .........................................................................
• can be eukaryotic (contain a other cells or endoplasmic ! • transports proteins to other
membrane-bound nucleus) or microorganisms ... ~t.i~.~I~~ ..........:..... y~~.~fthe cell
prokaryotic (do not contain a
membrane-bound nucleus).
(organisms only G?~~omplex! • s~?r.e.s..p.~?~~.i~~...................................
visible through
• are microscopic. meaning they can lysosome • destroys old organelles and
a microscope). dangerous substances
only be seen through a microscope. - can transport
substances mitochondrion • converts food particles and
Organisms: into and out of cytoplasm oxygen into energy
• can be unicellular. or consist of a themselves rela­ nucleus ! • controls almost everything
single cell (e.g ., bacteria, amoebae, lysosome
tivelyeasily. : that happens in the cell
some algae). • most animal cells: .....:...~..~?~ses genes
• can be multicellular. or consist of - are surrounded by a cell membrane.
many cells (e.g ., plants, animals, ribosome : • makes new proteins, which
- are centered around a nucleus. . direct most cellular activity
people). - contain various organelles (miniature organs with specific functions) .
vacuole : • is a storage area in the cell
-----------­ --------r
Plant Cells: HOW IT ALL WORKS TOGETHER
I Cellular Digestion, Respiration,
• possess a rigid cell wall; therefore, they: Organelle: ! Primary Function{s): I Growth & Division
- are mostly square or rectangular in shape. DIGESTION:
- cannot change shape or size. cell • encloses the cell I • animal cells:
- are easily distinguished from animal cells. membrane • is semi-permeable,
allowing some I - obtain food through the digestive system.
• most plant ce lls: - obtain oxygen through the respiratory system.
- are generally larger than animal cells. substances to move in
and out of the cell • plant cells:
- are surrounded by a cell wall and a cell membrane. ............................................................................. - obtain food through photosynthesis.
- are centered around a nucleus. cell wall ' • is made of cellulose - obtain oxygen through pores on the leaves
- are directly attached to other plant cells via the cellulose-rich , • bonds with other cell (stomata).
cell wall. walls to form structure • animal & plant cells:
- have direct links to neighboring cells through small pores in of plant - pass food particles and oxygen through cell
the cell wall. • helps the plant stay membranes by diffusion (the movement of
- contain various organelles. including chloroplasts (unique to upright particles from an area of higher concentration to
plant cells). chloroplast • contains chlorophyll, an area of lower concentration).
- possess vacuole s that: which gives plants a - pass water through cell membranes by osmosis
o occupy most of the cell and store various substances. green color (the movement of water from an area of higher
o cause plants to appear stiff and "full" when they are full of • absorbs energy from water concentration to an area of lower water
water. the sun concentration).
a cause plants to appear wilted when they are lacking water. • performs photosynthesis RESPIRATION:
a cause plants to exhibit a specific color when full of pigment. • is the process cells use to conve rt food particles
cytoplasm • is a watery substance into energy.
that fills the cell • stores energy in the form of ATP (adenosine
endoplasmic • transports proteins to triphosphate).
vacuole reticulum other parts of the cell • can occur in the presence or absence of oxygen.
(smooth and - aerobic respiration:
nucleus mitochondrion rough) o occurs in the presence of oxygen.
................................................................
o utilizes the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) to
rough Golgi • stores proteins produce energy.
endoplasmic complex o releases a significant amount of energy (38 ATP).
reticulum mitochondrion : • converts food particles o is significantly more efficient than anaerobic
chloroplast and oxygen into energy respiration.
smooth o produces carbon dioxide and water as waste
endoplasmic nucleus • controls all cell activity products.
reticulum • contains chromosomes - anaerobic respiration:
Goigi with necessary o occurs in the abse nce of oxygen.
cell wall complex information for making o utilizes fermentation to produce energy.
new cells and organisms a releases less energy than aerobic respiration
...............................................................................
vacuole • is an area used for storage (2ATP).
• stores water, pigments, o produces different waste products, depend­
and sugars ing on the organism.
 Cells (continued)
GROWTH & DIVISION: DNA, Genes .C............... o are passed from p arent to offspring. contributing to
o all living organisms begin life as a single cell. DNA: similarities between generations.
o plants and animals have cells that reproduce o is t he complete database of information for char­ CHROMOSOMES:
through mitosis - the nucleus divides in acte ristics a nd t raits of an organism. o are coiled-up strands of DNA.
order to form two identical cells with the o is fou nd in the nucle us of every cell. o are packed inside the ce ll nucleus.
same number of chromosomes. GENES: o usually occur within the nucleus as matching pairs.
o are the working subunits of DNA. called homologous pairs.
o plants and animals have cells that reproduce
o a re se gments along the DNA strand with instruc­ o vary in number depending on the orga nism.
through meiosis - the nucleus divides in
tio ns for how cells should act.
order to form two new cells with half the Fun ..a .. ,,~:
o contain informatio n for how each pa rt of an organ­
number of chromosomes. o Each cell contains more than six feet (two meters)
ism develops. grows. and functions.
o prokaryotic cells reproduce through binary ofONA.
o occur in variat ions. called allele s. that determine
o If all of the DNA from a single human being wen~
fission - the cell pulls apart to form two specific t raits for an organism . lined up end to end, it would stretch to the moon
identical cells.
and bacl{ J,ooo times.

