MCQs Of Research Module

Lecture 1

1. Which of the following are not objectives of research?

A. Description
B. Explanation
C. Exploration
D. Practicing a hobby

2. Research starts with:

A. Collecting data
B. Selecting research topic
C. Selecting subjects
D. Undertaking literature review

3. The following is not an element of a proposal:

A. Conclusion
B. Literature Review
C. Rationale/Relevance of the study
D. Study design

4. Research definition is:

A. An organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions
B. Analysis of collecting data
C. Discovery of the nature of things
D. A way of thinking to solve problems

5. The following is not a characteristic of a study rationale:

A. Attainable
B. Measurable
C. Not related to time
D. Realistic

6. Research protocol should be compatible with:

A. The literature review
B. The research conclusion
C. The research question
D. The research recommendation

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7. In qualitative research:
A. Results are analyzed as numbers
B. Results are analyzed as words
C. Results usually can be generalized
D. Usually used to test hypothesis

Lecture 2

1. An alternative hypothesis is:

A. The correct hypothesis
B. The null hypothesis
C. The wrong assumption
D. To be accepted if the null hypothesis is accepted
E. To be accepted if the null hypothesis is rejected

2. Measures of association could be calculated from:

A. Case control study
B. Cohort prospective study
C. Correlational study
D. Case control and cohort prospective studies
E. Cohort prospective and correlational studies

3. If Odds Ratio = 5, Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.8 - 8.5: then this ratio is:
A. Insignificant
B. No relation of CI to odds
C. No relation of odds to CI
D. Significant
E. We must know power

4. Goals in the research are:

A. Applicable
B. Measurable
C. Reliable
D. Specific
E. The long-term objectives

​ ​ ​

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5. Cross-sectional study asks:
A. What happened?
B. What is happening?
C. What will happen?
D. What is happening and what will happen?

6. The following is not a measure of disease frequency:

A. Incidence rate
B. Interval prevalence rate
C. Odds ratio
D. Point prevalence rate
E. Simple enumeration

7. It is defined as "The number of new cases in a defined population within a

specified period of time”:
A. Incidence rate
B. Point prevalence rate
C. Prevalence proportion
D. Prevalence rate
E. Relative risk

Lecture 3

1. Which study could Odds Ratio be calculated from?

A. Case control study
B. Case series study
C. Correlation or ecological study
D. Retrospective or historical cohort study

2. Used to estimate the risk of acquiring a disease. It may be measured as a

rate or a proportion. It is:
A. Incidence
B. Prevalence
C. Risk difference
D. Risk ratio

3. The prevalence of a disease in the population increases:

A. If recovery of the disease is faster
B. If survival time with the disease increases
C. If the incidence rate of the disease falls
D. If the population in which the disease is measured increases

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4. Prevalence rate is:
A. Not useful for developing HIV/AIDS control programs
B. The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a period of time
C. The number of patients who have the disease at a particular time, divided by the
population at risk
D. Useful for developing avian flu control programs

5. If the disease is highly fatal and of short duration, it results in:

A. Incidence rate and mortality rate will be similar
B. Incidence rate will be much higher than mortality rate
C. Incidence will be unrelated to mortality rate
D. Mortality rate will be much higher than incidence rate

6. A study starts with 5,000 people. Of these, 125 have the disease in
question. What is the prevalence of disease per 1000 people?
A. 25 per 1000 people
B. 45 per 1000 people
C. 80 per 1000 people
D. 100 per 1000 people

7. Range of Correlation Coefficient:

A. -1 to 0
B. 0 to +1
C. -1 to +1
D. +1 to +2

Lecture 4

1. Purpose of Descriptive epidemiological studies is:

A. Associative
B. Conservative
C. Estimative
D. Evaluative

2. The only one which is not a descriptive study is:

A. Case control
B. Case report
C. Cross-sectional
D. Ecological

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3. Only one of the following is an advantage of cross-sectional study:
A. Cannot reveal incidence rate
B. Can reveal the prevalence rate
C. Do not prove association or cause-effect relationship
D. Do not test etiological hypothesis

4. Association between frequency of secondary hypertension and average

cholesterol level in different cities. This study is:
A. Case control
B. Correlation (ecological)
C. Cross-sectional
D. Prospective

5. Aim of Pilot study:

A. Determine any difficulty understanding questions by respondents
B. Determine any ambiguous questions by respondents
C. Determine whether the questionnaire will meet research objectives
D. Determine any difficulty understanding questions or ambiguous questions

