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Data structures and algorithms in Java 2nd Edition Adam
Drozdek Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Adam Drozdek
ISBN(s): 9780534492526, 0534492525
Edition: 2
File Details: PDF, 3.77 MB
Year: 2005
Language: english
 Data Structures
and Algorithms
in Java

SECOND EDITION

Adam Drozdek

Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Data Structures
and Algorithms
in Java

SECOND EDITION

Adam Drozdek

Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

 Data Structures
and Algorithms
in Java

SECOND EDITION

Adam Drozdek

Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
 Data Structures and Algorithms in Java, Second Edition
by Adam Drozdek

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 TO MY WIFE , BOGNA

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 Contents

1 O BJECT-O RIENTED P ROGRAMMING U SING JAVA 1

1.1 Rudimentary Java 1
1.1.1 Variable Declarations 1
1.1.2 Operators 4
1.1.3 Decision Statements 5
1.1.4 Loops 6
1.1.5 Exception Handling 6
1.2 Object-Oriented Programming in Java 8
1.2.1 Encapsulation 8
1.2.2 Abstract Data Types 16
1.2.3 Inheritance 18
1.2.4 Polymorphism 21
1.3 Input and Output 24
1.3.1 Reading and Writing Bytes 26
1.3.2 Reading Lines 27
1.3.3 Reading Tokens: Words and Numbers 28
1.3.4 Reading and Writing Primitive Data Types 29
1.3.5 Reading and Writing Objects 29
1.3.6 Random Access File 30
1.4 Java and Pointers 31
1.5 Vectors in java.util 35
1.6 Data Structures and Object-Oriented Programming 42
1.7 Case Study: Random Access File 42
1.8 Exercises 51
1.9 Programming Assignments 53
Bibliography 55

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
vi ■ Contents

2 C OMPLEXITY A NALYSIS 56
2.1 Computational and Asymptotic Complexity 56
2.2 Big-O Notation 57
2.3 Properties of Big-O Notation 59
2.4 Ω and Q Notations 61
2.5 Possible Problems 62
2.6 Examples of Complexities 62
2.7 Finding Asymptotic Complexity: Examples 64
2.8 The Best, Average, and Worst Cases 66
2.9 Amortized Complexity 69
2.10 NP-Completeness 73
2.11 Exercises 76
Bibliography 79

3 L INKED L ISTS 80
3.1 Singly Linked Lists 80
3.1.1 Insertion 86
3.1.2 Deletion 88
3.1.3 Search 93
3.2 Doubly Linked Lists 95
3.3 Circular Lists 99
3.4 Skip Lists 101
3.5 Self-Organizing Lists 107
3.6 Sparse Tables 111
3.7 Lists in java.util 114
3.7.1 LinkedList 114
3.7.2 ArrayList 120
3.8 Concluding Remarks 123
3.9 Case Study: A Library 124
3.10 Exercises 134
3.11 Programming Assignments 136
Bibliography 139

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
 Contents ■ vii

4 S TACKS AND Q UEUES 140

4.1 Stacks 140
4.1.1 Stacks in java.util 148
4.2 Queues 149
4.3 Priority Queues 157
4.4 Case Study: Exiting a Maze 158
4.5 Exercises 164
4.6 Programming Assignments 166
Bibliography 168

5 R ECURSION 169
5.1 Recursive Definitions 169
5.2 Method Calls and Recursion Implementation 172
5.3 Anatomy of a Recursive Call 174
5.4 Tail Recursion 178
5.5 Nontail Recursion 179
5.6 Indirect Recursion 185
5.7 Nested Recursion 187
5.8 Excessive Recursion 188
5.9 Backtracking 191
5.10 Concluding Remarks 198
5.11 Case Study: A Recursive Descent Interpreter 199
5.12 Exercises 207
5.13 Programming Assignments 210
Bibliography 212

6 B INARY T REES 214

6.1 Trees, Binary Trees, and Binary Search Trees 214
6.2 Implementing Binary Trees 219
6.3 Searching a Binary Search Tree 221
6.4 Tree Traversal 223
6.4.1 Breadth-First Traversal 224
6.4.2 Depth-First Traversal 225
6.4.3 Stackless Depth-First Traversal 231

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
viii ■ Contents

6.5 Insertion 239

6.6 Deletion 242
6.6.1 Deletion by Merging 243
6.6.2 Deletion by Copying 246
6.7 Balancing a Tree 249
6.7.1 The DSW Algorithm 252
6.7.2 AVL Trees 255
6.8 Self-Adjusting Trees 260
6.8.1 Self-Restructuring Trees 261
6.8.2 Splaying 262
6.9 Heaps 267
6.9.1 Heaps as Priority Queues 269
6.9.2 Organizing Arrays as Heaps 272
6.10 Polish Notation and Expression Trees 275
6.10.1 Operations on Expression Trees 277
6.11 Case Study: Computing Word Frequencies 280
6.12 Exercises 289
6.13 Programming Assignments 292
Bibliography 296