Classification System
o Biologists use a classification system o Classification divisions, from most inclusive to least inclusive: o The five kingdoms are plants, animals, monera (prokaryotic
to divide living organisms into smaller DOMAIN. KINGDOM. PHYLUM. CLASS. ORDER. bacteria), protists, and fungi.
groups with similar characteristics. FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES. o binomial nomenclature:
o Taxonomy is the science of classifying o The three domains are bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota: - is the two-part name assigned to every living thing.
or arranging living things into groups - bacteria are single-celled prokaryotic organisms. - is based on, and attributed to, the Linnaean biological
based on characteristics they share. - archaea are similar to bacteria but share many genetic classification.
o The most commonly used system was similarities with eukaryotes. - is a living thing's Latin name, based on its genus and
created by the 18th-century Swedish - eukaryota include living things in all but the monera species.
botanist Carl Linnaeus. kingdom.

o Plants are multicellular organisms with a true nucleus. SUGAR: Pistils:

o Most plants contain chlorophyll and make their own food. o is one of the results of photosyn­ o are the female part of a plant.
o Plants are not able to independently move from one place to another. thesis. o are composed of a stigma, style, and
o The plant kingdom is one of the largest groups of living things with more o is the source of energy for plants. ovary:
than half il million different species. o is transported around the plant to - stigma: sticky surface at tip that
o Examples include: algae. moss. ferns. flowering plants. and trees. where it is needed. captures and holds pollen.
o sometimes undergoes respiration, - style: stalk-like structure that holds
Parts of a Plant resulting in carbon dioxide and up the stigma.
LEAF: water. - ovary: part of the pistil that makes
o absorbs sunlight for plant to convert to energy. o can combine into starches, which are the flower's eggs.
o stores chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis. stored by plants and used for energy o generally appear as a short, thick stalk
o can be wide and flat (as in a maple leaf) or long and thin (as in a cactus spine). in the center of a flower.
when needed.
o are surrounded by stamens.
STEM: Transportation System
o supports leaves and flowers. Stamens:
VESSELS:
o carries water, minerals, and food up and o are the male part of a plant.
o xylem vessels carry water and dis­
down between the plant's leaves and roots. o normally appear as spindly stalks sur­
solved minerals from the roots to the
o can be small and thin (as in a flower) or tall rounding the pistil.
rest of the plant.
and thick (as in a tree). o contain anthers at the tip where pollen is
o phloem vessels carry the saplfood
o helps plant grow in a direction toward produced.
manufactured in the leaves to all
energy sources.
parts of the plant.
o has light-sensitive tips to ensure growth FERTILIZATION:
toward light. o is the second step of flowering plant repro­
TRANSPIRATION:
duction.
o begins with water absorbed through
ROOT: ST E M - - -f-I o begins when a tube grows from the pol­
o grows down into the soil or water.
roots by osmosis.
len grain, through the stigma, and into
o results in water evaporating from
o anchors plant to the earth. the ovary. •
o absorbs water and minerals needed for
leaves.
o continues when a male gamete (sex cell)
o cools leaves and protects them from
growth. travels through the tube and enters the
o includes varieties, based on structure:
the sun. ovary, which contains one or two egg­
- taproots: single large root with a few smaller, branching roots. o also causes a kind of suction, draw­
shaped ovules.
- fibrous roots: many small roots branching off in different directions. ing water up the stem from the o is complete when the male gamete fuses
roots. with the female gamete in an ovule.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants take energy from the sun and Flowering Plant Reproduction GERMINATION:
combine carbon dioxide and water to produce food. POLLINATION: o begins after fertilization.
o is the first step of flowering plant o is characterized by the ovule turning into
D Carbon dioxide from the air enters reproduction. a seed and the ovary turning into a fruit.
the leaves through their stomata. o is the transfer of pollen from one o is successful when the fruit detaches from
B Water from the soil is absorbed flower to another. the plant and disperses its seeds.
through the roots. o involves both female (pistil) and male o results in the growth and development of
II Sunlight energy is absorbed (stamen) parts. new plants.
through chlorophyll, found in the o occurs when insects, wind, or water
leaves of most plants. transfer pollen from the stamen of Seeds:
II The chlorophyll uses the sun's one flower to the pistil of another o contain a plant embryo (the start of
energy to split water into hydrogen flower of the same species: a new plant).
and oxygen. Hydrogen combines - flowers pollinated by insects are o contain a store of food to help with
with carbon dioxide to form glucose often colorful and scented. growth.
(a sugar), and oxygen is released - flowers pollinated by wind often o settle in soil, swell with water, and break
through the stomata. have small, green flowers. open to allow a new plant to grow.