6. The temporal association can be best observed through which of the

following studies:
A. Case control
B. Case series
C. Cohort
D. Cross-sectional

7. Observational epidemiological studies include:

A. Descriptive, analytical, and experimental studies
B. Descriptive and analytical studies
C. Only analytical studies
D. Only descriptive studies

Lecture 5

1. Analytical epidemiological studies aim at:

A. Associative
B. Estimative
C. Evaluative
D. Facultative

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2. The following is not an advantage of prospective epidemiological studies:
A. Can calculate the prevalence rate
B. Can estimate the true risk of the disease
C. No bias
D. Relative & attributable risks can be estimated

3. The following is an advantage of prospective epidemiological studies:

A. Expensive & take a long time
B. Incidence rate cannot be estimated
C. Not suitable in rare diseases
D. Loss of follow-up of some studied cases

4. Another name for longitudinal or prospective study is:

A. Cross-sectional study
B. Cohort study
C. Ecological study
D. Field study

5. In a prospective study to know the association between smoking and

coronary heart disease, those with the disease were equal to 100 (80
smokers & 20 non-smokers) and those without the disease were 50 (20
smokers & 30 non-smokers). The relative risk is equal to:
A. 1.5
B. 2
C. 2.5
D. 4

6. Relative risk of association is considered protective when it is:

A. Zero
B. Less than one and more than zero
C. Equal to one
D. More than one

7. The following is false regarding Retrospective studies:

A. Cannot determine cause-effect relationship
B. Cannot test the hypothesis of exposure to a risk factor and the disease
C. Cannot estimate the attributable risk
D. Cannot estimate the incidence rate

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8. The following is not an advantage of retrospective epidemiological
studies:
A. No loss of people
B. Not expensive
C. Not suitable in rare diseases
D. Take a short period of time

9. The following is an advantage of retrospective epidemiological studies:

A. Can estimate relative & attributable risks
B. Cannot determine cause-effect relationship
C. Cannot estimate the true risk of the disease
D. There is a bias

10. The measure of association in retrospective epidemiological study is

named:
A. Attributable risk
B. Odds ratio
C. Relative risk
D. Risk ratio

11. The following does not use a sampling technique:

A. Case control studies
B. Descriptive studies
C. Prospective studies
D. Randomized controlled clinical trials

12. Which one of the following is not true regarding Odds Ratio?
A. If it is equal to one, there is no association
B. It can be calculated without data on morbidity rates
C. It is the only measure of risk from case-control studies
D. It is the ratio of disease incidence in exposed divided by non-exposed

13. The following is not true in a randomized controlled clinical trial:

A. Cases should be selected randomly
B. Controls should not take their ordinary treatment with the placebo
C. Controls should take their ordinary treatment with the placebo
D. The technique may be single, double, or triple placebo blind

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14. Odds ratio of association is considered protective when equal to:
A. Zero
B. Less than one and more than zero
C. Equal to one
D. More than one

Lecture 6

1. Numerical value computed from population is called......

A. Bias
B. Parameter
C. Sampling error
D. Statistic

2. Sample is formed of:

A. Data
B. Distribution
C. Group
D. Population

3. The difference between statistic and parameter is called:

A. Bias
B. Error
C. Sampling error
D. Standard error

4. In random sampling, the probability of selecting an item from the

population is:
A. Known
B. One
C. Undecided
D. Unknown

5. What type of sample in this situation: 20 females and 20 males out of the
100 individuals?
A. Cluster sample
B. Multi-stage sample
C. Stratified sample
D. Systematic random

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6. Population census is conducted through:
A. Accounting
B. Complete enumeration
C. Investigation
D. Sample survey

7. A wide country study: simple random selection of few governorates was

conducted then, few cities were selected by the same manner then some
villages were selected by the same manner. This type of sampling is called:
A. Cluster sampling
B. Multistage sampling
C. Simple random sampling
D. Stratified sampling

Lecture 7

1. The following is a quantitative variable?

A. Age
B. Blood group
C. Gender
D. ID

2. The following is a nominal variable?

A. Age
B. Gender
C. ID
D. Number of children

3. The height of a student is 160 cm. This is an example of………..

A. Categorical data
B. Continuous data
C. Discrete data
D. Qualitative data

4. Count of workers inside a facility is an example of………..

A. Continuous variable
B. Discrete variable
C. Flowchart variable
D. Measures variable

5. The following is a qualitative variable:

A. Height ​ ​ ​ B. Number of children
C. Social class ​ ​ D. Weight

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6. The focus groups, individual respondents, and panels of respondents are
classified as:
A. Itemized data sources
B. Pointed data sources
C. Primary data sources
D. Secondary data sources