7 M ULTIWAY T REES 299

7.1 The Family of B-Trees 300
7.1.1 B-Trees 301
7.1.2 B*-Trees 312
7.1.3 B+-Trees 313
7.1.4 Prefix B+-Trees 316
7.1.5 Bit-Trees 319
7.1.6 R-Trees 320
7.1.7 2–4 Trees 323
7.1.8 Trees in java.util 338
7.2 Tries 349
7.3 Concluding Remarks 358
7.4 Case Study: Spell Checker 358
7.5 Exercises 369
7.6 Programming Assignments 370
Bibliography 374

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
 Contents ■ ix

8 G RAPHS 376
8.1 Graph Representation 377
8.2 Graph Traversals 379
8.3 Shortest Paths 383
8.3.1 All-to-All Shortest Path Problem 390
8.4 Cycle Detection 392
8.4.1 Union-Find Problem 393
8.5 Spanning Trees 395
8.6 Connectivity 399
8.6.1 Connectivity in Undirected Graphs 399
8.6.2 Connectivity in Directed Graphs 402
8.7 Topological Sort 405
8.8 Networks 407
8.8.1 Maximum Flows 407
8.8.2 Maximum Flows of Minimum Cost 417
8.9 Matching 421
8.9.1 Stable Matching Problem 426
8.9.2 Assignment Problem 428
8.9.3 Matching in Nonbipartite Graphs 430
8.10 Eulerian and Hamiltonian Graphs 432
8.10.1 Eulerian Graphs 432
8.10.2 Hamiltonian Graphs 436
8.11 Graph Coloring 442
8.12 NP-Complete Problems in Graph Theory 445
8.12.1 The Clique Problem 445
8.12.2 The 3-Colorability Problem 446
8.12.3 The Vertex Cover Problem 448
8.12.4 The Hamiltonian Cycle Problem 449
8.13 Case Study: Distinct Representatives 450
8.14 Exercises 460
8.15 Programming Assignments 464
Bibliography 466

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x ■ Contents

9 S ORTING 469
9.1 Elementary Sorting Algorithms 470
9.1.1 Insertion Sort 470
9.1.2 Selection Sort 474
9.1.3 Bubble Sort 475
9.2 Decision Trees 477
9.3 Efficient Sorting Algorithms 481
9.3.1 Shell Sort 481
9.3.2 Heap Sort 484
9.3.3 Quicksort 488
9.3.4 Mergesort 494
9.3.5 Radix Sort 497
9.4 Sorting in java.util 502
9.5 Concluding Remarks 505
9.6 Case Study: Adding Polynomials 507
9.7 Exercises 515
9.8 Programming Assignments 516
Bibliography 517

10 H ASHING 519
10.1 Hash Functions 520
10.1.1 Division 520
10.1.2 Folding 520
10.1.3 Mid-Square Function 521
10.1.4 Extraction 521
10.1.5 Radix Transformation 522
10.2 Collision Resolution 522
10.2.1 Open Addressing 522
10.2.2 Chaining 528
10.2.3 Bucket Addressing 530
10.3 Deletion 531
10.4 Perfect Hash Functions 532
10.4.1 Cichelli’s Method 533
10.4.2 The FHCD Algorithm 536
10.5 Hash Functions for Extendible Files 538
10.5.1 Extendible Hashing 539
10.5.2 Linear Hashing 541

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
 Contents ■ xi

10.6 Hashing in java.util 544

10.6.1 HashMap 544
10.6.2 HashSet 547
10.6.3 HashTable 552
10.7 Case Study: Hashing with Buckets 557
10.8 Exercises 566
10.9 Programming Assignments 567
Bibliography 568

11 DATA C OMPRESSION 570

11.1 Conditions for Data Compression 570
11.2 Huffman Coding 572
11.2.1 Adaptive Huffman Coding 581
11.3 Run-Length Encoding 586
11.4 Ziv-Lempel Code 587
11.5 Case Study: Huffman Method with Run-Length Encoding 590
11.6 Exercises 601
11.7 Programming Assignments 601
Bibliography 603

12 M EMORY M ANAGEMENT 604

12.1 The Sequential-Fit Methods 605
12.2 The Nonsequential-Fit Methods 606
12.2.1 Buddy Systems 608
12.3 Garbage Collection 615
12.3.1 Mark-and-Sweep 616
12.3.2 Copying Methods 623
12.3.3 Incremental Garbage Collection 625
12.4 Concluding Remarks 633
12.5 Case Study: An In-Place Garbage Collector 634
12.6 Exercises 643
12.7 Programming Assignments 644
Bibliography 647

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
xii ■ Contents

13 S TRING M ATCHING 649

13.1 Exact String Matching 649
13.1.1 Straightforward Algorithms 649
13.1.2 The Knuth-Morris-Pratt Algorithm 652
13.1.3 The Boyer-Moore Algorithm 660
13.1.4 Multiple Searches 670
13.1.5 Bit-Oriented Approach 672
13.1.6 Matching Sets of Words 676
13.1.7 Regular Expression Matching 682
13.1.8 Suffix Tries and Trees 686
13.1.9 Suffix Arrays 693
13.2 Approximate String Matching 694
13.2.1 String Similarity 695
13.2.2 String Matching with k Errors 701
13.3 Case Study: Longest Common Substring 704
13.4 Exercises 713
13.5 Programming Assignments 715
Bibliography 716

