2 marks

1.Compare ZigBee and ZigBee IP.

Answer:
High-Level ZigBee:
  The ZigBee network and security layer provides mechanisms for network start-up, configuration, routing,
and securing communications.
 This includes calculating routing paths in what is often a changing topology,
discovering 12eighbours, and managing the routing tables as devices join for the
first time.
 The network layer is also responsible for forming the appropriate topology, which is often a mesh but could be
a star or tree as well.
 ZigBee utilizes 802.15.4 for security at the MAC layer, using the Advanced
Encryption Standard (AES) with a 128-bit key and also provides security at the
network and application layers.
 ZigBee uses Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing across a mesh network. This routing
algorithm does not send a message until a route is needed.
ZigBee IP
ZigBee IP Protocol Stack
 ZigBee IP was created to embrace the open standards coming from the IETF’s work on LLNs, such as Ipv6,
6LoWPAN, and RPL.
 They provide for low-bandwidth, low-power, and cost-effective communications when connecting smart
objects.
 ZigBee IP utilizes the mesh over or route-over method for forwarding packets.
 ZigBee IP requires the support of 6LoWPAN’s fragmentation and header
compression schemes.

2. Express the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Format.

MAC Layer: The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC layer manages access to the PHY channel by
defining how devices in the same area will share the frequencies allocated. At this
layer, the scheduling and routing of data frames are also coordinated. The 802.15.4
MAC layer performs the following tasks:
o Network beaconing for devices acting as coordinators
o PAN association and disassociation by a device
o Device security
o Reliable link communications between two peer MAC entities
The MAC layer achieves these tasks by using various predefined frame types. They
o Data frame: Handles all transfers of data
o Beacon frame: Used in the transmission of beacons from a PAN
coordinator
o Acknowledgement frame: Confirms the successful reception of a frame
o MAC command frame: Responsible for control communication between
devices

3. Distinguish IEEE 802.15.4g and IEEE 802.15.4e

IEEE 802.15.4g: This standard focuses on low-data-rate, long-range wireless networks, particularly for Smart
Utility Networks (SUN) like smart metering and industrial applications. It is optimized for outdoor, large-scale
networks with data rates up to 1 Mbps. It uses different frequency bands such as sub-GHz (900 MHz), which
provides better coverage and range.

IEEE 802.15.4e: This extension of IEEE 802.15.4 introduces additional MAC (Media Access Control) layer
functionalities aimed at improving reliability, low latency, and energy efficiency in industrial environments. It
includes techniques like Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) and deterministic delay, making it suitable for
industrial automation and wireless sensor networks.

4. Formulate on Constrained Nodes and Constrained Networks

Constrained Nodes: These refer to devices with limited computational power, memory, and energy, often seen in
IoT environments. For example, low-power microcontrollers or sensors that can only handle simple tasks due to
resource limitations. These nodes need optimized protocols and lightweight software to function effectively in IoT
networks.

Constrained Networks: These networks consist of devices with limited bandwidth, intermittent connectivity, high
packet loss, or low data rates. Such networks are designed to support constrained nodes and typically operate in
environments like low-power wide-area networks (LPWAN) or wireless sensor networks (WSN), where efficiency
and low resource consumption are critical.

5. Features of Arduino

 Open-Source Platform: Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on simple hardware and
software. The Arduino board can be programmed using the Arduino IDE.
 Flexible Microcontroller: It is based on various microcontrollers like ATmega328, which provides
flexibility in terms of functionality and applications.
 GPIO Pins: It has numerous general-purpose input/output (GPIO) pins for connecting sensors, actuators,
and other electronic components.
 Wide Range of Shields: Various shields can be added to expand functionality, such as wireless
communication, motor control, and more.
 Cross-Platform: Arduino is compatible with different operating systems such as Windows, macOS, and
Linux.
6. What is Raspbian OS?