7. The governmental and non-governmental publications are considered as:

A. External primary data resources
B. External secondary data resources
C. Internal primary data resources
D. Internal secondary data resources

Lecture 8

1. We mean by Questionnaire:
A. Data analysis technique
B. Measurement technique
C. Research method
D. Tool for data collection

2. The following type of data is called Information:

A. Input data ​ ​ B. Organized data
C. Processed data ​ ​ D. Raw data

3. Conference proceedings are considered as...... documents

A. Conventional ​ ​ B. Primary
C. Secondary ​ ​ D. Tertiary

4. The following is a barrier to use an interview for collecting data:

A. Need for interaction between the data collector and studied individuals
B. Need to attain highly personalized data
C. Opportunities for probing to get underlying factors
D. Respondents have difficulties with written language

5. The following is an advantage of the Questionnaire:

A. It allows the data collector to discuss the answers or have more inquiries
B. It gives the studied individuals a chance to correlate the answers of different questions
C. It needs the ability of reading and writing
D. The results are based only on the type of question being asked

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6. The following is a disadvantage of the Observation:
A. Allows for the study of the dynamics of a situation
B. Can produce qualitative data only
C. Can provide good insights into how different participants are behaving and interacting
D. Good source for providing additional information about a particular group

7. Researchers use all of their senses to examine people in natural settings

through ……..
A. Documents
B. Interviews
C. Observations
D. Questionnaires

Lecture 9

1. Which of the following represents frequency of continuous variables?

A. Histogram
B. Line diagram
C. Scatter diagram
D. Simple bar chart

2. Data table presented in tabular form on basis of single characteristics is

classified as:
A. Complex table
B. Interval table
C. One variable table
D. Two variable table

3. A Scatter diagram is drawn to study:

A. Mean & median values of the given data
B. Range and standard deviation of set of values
C. Relationship between two given variables
D. Trend of a variable over a period of time

4. Trends can be best represented by:

A. Bar diagram
B. Line diagram
C. Pie chart
D. Scatter diagram

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Lecture 10

1. The following is not a characteristic of standard deviation:

A. A measure of variability
B. An approximate indicator of how numbers vary from the mean
C. The most common measure of central tendency
D. The square root of the variance

2. The most frequently occurring number in a set of values is called the:

A. Mean ​ ​ ​ B. Median ​
C. Mode ​ ​ ​ D. Range

​ ​
3. As a general rule, the best measure of central tendency is because it is
more precise. . . . . . . .
A. Mean ​ ​ ​ B. Median ​
C. Mode ​ ​ ​ D. Range

4. Which of the following is NOT a measure of variability?

A. Median
B. Range
C. Standard deviation
D. Variance

5. The median is:

A. Affected by extreme scores
B. The average
C. The highest number
D. The middle point

6. Which of the following provides a measure of central location for the

data?
A. Mean
B. Median
C. Standard deviation
D. Variance

7. Which of the following is the formula for range?

A. (H + L)
B. (L x H)
C. (L - H)
D. (H - L)

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Lecture 11

1. In a normally distributed curve, about 2/3 (68.26%) of population lies

within the range:
A. Mean ± 1 SD
B. Mean ± 2 SD
C. Mean ± 3 SD
D. Mean ± 4 SD

2. The total area under the normal curve equals:

A. 1 ​ ​ ​ B. 2
C. 3 ​ ​ ​ D. 4

3. In Positive skewed distribution:

A. Distribution that is skewed to the right (tail on right)
B. The median is often bigger than the mean
C. The mode is often bigger than the mean
D. The scores or observations are piled up above the mean

4. In Negative skewed distribution:

A. Distribution that is skewed to the right (tail on right)
B. The median is often smaller than the mean
C. The mode is often smaller than the mean
D. The scores or observations are piled up above the mean

5. The scores of an "IQ test" are normally distributed (approximately), with a

mean 100 and SD 15. Using the (68 - 95 - 99.7 rule), nearly about what
percent of people have IQ score below 85%:
A. 0.15%
B. 16%
C. 32%
D. 50%