A PPENDIXES
A Computing Big-O 718
A.1 Harmonic Series 718
A.2 Approximation of the Function lg(n!) 718
A.3 Big-O for Average Case of Quicksort 720
A.4 Average Path Length in a Random Binary Tree 722
A.5 The Number of Nodes in an AVL Tree 723
B NP-Completeness 724
B.1 Cook’s Theorem 724

Name Index 737

Subject Index 740

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
 Preface

The study of data structures, a fundamental component of a computer science educa-

tion, serves as the foundation upon which many other computer science fields are
built. Some knowledge of data structures is a must for students who wish to do work
in design, implementation, testing, or maintenance of virtually any software system.
The scope and presentation of material in Data Structures and Algorithms in Java pro-
vide students with the knowledge necessary to perform such work.
This book highlights three important aspects of data structures. First, a very
strong emphasis is placed on the connection between data structures and their algo-
rithms, including analyzing algorithms’ complexity. Second, data structures are pre-
sented in an object-oriented setting in accordance with the current design and
implementation paradigm. In particular, the information-hiding principle to advance
encapsulation and decomposition is stressed. Finally, an important component of the
book is data structure implementation, which leads to the choice of Java as the pro-
gramming language.
The Java language, an object-oriented descendant of C and C++, has gained pop-
ularity in industry and academia as an excellent programming language due to wide-
spread use of the Internet. Because of its consistent use of object-oriented features
and the security of the language, Java is also useful and natural for introducing data
structures. Currently, C++ is the primary language of choice for teaching data struc-
tures; however, because of the wide use of Java in application programming and the
object-oriented characteristics of the language, using Java to teach a data structures
and algorithms course, even on the introductory level, is well justified.
This book provides the material for a course that includes the topics listed under
CS2 and CS7 of the old ACM curriculum. It also meets the requirements for most of
the courses CA 202, CD 202, and CF 204 of the new ACM curriculum.
Most chapters include a case study that illustrates a complete context in which
certain algorithms and data structures can be used. These case studies were chosen
from different areas of computer science such as interpreters, symbolic computation,
and file processing, to indicate the wide range of applications to which topics under
discussion may apply.

xiii

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
xiv ■ Preface

Brief examples of Java code are included throughout the book to illustrate the
practical importance of data structures. However, theoretical analysis is equally im-
portant. Thus, presentations of algorithms are integrated with analyses of efficiency.
Great care is taken in the presentation of recursion because even advanced students
have problems with it. Experience has shown that recursion can be explained best if the
run-time stack is taken into consideration. Changes to the stack are shown when tracing
a recursive function not only in the chapter on recursion, but also in other chapters. For
example, a surprisingly short method for tree traversal may remain a mystery if work
done by the system on the run-time stack is not included in the explanation. Standing
aloof from the system and retaining only a purely theoretical perspective when dis-
cussing data structures and algorithms are not necessarily helpful. This book also in-
cludes comprehensive chapters on data compression and memory management.
The thrust of this book is data structures, and other topics are treated here only as
much as necessary to ensure a proper understanding of this subject. Algorithms are
discussed from the perspective of data structures, so the reader will not find a com-
prehensive discussion of different kinds of algorithms and all the facets that a full
presentation of algorithms requires. However, as mentioned, recursion is covered in
depth. In addition, complexity analysis of algorithms is presented in some detail.
Chapters 1 and 3–8 present a number of different data structures and the algo-
rithms that operate on them. The efficiency of each algorithm is analyzed, and improve-
ments to the algorithm are suggested.
■ Chapter 1 presents the basic principles of object-oriented programming, an intro-
duction to dynamic memory allocation and the use of pointers, and a rudimentary
introduction to Java.
■ Chapter 2 describes some methods used to assess the efficiency of algorithms.
■ Chapter 3 contains an introduction to linked lists.
■ Chapter 4 presents stacks and queues and their applications.
■ Chapter 5 contains a detailed discussion of recursion. Different types of recursion are
discussed, and a recursive call is dissected.
■ Chapter 6 discusses binary trees, including implementation, traversal, and search.
This chapter also includes balanced trees.
■ Chapter 7 details more generalized trees such as tries, 2– 4 trees, and B-trees.
■ Chapter 8 presents graphs.
Chapters 9–12 show different applications of data structures introduced in the
previous chapters. They emphasize the data structure aspects of each topic under
consideration.
■ Chapter 9 analyzes sorting in detail, and several elementary and nonelementary
methods are presented.