2
 Animals Monera, Protists, ~..ngi

~®
• Animals are multicellular organisms, where each cell has a true nucleus. Monera are bacteria, or single-celled
• Animals obtain the energy they need by eating other organisms. organisms without a true nucleus.
• Some animals eat only plants (herbivores); some eat only animals (carnivores); and • Bacteria lack a nucleus, mitochondria,
some eat both animals and plants (omnivores). endoplasmic reticulum, and chloro­
• Animals move from one place to another with the help of cilia, flagella. or plasts.
muscular organs. • Bacteria reproduce through fission;
• Biologists divide the animal kingdom into two major groups: invertebrates (without they pull apart and create two new
cocci spirilla
a backbone) and vertebrates (with a backbone). bacteria cells.
• Bacteria can exchange DNA with
Invertebrates • With no backbone, symmetry developed othe r organisms or cells to mutate
• Invertebrates make up about 98% of all as an organizational pattern :
and survive:
animal species on Earth . - bilateral (mirror-image) symmetry: an
• With such an immense variety of life, the imaginary line divides animals into equal - through this genetic transforma- bacilli
and similar halves. tion, bacteria become resistant to
only shared trait is the lack of a backbone.
- radial symmetry: animals are equally antibodies/vaccines.
• Some have specialized internal organs
and systems; others have no specialized and similarly divided by rays from a • All bacteria require carbon to grow and reproduce.
organs at all. central point. • Bacteria can be classified according to shape, oxyge n re quire ments fo r
• Invertebrates have a very basic nervous survival, and source of carbon .
system and usually act according to -shape:
instinct. o exist as rods (bacilli). spheres (cocci). and spira ls (spirilla).
- oxygen requirements:
Phyla: ; Characteristics: Examples: o aerobic bacteria - need oxygen for survival.
........................ - .................................................................................................................................................................... o anaerobic bacteria - do not need oxygen and may die in its pres­
Annelids : • have segmented bod ies : segmented worm, ence.
: • have elongated , cylind rical bodies : earthworm, leech - carbon source:
~ • are bilaterally symmetric o autotrophic bacteria (autotrophs) - obtain carbon from carbon
...................................................................... ...................... ................ ....................................
Arthropods • have segmented bodies ~ insects (d ragonfly, bee, dioxide:
• have jointed limbs : ant), arachnids (spider, > some contain chlorophyll and photosynthesize food and energy.
• have a hard exoskeleton ! scorpion), crustaceans > autotrophs depend on energy from inorgani c sources.
• most belong to 3 major groups: ~ (crab, lobster, krill), o heterotrophic bacteria (heterotrophs) - obtain carbon from the ir
- insects (have 6 legs) : centipede, millipede environment:
- arachnids (have 8 legs) > most bacteria are heterotrophs.
- crustaceans (have 10 or more legs) > heterotrophs depe nd on en ergy from organic sources.
• form the largest group of invertebrates > contain enzymes on their cell surfaces that break down organ ic
Echinodenns • have star-shaped bodies and live in ~ starfish, sea u rchin, matter.
water : sand d ollar > possess enzymes capable of breaking down ce ll walls in plants.
> convert solid matter into compounds, which are then absorbed .
Mollusks • have soft, muscular bodies : snail, clam, octopus > break down these compounds into carbohydrates, sugars, an d
• most have a shell inside or outside acids.
their bodies

Protists are mostly sing le-celle d eukaryotic organisms.