6. The scores of an "IQ test" are normally distributed (approximately), with

a mean 100 and SD 15. Using the (68 - 95 - 99.7 rule), nearly about what
percent of people have IQ score above 115%:
A. 0.15%
B. 16%
C. 32%
D. 50%

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7. The scores of an "IQ test" are normally distributed (approximately), with a
mean 100 and SD 15. Using the (68 - 95 - 99.7 rule), nearly about what
percent of people have IQ score above 145%:
A. 0.15%
B. 16%
C. 32%
D. 50%

Lecture 12

1.Rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true is called as:

A. type 1 error
B. type 2 error
C. type 3 error
D. type 4 error

2.P value significant indicates:

A. probability null hypothesis is correct
B. probability null hypothesis is false
C. probability of type 1 error is <0.05
D. to find out meaning of regression

3.In a test of significance, P value is 0.023 the observed difference in study

can be considered as:
A. null hypothesis accepted and the study is rejected
B. null hypothesis rejected and the study is accepted
C. null hypothesis accepted and the study is accepted
D. null hypothesis rejected and the study is also rejected

4.Not required for chi-square test:

A. degrees of freedom
B. means in different groups
C. null hypothesis
D. proportions in different groups

5.True regarding Chi-square test is:

A. does not test the significance
B. measure the significance of difference between two proportion
C. null hypothesis is equal
D. tests correlation and regression

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6.The following is not expressed by the epidemic:
A. assess the intervention
B. assess the trends of the disease
C. know the type of epidemic
D. test hypothesis of the disease

7.P-value is the probability of:

A. not rejecting a null hypothesis when false
B. not rejecting a null hypothesis when true
C. rejecting a null hypothesis when false
D. rejecting a null hypothesis when true

Lecture 13

1. Inferential statistics is used for:

A. Measure mean
B. Measure median
C. Measures of proportion
D. Testing hypothesis

2. Testing hypothesis includes:

A. Mean ​ ​ ​ ​ B. Normal curve
C. Percentages ​ ​ ​ D. T-test

3. Measures of association include:

A. Mode ​ ​ ​ ​ B. P-value
C. Relative risk (RR)​ ​ D. T-test

4. T-test is a statistical test used to compare between:

A. 2 means
B. 2 modes
C. 2 proportions (percentages)
D. 2 p-values

5. F-test (ANOVA Test) is:

A. Not used for comparing
B. Statistical test used to compare between 2 means
C. Statistical test used to compare between more than 2 means
D. Statistical test used to compare between more than 2 proportions

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6. Chi-square is a statistical test used to compare between 2 or more than.....
A. Means in different groups
B. Median in different groups
C. Mode in different groups
D. Proportions in different groups

7. Odds ratio (OR) is a statistical test used to measure the association for:
A. Case-control study
B. Cohort study
C. Cross-sectional study
D. Intervention study

Lecture 14

1. Informed consent should include:

A. A description of the statistical analyses that will be carried out
B. A description of the purpose of the research
C. A description of the reliability and validity of test instruments
D. A list of publications that the researcher has had in the last ten years

2. The following is mandatory when doing research with children?

A. Informed consent from the parent or guardian
B. Assent from the child if he or she is capable
C. Informed consent from the child
D. Informed consent from the parent or guardian and assent from the child

3. Which of the following generally cannot be done in qualitative studies

conducted in the field?
A. Getting informed consent
B. Having full anonymity rather than just confidentiality
C. Keeping participants from physical harm
D. Maintaining consent forms

4. What is the primary approach that is used by the IRB to assess the ethical
acceptability of a research study?
A. Comparativeism
B. Deontology
C. Ethical skepticism
D. Utilitarianism

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5. Which of the following is not an ethical guideline for conducting research
with humans?
A. Getting informed consent of the participant
B. Keeping participants’ identity anonymous
C. Telling participants they are free to withdraw at any time
D. Telling participants they must continue until the study has been completed

6. Which of the following is not true?

A. Breaking confidentiality is not a problem
B. Misrepresenting and creating fraudulent data is dishonest
C. Misrepresenting data can be difficult to detect
D. Misrepresenting data is very easy to detect

7. Ideally, the research participant's identity is not known to the researcher.

This is called:
A. Anonymity
B. Confidentiality
C. Deception
D. Desensitizing

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 The Open Questions

Lecture 1

1. What are the characteristics of selecting a research topic?

There are seven criteria for selecting a research topic:

1. Relevance
2. Innovation
3. Feasibility
4. Acceptability
5. Cost-effectiveness
6. Ethical consideration
7. Applicability of possible results and recommendations

2.Enumerate the steps of conducting a research.