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
 Preface ■ xv

■ Chapter 10 discusses hashing, one of the most important areas in searching. Various
techniques are presented with an emphasis on the utilization of data structures.
■ Chapter 11 discusses data compression algorithms and data structures.
■ Chapter 12 presents various techniques and data structures for memory
management.
■ Chapter 13 discusses many algorithms for exact and approximate string matching.
■ Appendix A discusses in greater detail big-O notation, introduced in Chapter 2.
■ Appendix B gives a proof of Cook’s theorem and illustrates it with an extended
example.
Each chapter contains a discussion of the material illustrated with appropriate
diagrams and tables. Except for Chapter 2, all chapters include a case study, which is
an extended example using the features discussed in that chapter. All case studies have
been tested using the Visual C++ compiler on a PC and the g++ compiler under
UNIX except the von Koch snowflake, which runs on a PC under Visual C++. At the
end of each chapter is a set of exercises of varying degrees of difficulty. Except for
Chapter 2, all chapters also include programming assignments and an up-to-date bib-
liography of relevant literature.
Chapters 1–6 (excluding Sections 2.9, 3.4, 6.4.3, 6.7, and 6.8) contain the core
material that forms the basis of any data structures course. These chapters should be
studied in sequence. The remaining six chapters can be read in any order. A one-
semester course could include Chapters 1–6, 9, and Sections 10.1 and 10.2. The entire
book could also be part of a two-semester sequence.

TEACHING TOOLS
Electronic Instructor’s Manual. The Instructor’s Manual that accompanies this text-
book includes complete solutions to all text exercises.
Electronic Figure Files. All images from the text are available in bitmap format for use
in classroom presentations.
Source Code. The source code for the text example programs is available via the au-
thor’s Web site at http://www.mathes.dug.edu/drozdek/DSinJava.
It is also available for student download at course.com. All teaching tools, outlined
above, are available in the Instructor’s Resources section of course.com.

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
xvi ■ Preface

CHANGES IN THE SECOND EDITION

The new edition primarily extends the old edition by including material on new topics
that are currently not covered. The additions include
■ Pattern matching algorithms in the new Chapter 13
■ A discussion of NP-completeness in the form of a general introduction (Section 2.10),
examples of NP-complete problems (Section 8.12), and an outline of Cook’s theorem
(Appendix B)
■ New material on graphs (Sections 8.9.1, 8.10.1.1, 8.10.2.1, and 8.11)
■ A discussion of a deletion algorithm for vh-trees (Section 7.1.7)
■ An introduction to Java files (Sections 1.3.1–1.3.6)
Moreover, the tables that list methods from java.util packages have been updated.
There are also many small modifications and additions throughout the book.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank the following reviewers, whose comments and advice helped me
to improve this book:
James Ball, Indiana State University
Robin Dawes, Queen’s University
Julius Dichter, University of Bridgeport
However, the ultimate content is my responsibility, and I would appreciate
hearing from readers about any shortcomings or strengths. My email address is
[email protected].

Adam Drozdek

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
 Object-Oriented
Programming
Using Java
1
T
his chapter introduces the reader to elementary Java. Java is an immense lan-
guage and programming environment, and it is impossible to touch upon all
Java-related issues within the confines of one chapter. This chapter introduces
only those aspects of Java that are necessary for understanding the Java code offered in
this book. The reader familiar with Java can skip this chapter.

1.1 RUDIMENTARY JAVA

A Java program is a sequence of statements that have to be formed in accordance with
the predefined syntax. A statement is the smallest executable unit in Java. Each state-
ment ends with a semicolon. Compound statements, or blocks, are marked by delim-
iting them with braces, { and }.

1.1.1 Variable Declarations

Each variable must be declared before it can be used in a program. It is declared by
specifying its type and its name. Variable names are strings of any length of letters,
digits, underscores, and dollar signs that begin with a letter, underscore, or dollar sign.
However, a letter is any Unicode letter (a character above 192), not just 1 of the 26 let-
ters in the English alphabet. Local variables must be initialized. Java is case sensitive,
so variable n is different from variable N.
A type of variable is either one of the eight built-in basic types, a built-in or user-
defined class type, or an array. Here are built-in types and their sizes:

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
2 ■ Chapter 1 Object-Oriented Programming Using Java

Type Size Range

boolean 1 bit true, false
char 16 bits Unicode characters
byte 8 bits [-128, 127]
short 16 bits [-32768, 32767]
int 32 bits [-2147483648, 2147483647]
long 64 bits [-9223372036854775808, 9223372036854775807]
float 32 bits [-3.4E38, 3.4E38]
double 64 bits [-1.7E308, 1.7E308]
Note that the sizes of the types are fixed, which is extremely important for portabil-
ity of programs. In C/C++, the size of integers and long integers is system depen-
dent. Unlike C/C++, boolean is not a numeric type, and no arithmetic operations
can be performed on boolean variables. But as in C/C++, characters are consid-
ered integers (in Java, they are unsigned integers) so that they can be operands of
arithmetic operations.
Integer operations are performed with 32-bit precision (for long integers, it is 64-
bit precision); therefore, operations on byte and short variables require a cast. For
example, the statements
byte a, b = 1, c = 2;
a = b + c;

give a compilation error, “incompatible type for =. Explicit cast is needed to convert
int to byte.” The addition b + c gives an integer value that must be cast to execute
the assignment to the byte variable a. To avoid the problem, the assignment should
be changed to
a = (byte) (b + c);

An overflow resulting from an arithmetic operation (unless it is division by zero)

is not indicated, so the programmer must be aware that, for two integers,
int i = 2147483647, j = i + 1;

the value of j is –2147483648.