Vertebrates • Vertebrate animals are complex organ­ • Some protists are multicellular.
• Ve rtebrates make up about 2% of all animal isms with many specialized organs and • Protists are classified accord ing to type: animal-like,
species on Earth. interconnected systems: plant-like, and fungus-l ike .
• Vertebrates belong to only one of 30 phyla - systems include: circulatory, digestive, - animal-like:
in the animal kingdom . endocrine, immune & lymphatic, integu­ o have complex life cycles.
• They are characterized by a spinal column mentary, muscular, nervous, reproduc­ o active ly move through their environment.
composed of boney vertebrae. tive, respiratory, skeletal, and urinary. o may consume other organisms.
• The spinal column provides structural support - vertebrates have a highly-developed
o examples include amoeba and paramecium.
to the body and protects the spinal cord. nervous system.
- plant-like:
amoeba
o use photosynthesis to convert sunlight into
Type: Characteristics:
............................................................. .:..E.'.'~~..,I.~~:............... energy.
Amphibians : • can live in water (have gills) or on land (have lungs) : frog, toad o form integral part of fo od web in watery e nvi­
: • have smooth, moist skin ronments.
: • lay eggs in water o examples include algae and euglena.
. • are cold-blooded (cannot regulate their body - fungus-like:
temperature) o produce spores to reproduce and absorb
......................................... .................................................................................................................................................... nutrients.
Fish • live in water : goldfish, shark, o can surround and ingest food.
• breathe through gills ! ray o can move through their environment.
• use fins to swim o examples include some molds.
• have bodies covered with scales • Many protists have one or two flagella (single whip­
• are cold-blooded
like appendage). cilia (multiple hair-like append­
Reptile s ; • have bod ies covered with scales : lizard, snake, ages). or pseudopods (finger-like projections of
: • b reathe with lungs : alligator cytoplasm), enabling active movement.
~ • lay leathery-shelled eggs on dry land • Protists can reproduce sexually (spores) and asexually (binary fission ).
: • are cold-blood ed
Birds parrot, ostrich,
----------
• have wings with feathers Fungi are mostly multicellular organisms.
• most can fly cardinal
• Some fungi are single-celled.
• have beaks
• lay eggs with hard shells • Fungi are heterotrophs - they do not make their own fo od:
• are warm-blooded (can regulate their body - some secrete enzymes to break down food into smaller substances
temperature) and components.
................................... .................................................. , .................... ......... - some are parasites that feed off other plants and animals.
Mammals • have bodies covered with hair or fur : whale, dog, - some are symbionts that live together with other organisms to mutu al
• give birth to fully-developed young that grow : kangaroo, benefit.
insid e mother's body : human • Fungi have no means of independent transportation - they cannot move
• are fed with mother 's milk on their own.
• are warm-blooded • Examples include mushrooms, molds. and yeast.

3
What Is Ecolog!
Ecology is the study of IMng things in their e nvironme nt (their natural surround­ Tundra • treeless • long, cold winters
ings) and how they affect each other. • mostly located around the poles • brief summers with long

-------------
Ecological OrganIzatIon BlOME:
Taiga
• much of the land remains frozen year-round
• located in the northern hemisphere ! • long, cold winters
• bordered on the north by tundra and on the i • short growing season
daylight hours