 Raspbian OS: Raspbian is the official operating system for the Raspberry Pi, based on Debian Linux. It is
designed to work efficiently on Raspberry Pi hardware and provides a desktop environment along with a set
of pre-installed tools, utilities, and libraries specifically tailored for programming and electronics
development with the Raspberry Pi. Raspbian supports Python and other development environments,
making it popular for IoT and DIY projects.

7. What is the Use of GPIO Pins in an IoT Device?

 GPIO Pins: GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins allow an IoT device to interface with external
sensors, actuators, and other peripherals. These pins can be programmed to send signals to control devices
like LEDs, motors, or to read data from sensors, thus enabling interaction between the IoT system and the
physical world.

PART B
16 Analyze in Detail Lora Wan Technology,Illustrating the layers ,MAC format and Architecture.
Answer:
Low-Power Wide-Area is adapted for long-range and battery-powered endpoints,
 Standardization and Alliances: Semtech LoRa as a Layer 1 PHY modulation
technology is available through multiple chipset vendors. To differentiate from the
physical layer modulation known as LoRa, the LoRa Alliance uses the term
LoRaWAN to refer to its architecture and its specifications that describe end-to-end
LoRaWAN communications and protocols.

Physical Layer: LoRaWAN 1.0.2 regional specifications describe the use of the main
unlicensed sub-GHz frequency bands of 433 MHz, 779–787 MHz, 863–870 MHz,
and 902–928 MHz, as well as regional profiles for a subset of the 902–928 MHz
bandwidth.
A LoRa gateway is deployed as the center hub of a star network architecture. It uses multiple transceivers and
channels and can demodulate multiple channels at once or even demodulate multiple signals on the same channel
simultaneously.
LoRa gateways serve as a transparent bridge relaying data between
endpoints, and the endpoints use a single-hop wireless connection to communicate
with one or many gateways.
 MAC Layer: The LoRaWAN specification documents three classes of LoRaWAN devices:
Class A: Optimized for battery-powered nodes, it allows bidirectional communications, where a given node is able
to receive downstream traffic after transmitting.
Class B: A Class B node or endpoint should get additional receive windows compared to Class A, but gateways
must be synchronized through a beaconing process.
Class C: This class is particularly adapted for powered nodes. This classification enables a node to be continuously
listening by keeping its receive window open when not transmitting.

Topology: LoRaWAN topology is often described as a “star of stars” topology.

Infrastructure consists of endpoints exchanging packets through gateways acting as
bridges, with a central LoRaWAN network server. Gateways connect to the backend
network using standard IP connections, and endpoints communicate directly with one
or more gateways.

Security:
LoRaWAN Architecture
o Each endpoint implements a network session key (NwkSKey), used by both
itself and the LoRaWAN network server. The NwkSKey ensures data integrity
through computing and checking the MIC of every data message as well as
encrypting and decrypting MAC-onlydata message payloads.
o The second layer is an application session key (AppSKey), which performs
encryption and decryption functions between the endpoint and its application
server. Endpoints receive their AES-128 application key (AppKey) from the
application owner.
o LoRaWAN endpoints attached to a LoRaWAN network must get registered
and authenticated. This can be achieved through one of the two join
mechanisms:
 Activation by personalization (ABP): Endpoints don’t need to run a
join procedure as their individual details, including DevAddr and the
NwkSKey and AppSKey session keys, are preconfigured and stored in
the end device.
 Over-the-air activation (OTAA): Endpoints are allowed to
dynamically join a particular LoRaWAN network after successfully
going through a join procedure. The join procedure must be done every
time a session context is renewed.

Competitive Technologies: LPWA solutions and technologies are split between

unlicensed and licensed bands. The licensed-band technologies are dedicated to
mobile service providers that have acquired spectrum licenses.

16b..Illustrate Arduino Board Details and Explain the steps for Installing the Board.
In this chapter, we will learn about the different components on the Arduino board. We will study the Arduino
UNO board because it is the most popular board in the Arduino board family. In addition, it is the best board to get
started with electronics and coding. Some boards look a bit different from the one given below, but most Arduinos
have majority of these components in common.
Here are the steps to install the Arduino board on your system:

1. Download and Install the Arduino IDE

 Go to the official Arduino website: https://www.arduino.cc/en/software.