Java does not provide modifiers signed and unsigned, but it has other modifiers.
An important difference between C/C++ and Java is characters that are 8 bits
long in C/C++ and 16 bits long in Java. With the usual 8-bit characters, only 256 dif-
ferent characters can be represented. To address the problem of representing charac-
ters of languages other than English, the set of available codes must be significantly
extended. The problem is not only with representing letters with diacritical marks
(e.g., Polish letter ń, Romanian letter ţ, or Danish letter ø), but also with non-Latin
characters such as Cyrillic, Greek, Japanese, Chinese, and so on. By allowing a charac-
ter variable to be of 2 bytes, the number of different characters represented now
equals 65,536.

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
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wild plums in 1866 on the Cedar River near his home. The following
year he transplanted the tree to his yard. About 1874, J. E. Wyant
told R. Royce of Shellsburg, Iowa, proprietor of the Benton County
Nursery, of this tree. Royce secured cuttings from the original tree
and began propagating the plum. Fruits were sent to Professor J. L.
Budd, Ames, Iowa, who named it Wyant. The variety was introduced
by Mr. Royce and was disseminated by him and by Professor Budd.
In 1897 it was added to the fruit catalog list of the American
Pomological Society.

Tree small, spreading and straggling, flat-topped, very hardy,

productive, healthy; branches rough and shaggy, zigzag, thorny, dark ash-
gray, with numerous, large lenticels; branchlets willowy, slender, long, with
long internodes, greenish-red changing to reddish-brown, glossy,
glabrous, with conspicuous, raised lenticels of average size and number;
leaf-buds small, pointed, strongly appressed.
Leaves falling early, folded upward, oval, one and five-eighths inches
wide, three and one-quarter inches long, thin; upper surface green,
smooth, glabrous, grooved on the midrib and larger veins; lower surface
silvery-green, lightly pubescent; apex acuminate, base abrupt, margin
coarsely and doubly serrate, the serrations sharp-pointed, not glandular;
petiole one-half inch long, tinged red, pubescent, glandless or with from
one to five globose, yellowish-green glands on the stalk.
Blooming season medium to late, of average length; flowers appearing
with the leaves, showy on account of the many blossoms and peculiar
appearance caused by the numerous long stamens, whitish, with
disagreeable odor; borne in dense clusters on lateral buds and spurs, one
to four flowers in each cluster; pedicels one-half inch long, slender,
glabrous, green, faintly tinged with red; calyx-tube red, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes narrow, acute, lightly pubescent on the inner surface, serrate
and with numerous marginal hairs, erect; petals small, narrow-ovate,
crenate, with narrow, long claws; stamens very numerous; anthers
yellowish; filaments three-eighths inch long; pistil slender, glabrous,
shorter than the stamens, often defective.
Fruit mid-season, ripening period short; one and one-quarter inches in
diameter, not symmetrical in shape, oblong-obovate to nearly ovate,
oblique, somewhat truncate, halves equal; cavity shallow, narrow, flaring;
suture a line; apex slightly flattened; color dark carmine over a yellow
ground which largely disappears as maturity advances, with thin bloom;
dots numerous, very small, light russet, inconspicuous; stem slender, one-
half inch long, glabrous, dehiscent; skin thin, tender, separating readily;
flesh dark golden-yellow, juicy, tender and melting, sweet, with the
Americana flavor less marked than in other varieties; of fair quality; stone
nearly free, seven-eighths inch by five-eighths inch in size, broadly oval,
flattened, blunt at the base, somewhat pointed at the apex, with pitted,
dark colored surfaces; ventral suture blunt or slightly winged, shallowly
ridged; dorsal suture acute, with shallow, narrow, distinct groove.