Living things can be studied at six different • is a region with a distinct climate south by steppe (flat, treeless region)
(weather patterns over a period • contains approximately one-third of all
levels: forested land on Earth (mostly evergreen
INDIVIDUAL: of time). conifers)
• is an organism belonging to a particular • climate determines the types of • consists of many swampy areas during
species. organisms that can live within the warmer spring months
.................................................
biome. Forest : • large groups oftrees that grow close together
POPULATION:
• is a group of organisms of the same spe­
• is identified by its flora (plants)
and fauna (animals).
!.~.~e~.~:....... . .... . . .. . . .... . ... ........ ..... . ... . . . . . . . ............ . . ..... . .... .... . ........ ....... ..... ...
- coniferous forests (contain mostly cone- • long, cold winters
cies living together in a specific area . • Earth is divided into distinct land
• is the total count of individuals within a biomes.
bearing trees)
, • low rainfall
.................................................................................... ........................... ....................................... .
group. - deciduous forests (contain mostly trees • mild temperature
that seasonally shed their leaves) , • abundant rainfall
BIOSPHERE: .........................................
COMMUNITY: • is the sum of Earth's biomes. - tropical rain forests (dense collections : • constant wann
• is made up of populations of different of evergreen trees that receive a large , temperature
• is the living part of the planet. amount of rainfall) : • 80 or more inches of rain
species living together in the same area. • extends from just above to just
• these organisms usually interact and ••• •• u •• u •••••• • : per~ . . ........... .
below Earth's surface. Grasslands i • mostly flat with some rolling areas • semiarid (dry, but not as
depend on each other.
dry as a desert)
Fun Facts: • 10-20 inches of rain per
ECOSYSTEM: • If all newspaper were recycled, year
• is a system in which biotic (living) organ­
isms interact with each other and their
250,000,000 trees could be left Desert i•little or no vegetation : • hot and dry
, • less than 10 inches of
standing.
abiotic (nonliving) environment. L ~~~.t:'~ryellr
• abiotic environments include things such • Recycling one aluminum can
saves enough enerh'Y to run a Mountain :. high altitude ' • can vary depending on
as sunlight, soil, moisture, temperature, : • vegetation varies depending on the elevation: altitude
and nutrients. television for three hours.

RelatIonshIps PARASITISM: COMMENSAUSM:

MUTUALISM/SYMBIOSIS: • is a relationship in which one organism (parasite) • is a relationship between two organisms of different
• is a relationship between organisms of two secures its re quired food and energy by living on or in species in which one organism (g uest) lives on or in
different species in which both organisms another organism (host). another organism (host).
receive'some benefit. • is usually beneficial to the parasite and harmful to the • is beneficial to the guest organism.
host. • is neither beneficial nor harmful to the host organism.

-- - ------------
Food Chain & Web • Producers:
- can use nonliving matter to produce food.
o predators hunt and kill other animals for
food and occupy the top of the food chain.
FOOD CHAIN:
• is a series of organisms
~ - are usually plants that use the sun's energy to photo- • Decomposers:
linked together in the ~, synthesize their own food . - are organisms that obtain food and energy
order that they feed on i\ ~ • Consumers: by causing plants and animals to rot or decay
each other.
• linear graphs depicting
energy flow among organ-
J

~ li - t
- cannot produce their own food.
- must eat other organisms for nourishment (nutri­
ents and energy):
o herbivores eat only plants.
(decompose).
- are usually bacteria and fungi.
- break down producers and consum ers, releasing
isms as a series of links. ~ / nutrients and minerals into the soil.
• energy passes from the or- o carnivores eat only animals.
ganism being eaten to the organism that eats it. o omnivores eat both plants and animals. FOOD WEB:
- are classified by their place in the food chain : • is a network of feeding relationships composed of
• most food chains only consist of four or five o primary consumers eat producers.
links. interconnected food chains.
o secondary consumers eat primary consumers.
• food chains illustrate one possible series of links. • illustrates multiple food chains and a possible
o tertiary consumers eat secondary (and primary)
consumers. series of links.

----------------
~cIes WATER CYCLE: - precipitation:
OXYGEN CYCLE: • is the continuous movement of water o water drop­ cloud formation
• is the process by between Earth and the atmosphere lets in clouds
which oxyge n and (layer of air surrounding Earth). form and snow
carbon dioxide - eva poration: fall back to p(ecipitat;on
are exchange d o water changes from a liquid to a Earth.
between plants gas (water vapor). o water can runoff
and animals: o water vapor is released into the fall as rain,
- animals use oxy­ atmosphere from open bodies of snow, sleet,
gen and produce water and from plants (through or hail.
carbon dioxide transpiration). o water falls
(respiration). - condensation: into open
- plants use carbon o water vapor enters the atmosphere, bodies of
dioxide and is cooled, and converts to a liquid. water such as oceans, lakes, and rivers.
produce oxyge n (photosynthesis). o clouds form when water vapor
condenses in the atmosphere.

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