The main steps are:

1. Selecting a research topic and formulating objective(s)
2. Undertaking literature review
3. Selecting a study design
4. Selecting the subjects
5. Identifying study variables
6. Collection of data
7. Analyzing data

3.What are the types of quantitative research and what are the differences?

Three types of quantitative research:

1. *Experimental*: Random assignment of subjects to experimental conditions; results
compared with controls.
2. *Quasi-experimental*: Similar to experimental studies but with non-randomized
assignment of subjects.
3. *Surveys*: Cross-sectional studies using questionnaires/interviews to estimate
characteristics of a larger population.

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Lecture 2

1.What are the types of Hypothesis?

1. Null Hypothesis
2. Alternative Hypothesis

2.What are the types of specific objectives?

1. Specific
2. Measurable
3. Attainable
4. Reliable
5. Timeliness
3.How to make measures of disease association?

1. Odds ratio
2. Relative risk
3. Risk difference

Lecture 3

1.What are the commonly used forms to measure the occurrence of a

disease?

- Incidence: Count of new cases within a period.

- Prevalence: Count of new and existing cases at a specific time.

2.What are the epidemiological measures of disease frequency?

1. Count ​ ​ 2. Proportion​ 3. Ratio

4. Rate ​ ​ 5. Risk

3.What are the most common methods of measuring the association?

- Odds Ratio (OR): Used in case-control studies.

- Relative Risk (RR): Used in prospective studies (e.g., cohort studies).

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Lecture 4

1.Definition, aim, advantages, and disadvantages of cross-sectional study?

- Definition: A prevalence study where exposure and effect are measured

simultaneously.
- Aim: Estimative objectives (e.g., disease prevalence).
- Advantages: Low cost/time, generates hypotheses.
- Disadvantages: Cannot estimate incidence, test hypotheses, or measure associations.

2.Differentiate between descriptive cross-sectional and analytical studies.

Comparison includes:
- Aim: Descriptive vs. hypothesis testing.
- Control group: Absent in descriptive, present in analytical.
- Cost/time: Lower in descriptive.
- Association estimation: Only analytical studies measure it.

3.What is a correlation (ecological) study?

- Aims to find correlations between variables at the population/group level.

- Compares populations across regions or time periods.
- Serves as a starting point for deeper epidemiological research.

Lecture 5

1.Differentiate between prospective and retrospective studies regarding

their advantages and disadvantages.

Comparison covers:
- Bias: Less in prospective.
- True risk: Estimated in prospective.
- Time/cost: Higher in prospective.
- Measure of association: RR (prospective) vs. OR (retrospective).

2.What is a randomized controlled clinical trial?

- Definition: An experimental study testing new treatments/preventive regimens.

- Process: Patients are randomly assigned to treatment or placebo groups.
- Blinding: Single/double/triple-blind techniques.
- Outcome: Effectiveness assessed via statistical comparison.

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3.What are the measures of association in analytical studies? How are they
interpreted?

- Measures: Relative Risk (RR) and Odds Ratio (OR).

- Interpretation:
=1: No association.
>1: Risk factor.
<1: Protective factor.

Lecture 6

1.What are the types of sampling?

The sampling types are:

- Non-Probability Samples:
1. Purposive Sample
2. Quota Sample
3. Convenience Sample
- Probability Samples:
1. Simple Random Sample
2. Systematic Random Sample
3. Stratified Random Sample
4. Cluster Random Sample
5. Multi-Stage/Multi-Phase Random Samples

2.List the steps of systematic random sampling.

The main steps:

1. Define the target population.
2. Make a numbered list of all units in the population.
3. Calculate the sampling interval.
4. Select the first number randomly.
5. Select the required sample using the interval.

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3.What are the advantages and disadvantages of the stratified random
sample?

- Advantages:
- Allows representation of all population subgroups.
- Efficient for heterogeneous populations.
- Improves precision of estimates.
- Disadvantages:
- Requires prior knowledge of population strata.
- Complexity in implementation.

Lecture 7

1.What are quantitative variables?

Quantitative variables are numerical and measurable. They include:

- Continuous Variables: e.g., height, weight.
- Discrete Variables: e.g., number of children.