YELLOW EGG
 YELLOW EGG

Prunus domestica

1. Rea Flora 209. 1676. 2. Ray Hist. Plant. 2:1528, 1529. 1688. 3.
Langley Pomona 95, Pl. XXV fig. VI. 1729. 4. Miller Gard. Dict. 3. 1754. 5.
Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:107, Pl. XX fig. 10. 1768. 6. Knoop Fructologie
2:59. 1771. 7. Kraft Pom. Aust. 2:29, Tab. 175 fig. 1; 38, Tab. 188 fig. 1.
1796. 8. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 20, 21. 1803. 9. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 233,
fig. 8. 1817. 10. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 149. 1831. 11. Prince Pom. Man.
2:57, 58. 1832. 12. Kenrick Am. Orch. 258, 269. 1832. 13. Floy-Lindley
Guide Orch. Gard. 299, 301. 1846. 14. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 1: fig. 1846.
15. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 333. 1849. 16. Elliott Fr. Book 424. 1854. 17.
Thompson Gard. Ass’t 520. 1859. 18. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 88. 1862. 19.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 954 fig. 1869. 20. Pom. France 7: No. 18. 1871.
21. Koch Deut. Obst. 560. 1876. 22. Hogg Fruit Man. 730. 1884. 23.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 431. 1889. 24. Fell Cat. 49. 1893. 25. Guide Prat.
163, 354. 1895. 26. Cornell Sta. Bul. 131:193. 1897.
Aechte Gelbe Eierpflaume 25. Albert’s Damascene 23, 25. Albertus
Damen Pflaume 20, 23, 25. Askew’s Golden 20. Askew’s Golden Egg 16,
19, 22, 23, 25. Aubertiana 21. Bonum Magnum 11, 20, 22, 23, 25. Bonum
Magnum 1, 2. Col. Young’s Seedling 16. Dame Aubert 10, 11, 13, 17, 19,
22, 23, 25. Dame Ambert 16. Dame Aubert 5, 12. Damas Aubert 7, 23, 25.
Dame Aubert Blanche 10, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25. Dame Ambert Blanche
16. Dame Aubert Grosse Luisante 11. Dame Ambert Jaune 16. Dame
Aubert Jaune 10, 11, 17, 19, 20, 23. Darwin Peach 24. Die Albertus
Damenpflaume 7. De Besançon 25. De Monsieur 25 incor. Die Grosse
Weisse Glanzende 7. Die Kaiserliche Weisse Pflaume ?7. D’OEuf 25. D’OEuf
Blanche 25. Dutch Plum 1, 11. Dutch Plumb 3. Echte Gelbe Eier Pflaume
23. Edle Gelbe Eger Pflaume 20. Edle Gelbe Eier Pflaume 23, 25. Egg
Plum 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25. Eier Pflaume 23,
25. Gelbe Eger Pflaume 20, 23, 25. Gelbe Egg 20, 23, 25. Gelbe Malonke
23, 25. Gelbe Ungarische Eier Pflaume 23, 25. Gelbe Marunke 23, 25.
Gelbe Eierpflaume 23. Gelbe Eierpflaume 20, 25. Grosse Weisse
Glanzende 20, 23, 25. Great Mogul ?2. Grosse Datte ?5. Grosse-Luisante
5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25. Gros Luisante 12. Gelbe
Ungarische Eyerpflaume 20. Grosse Prune Blanche 20, 23, 25. Grosse
Maronke 25. Grosse Marouk 20, 23, 25. Grosse Glanzende Alberts Pflaume
23, 25. Grosse Glanzende 20, 25. Grosse Glanzende Pflaume 23. Grosse
Gelbe Eier Pflaume 23, 25. Grosse Marunke 23. Grünliche Dattel Pflaume
von Besançon 23, 25. Hick’s large Egg? 11. Impériale Blanche ?5.
Impériale Blanche ?7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 19, 20, 22, ?23, 25. Imperial
Blanc 11. Large Yellow Egg 11. Magnum Bonum 19. Monsieur’s Plum ?4, ?
8. Monsieur’s Plum ?4. Mogul 9. Monsieur 11. Mogul 4, 8, 11, 23. Mogul
Plum 25. Mogule Plumb 3. Mogule 11. Mogol Plum 20, 23, 25. Mogols
Pflaume 20, 23, 25. Mogul’s Pflaume 23, 25. Prune de Monsieur? 4, 6.
Prune de Monsieur 23 incor. Prune OEuf 20. Prune Dame Aubert 14, 20.
Prune d’Oeuf 20, 23. Prune d’Oeuf blanche 6, 23. Prune d’Inde Blanc 19.
Prune De Besançon 20, 23. Prune Dame d’Aubert 21. Prune d’Inde
 Blanche 23. Supreme ?14. Wentworth 13. Wentworth ?8, 10, 11, 12, 16,
17, 19, 23, 25. Wentworth Plumb ?3. White Imperial 9, 11, 15, 16, 19, 23.
White Imperial 11. White Imperial Bonum Magnum 4, 8. White Holland 3,
4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 23, 25. White Magnum Bonum 9, 11, 13, 15,
16, 19, 20, 23, 25. Weisse Kaiser Pflaume 23, 25. Weisse Hollandische
Pflaume 23, 25. White Bonum Magnum 3, 11, 20, 23, 25. White Egg Plum
11. White Magnum Bonum 10, 12, 17, 18, 22, 23. White Mogul 10, 12, 13,
16, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25. White Egg 15. White Egg 16, 19, 23, 25. Weisser
Kaiser 23, 25. Weisse Magnum Bonum 20, 23, 25. Weisse Kaiserin 23
incor. Yellow Magnum Bonum 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25. Yellow
Bonum Magnum 20, 23, 25. Young’s Superior Egg ?11. Yellow Egg 18, 23,
25.