 Download the Arduino IDE for your operating system (Windows, macOS, or Linux).
 Install the software by following the installation prompts for your specific operating system.

2. Connect the Arduino Board

 Plug your Arduino board (e.g., Arduino Uno, Nano, Mega) into your computer using a USB cable.
 The power LED on the Arduino board should light up.

3. Launch Arduino IDE

 Open the Arduino IDE after installation.

 You may need to allow drivers to install automatically when connecting the Arduino board for the first time,
especially on Windows.

4. Select the Arduino Board

  In the Arduino IDE, go to Tools > Board.
 Select your specific Arduino board from the list (e.g., "Arduino Uno" if you are using an Uno board).

5. Select the Port

 Go to Tools > Port.

 Select the COM port or serial port associated with your Arduino board (e.g., COM3 on Windows,
/dev/ttyUSB0 on Linux).

6. Install Board Drivers (if required)

 On Windows, you may need to install additional drivers. If prompted, allow the driver installation.
 For other operating systems, drivers are typically installed automatically or included with the Arduino IDE.

7. Verify the Installation

 Open a basic example sketch like Blink: Go to File > Examples > 01.Basics > Blink.
 Click the Upload button (right arrow icon) in the Arduino IDE to upload the sketch to your board.
 The on-board LED should start blinking if the upload is successful.

8. Check for Success

 If the sketch uploads correctly and the Arduino board is working, you have successfully installed and set up
your Arduino board!

Now you can start programming the Arduino using the Arduino IDE.

17.a.Explain Rapberry Pi hardware with the help of diagram

Refer notes Raspberry pi architecture

Raspberry-Pi Architecture
What is a Raspberry Pi? Raspberry pi is the name of the “credit card-sized computer board” developed by
the Raspberry pi foundation, based in the U.K. It gets plugged in a TV or monitor and provides a fully
functional computer capability. It is aimed at imparting knowledge about computing to even younger
students at the cheapest possible price. Although it is aimed at teaching computing to kids, but can be used
by everyone willing to learn programming, thebasics of computing, and building different projects by
utilizing its versatility.

Raspberry Pi is developed by Raspberry Pi Foundation in the United Kingdom. The Raspberry Piis a series
of powerful, small single board computer
Raspberry Pi is launched in 2012 and there have been several iterations and variations released since
then.Various versions of Raspberry Pi have been out till date. All versions consist of a Broadcom system on
a chip (SoC) with an integrated ARM-compatible CPU and on-chip graphics processing unit (GPU).

The original device had a single-core Processor speed of device ranges from 700 MHz to 1.2 GHz and a
memory range from 256 MB to 1 GB RAM.To store the operating system and program memory Secure
Digital (SD) cards are used. Raspbian OS which is a Linux operating system is recommended
OS by Raspberry Pi Foundation. Some other third party operating systems like RISC OS Pi. Diet Pi,
Used:
It also provides a set of general purpose input/output pins allowing you to control electronic
components for physical computing and explore the Internet of Things (IOT).

Raspberry pi Model

There have been many generations of raspberry Pi from Pi 1 to Pi 4. There is generally a modelA and
model B. Model A is a less expensive variant and it trends to have reduced RAM and dualcores such as
USB and Ethernet.

List of Raspberry pi models and releases year:

1. pi 1 model B – 2012
2. pi 1 model A – 2013
3. pi 1 model B+ -2014
4. pi 1 model A+ – 2014
5. Pi 2 Model B – 2015
6. Pi 3 Model B- 2016
7. Pi 3 Model B+ -2018
8. Pi 3 Model A+ -2019
9. Pi 4 Model A – 2019