2.What are primary and secondary data?

-Primary Data: Collected first hand for a specific purpose (e.g., surveys, experiments).
-Secondary Data: Pre-existing data from other sources (e.g., reports, publications).

3.What are qualitative variables?

Qualitative variables describe attributes or categories. They include:

- Nominal Variables: e.g., gender, blood group.
- Ordinal Variables: e.g., social class (low, medium, high).

Lecture 8

1.What are the tools of data collection?

1. Interviews​ ​ ​ ​ 2. Questionnaires
3. Observations ​ ​ ​ 4. Focus Groups
5. Documents and Records ​ 6. Checklists
7. Case Studies

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2.What are the sources of data collection?

1. Surveys
2. Census
3. Reports
4. Records
5. Logbooks
6. Field visits

3.List the types of questionnaires.

- Structured Questionnaire
- Unstructured Questionnaire
- Scaled Questionnaire

Lecture 9

1.What are the main characteristics of a good table?

1. Simplicity.
2. Self-explanatory title.
3. Clear separation of title and body.
4. Source citation for non-original data.

2.List the main characteristics of a histogram.

1. Represents frequency distribution of continuous variables.

2. Uses adjacent columns for class intervals.
3. Column area is proportional to observations.

Lecture 10

1.Select the mode of the ages: 53, 32, 61, 57, 39, 44, 57.

The mode is 57 (appears twice).

2.Calculate the mean of: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10.

Mean = {2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10}÷{5} = {30}÷{5} = 6

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3.Calculate the range of monthly incomes: 120, 125, 135, 140, 150, 160.

Range is = 160 - 120 = 40 pounds

Lecture 11

1.Summarize the characteristics of the normal distribution curve.

1. Symmetrical (mirror image around the mean).

2. Unimodal (single peak at the mean).
3. Continuous.
4. Infinite range (approaches but never touches the x-axis).

2.Explain skewness of the distribution curve.

Skewness occurs when data clusters toward one end, causing asymmetry.
- Positive Skew: Tail on the right.
- Negative Skew: Tail on the left.

3.Enumerate two types of kurtosis.

1. Leptokurtic: Sharp peak, heavy tails.

2. Platykurtic: Flat peak, light tails.

Lecture 12

1. What are the types of hypothesis?

1. Null and alternative hypotheses

2. One and two tailed hypotheses

2. What are the elements of writing a scientific hypothesis?

Perfect writing of the hypothesis statement necessitates the following tips:

1. The research question comes first.
2. A hypothesis is a statement, not a question.
3. Make it clear, simple, specific and in advance.
4. Keep the variables in mind.
5. Make sure your hypothesis is “testable.”

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3. What are the steps of testing hypothesis?

The main steps of testing hypothesis are:

1. Step 1: State the Null Hypothesis (H0).
2. Step 2: State the Alternative Hypothesis.
3. Step 3: Collect Data.
4. Step 4: Set the alpha level.
5. Step 5: Calculate a test statistic.
6. Step 6: Construct Acceptance / Rejection regions.
7. Step 7: Based on steps 5 and 6, draw a conclusion about H0.

Lecture 13

1.What are the types of t-tests?

1. Independent (two-sample) t-test.
2. One-sample t-test.
3. Paired (dependent) t-test.

2.List two common measures of association.

1. Relative Risk (RR).

2. Odds Ratio (OR).

3.How P value be significant or insignificant?

- If p value < or equal 0.05 then, it is significant

- If p value > 0.05 then, it is insignificant

Lecture 14

1.List the main requirements of research ethics.

1. Social value.
2. Scientific validity.
3. Fair subject selection.
4. Favorable risk-benefit ratio.
5. Independent review.
6. Informed consent.

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2.What is the impact of applying research ethics?

1. Protects participants’ rights.

2. Enhances trust in research.
3. Promotes scientific integrity.
4. Facilitates funding opportunities.

3.What is the importance of independent review?

Ensures research is free from biases (political, institutional, economic) and adheres to
ethical standards.

‫ب‬
​ ‫ت م حمد الله‬
‫ تم تجهيز هذا الملف بنية التسهيل والتنظيم وال أجيز وال أسامح أمام هللا يف‬:‫ملحوظة‬
‫استخدام هذا الملف لمن لم يشتري كتاب القسم‬

‫خليك واعي واحترم حقوق الملكية الفكر ية للقسم‬

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