The characters of Yellow Egg were given in the discussion of the

group which bears its name and but little more needs to be said of
the variety. As the largest and handsomest of the yellow plums it is
worth consideration by either the amateur or the commercial fruit-
grower in New York. At best, however, it is fit only for cooking and is
none too good for culinary purposes. The trees are very satisfactory
on all but very light soils. As has been suggested before, this plum
ought to be crossed with varieties of better quality with the hope of
getting as handsome a fruit but one which could be used for dessert
purposes.
The references and synonyms show that Yellow Egg is a plum with
an interesting history, but unfortunately the accounts of its origin
and subsequent history have been but poorly preserved. Rea, in
1676, described the Yellow Egg as the Bonum Magnum or Dutch
Plum; we may infer from this that the English obtained the variety
from Holland. Knoop of Holland, in 1771, described the variety under
the name Prune d’Oeuf Blanche, indicating a French origin. Knoop
describes the Prune De Monsieur as similar and this plum has ever
since been held as doubtfully identical. Duhamel, in Traite des Arbres
Fruitiers, 1768, described Yellow Egg as the Dame Aubert. Kraft in
Pomona Austriaca, 1796, gave it as the Die Grosse Weisse
Glanzende, oder Die Albertus Damenpflaume. These references
show that Yellow Egg was well known at an early date. Because of
its close resemblance to many varieties, probably due to the
propagation of seedlings from it, much confusion exists in the
nomenclature of Yellow Egg. White Imperial was separated by
Duhamel and Prince; but Miller, Thompson and most of the
subsequent writers give it as the same. Duhamel believed the
Imperial Blanche (White Imperial) to be the Grosse Datte. So, too,
the Wentworth was at first separated but, later, was recorded as
identical. Koch calls Yellow Egg one of the Datterpflaumen (Date
Plums) though he states that there is another Date Plum known by
Tragus more than three hundred years ago as Prunidactyla. De
Candolle seems to hold to the names Dame d’Aubert and Aubertina
for this plum. Professor Budd in exploring southwest Russia and
Poland found a Dame Aubert differing from our Yellow Egg only in
minor characters which he was told came from central Asia.
The exact date of the importation of Yellow Egg to this country is
unknown. Coxe, in 1817, described it as the Mogul and later Prince
gave it the name Yellow Egg. Owing to this change in name, we find
America now and then given as its place of origin by both American
and English writers. In 1862, the American Pomological Society
added it to its fruit catalog list under the name White Magnum
Bonum but in 1871, the name was changed to Yellow Egg. The
Darwin Peach, sent out by Fell, a nurseryman in England, has proved
to be identical at this Station and its distributor, in a recent letter,
states that this plum, which has been growing on his place thirty
years, “is apparently identical to the White Magnum Bonum” which is
of course Yellow Egg.

Tree, large, vigorous, round-topped, open, hardy, very productive; trunk

roughish; branches numerous, ash-gray, nearly smooth, with rather large
lenticels; branchlets slender, short, with long intemodes, greenish-red
changing to dull brownish-red, dull, lightly pubescent throughout the
season, covered with thin bloom, with few, inconspicuous, small lenticels;
leaf-buds above medium in size, long, pointed, free.
Leaves flattened or somewhat folded backward, oval, two and one-half
inches wide, four and one-quarter inches long, leathery; upper surface
dark green, pubescent, slightly rugose, with grooved midrib; lower surface
medium green, thickly pubescent; apex abruptly pointed or acute, base
acute, margin doubly serrate, with few dark glands; petiole five-eighths
inch long, thick, reddish-purple, pubescent, glandless or with one or two
globose, yellowish-green glands variable in position.
Blooming season short; flowers appearing after the leaves, one inch
across, white, with a yellowish tinge at the tip of the petals; borne on
lateral buds and spurs, singly or in pairs; pedicels one-half inch long,
covered with thick pubescence, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate,
pubescent; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, pubescent, glandular-serrate,
reflexed; petals roundish-oval, crenate or sometimes slightly notched,
tapering to short, broad claws; anthers yellow; filaments three-eighths
inch long; pistil pubescent, longer than the stamens; stigma oblique.
Fruit late, season short; two inches by one and five-eighths inches in
size, long-oval, compressed, halves nearly equal; cavity of medium depth,
narrow, abrupt; suture shallow, often a line; apex roundish; color golden-
yellow, covered with thick bloom; dots numerous, small, white,
inconspicuous; stem slender, one and one-quarter inches long, pubescent,
adhering well to the fruit, surrounded at the cavity by a fleshy collar; skin
thin, slightly astringent, separating readily; flesh golden-yellow, rather
juicy, moderately coarse, firm, of average sweetness, mild; good; stone
semi-free or free, one and one-quarter inches by three-quarters inch in
size, oval, rather flat, acute at the base and apex, with roughened and
pitted surfaces; ventral suture wide, heavily ridged, often distinctly
winged; dorsal suture widely and deeply grooved.