Raspberry pi Diagram:

www.EnggTree.com

Specs of the Computer: – The computer has a quad-core ARM processor that doesn’t support the
same instruction as an X86 desktop CPU. It has 1GB of RAM, One HDMI port, four USB ports, one
Ethernet connection, Micro SD slot for storage, one combined 3.5mm audio/videoport, and a
Bluetooth connection. It has got a series of input and output pins that are used for making projects
like
– home security camera, encrypted door lock, etc.
Versatility of Raspberry Pi: – It is indeed a versatile computer and can be utilized by people from
all age groups, it can be used for watching videos on YouTube, watching movies, and programming
in languages like Python, Scratch, and many more. As mentioned above it has a series of I/O pins
that give this board the ability to interact with its environment and hence can beutilized to build
really cool and interactive projects.
Examples of projects: – It can be turned into a weather station by connecting some instruments to it
for check the temperature, wind speed, humidity etc… It can be turned into a home surveillance
system due to its small size; by adding some cameras to it the security network will be ready. If you
love reading books it can also become a storage device for storing thousands of eBooks and also you
can access them through the internet by using this device.
Build Physical Projects With Python on the Raspberry Pi
The Raspberry Pi is one of the leading physical computing boards on the market. From hobbyists
building DIY projects to students learning to program for the first time, people use the RaspberryPi
every day to interact with the world around them. Python comes built in on the Raspberry Pi, so you
can take your skills and start building your own Raspberry Pi projects today.

building DIY projects to students learning to program for the first time, people use the RaspberryPi
every day to interact with the world around them. Python comes built in on the Raspberry Pi, so you
can take your skills and start building your own Raspberry Pi projects today.

Getting to Know the Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi is a single-board computer developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, a UK-

based charity organization. Originally designed to provide young people with an affordable
computing option to learn how to program, it has developed a massive following in the maker and
DIY communities because of its compact size, full Linux environment, and general-purpose input–
output (GPIO) pins.

With all the features and capabilities that are packed into this small board, there’s no shortage of
projects and use cases for the Raspberry Pi.If you can think of a project that would benefit from
having a credit card–sized computer attached to it, then someone has probably used a Raspberry Pi
to do it. The Raspberry Pi is a fantastic way to bring your Python project ideas to life.
Raspberry Pi Board Overview

Below is the board layout of the Raspberry Pi 4. While this layout is slightly different from previous
models of the Raspberry Pi, most of the connections are the same. The setup described in the next
section should be the same for both a Raspberry Pi 3 and a Raspberry Pi 4:
The Raspberry Pi 4 board contains the following components:

• General-purpose input–output pins: These pins are used to connect the

Raspberry Pi toelectronic components.
• Ethernet port: This port connects the Raspberry Pi to a wired network.
The Raspberry Pi also has Wi-Fi and Bluetooth built in for wireless
connections.
• Two USB 3.0 and two USB 2.0 ports: These USB ports are used to
connect peripherals like a keyboard or mouse. The two black ports are USB
2.0 and the two blue ports are USB 3.0.
• AV jack: This AV jack allows you to connect speakers or headphones to
the Raspberry Pi.
• Camera Module port: This port is used to connect the official Raspberry Pi
Camera Module, which enables the Raspberry Pi to capture images.
• HDMI ports: These HDMI ports connect the Raspberry Pi to external
monitors. The Raspberry Pi 4 features two micro HDMI ports, allowing it to
drive two separate monitors at the same time.
• USB power port: This USB port powers the Raspberry Pi. The Raspberry
Pi 4 hasa USB Type-C port, while older versions of the Pi have a micro-
USB port.
• External display port: This port is used to connect the official seven-
inch RaspberryPi touch display for touch-based input on the Raspberry Pi.
• microSD card slot (un d e rs i d e o f t h e b o ard): This
w w card
card slot is for the microSD w .thatcontains
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e .c o mPi operating
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17b.(i) Explain the Various Interfaces available in Raspberry PI with Appropriate Examples.
(7)

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(ii) Write a Simple Arduino Program to blink a LED with 500 msec delay in
between ON and OFF.
// C++ code
void setup()
{
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
delay(500); // Wait for 500 millisecond(s)
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
delay(500); // Wait for 500 millisecond(s)
}

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