YELLOW GAGE
Prunus domestica

1. Prince Treat. Hort. 25. 1828. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:108. 1832. 3.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 287, 288 fig. 115. 1845. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult.
329. 1849. 5. Cole Am. Fr. Book 208 fig. 1849. 6. Horticulturist 7:403.
1852. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 36, 55. 1852. 8. Elliott Fr. Book 414. 1854.
9. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 210. 1856. 10. Bridgeman Gard. Ass’t 3:126. 1857.
11. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 190, Pl. XIII. 1865. 12. Mas Pom. Gen. 2:163, fig.
82. 1873. 13. Barry Fr. Garden 417. 1883. 14. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 443.
1889. 15. Waugh Plum Cult. 126. 1901.
American Wheat 10. American Yellow Gage of some 3, 4, 8, 11, 14.
American Yellow Gage 10. Auserlesene Gelhe Reine-Claude 14. Harvest
Gage 6, 8, 11, 14. Prince’s Gage 1. Prince’s Gelbe Reine-Claude 14.
Prince’s Yellow Gage 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11. Prince’s Yellow Gage 5, 12, 13,
 14, 15. Reine-Claude Jaune De Prince 12. White Gage of some 3, 8, 11,
14.

Yellow Gage belongs to the Reine Claude, or as it is so often

called, the Green Gage group of plums. There are now a great
number of these plums under cultivation in America, most of which
have originated in this country and nearly all of which, as we have
said before, are better than similar kinds from Europe. It is difficult
to select from the numerous first-rate plums of this group the best
varieties to retain in home or commercial orchards. Among these,
however, Yellow Gage should be kept for the home orchard at least.
It is a rather large fruit, with a beautiful color—golden-yellow often
with a faint blush, with a firm and juicy yet tender flesh and a most
refreshing admixture of sweet and sour together with the richness
which characterizes the Reine Claude plums. The fruits come, too, at
a time when the market is not overstocked with these fine plums
and the season is particularly long. A review of the tree-characters in
the description which follows shows that in the main they are good
though some complain that the variety is not productive. This
precariousness in bearing, together with the tender skin which keeps
Yellow Gage from standing shipment well, probably precludes the
variety from a high place in a commercial list but does not prevent
its being a most desirable plum for home planting.
This excellent old variety was probably one of the first plums to
originate in America. It came from a Reine Claude pit planted, with
many others, by William Prince[226] in 1783 in the celebrated Prince
nurseries at Flushing, Long Island. Despite its early origin and fine
qualities it has never had much recognition from pomologists.
Downing described it in 1845 but neither Manning nor Kenrick in
their excellent books on fruits mention this plum. The American
Pomological Society in 1852 listed it with the varieties of plums
promising well and in 1856 placed it on the list of those worthy of
general cultivation.
 Tree very large and vigorous, spreading, dense-topped, hardy,
productive; trunk roughish; branches dark ash-gray, smooth except for the
numerous, raised lenticels of various sizes; branchlets medium to below in
thickness, short, with internodes of average length, greenish-red changing
to brownish-red, dull, lightly pubescent, with inconspicuous, small
lenticels; leaf-buds large, long, conical, free; leaf-scars prominent.
Leaves long-oval or obovate, two inches wide, four and one-quarter
inches long, thick, somewhat leathery; upper surface dark green, covered
with fine hairs, the midrib grooved; lower surface silvery-green, sparingly
pubescent; apex and base acute, margin serrate, with few small, dark
glands; petiole five-eighths inch long, pubescent, tinged red, with from
one to three smallish, globose, greenish-yellow glands variable in position.
Blooming season intermediate in time and length; flowers appearing
after the leaves, one and one-eighth inches wide, white, fragrant; borne
on lateral spurs, singly or in pairs; pedicels seven-eighths inch long, with
short, thin pubescence, greenish; calyx-tube green, enlarged at the base,
campanulate, lightly pubescent; calyx-lobes narrow, obtuse, lightly
pubescent on both surfaces, glandular-serrate, reflexed; petals oval,
entire, tapering to short, broad claws; anthers yellow; filaments one-
quarter inch long; pistil glabrous, longer than the stamens.
Fruit mid-season, ripening period of medium length; one and one-half
inches by one and three-eighths inches in size, oval, slightly compressed,
halves nearly equal; cavity shallow, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow; apex
roundish or depressed; dull yellow, faintly splashed and streaked with
green, sometimes tinged on the sunny side with light red, overspread with
thin bloom; dots numerous, small, white, inconspicuous, clustered about
the base; stem three-quarters inch long, thinly pubescent, adhering well
to the fruit; skin thin, rather sour, separating readily; flesh golden-yellow,
juicy, firm but tender, sweet, mild, of pleasant flavor; very good; stone
free, the cavity larger than the pit, one inch by five-eighths inch in size,
oval, turgid, roundish, abruptly contracted at the base, blunt at the apex;
ventral suture broad, blunt, faintly ridged; dorsal suture widely and deeply
grooved.
 CHAPTER IV
THE MINOR VARIETIES OF PLUMS

Abbaye d’Arton. Domestica. 1. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 445. 1906.

This variety came from a chance seedling found in the ruins of the
Abbaye d’Arton at Valreas, France; it was propagated in 1897 by M.
Valdy of Valreas. Tree very productive; fruit large, obovate; suture
obscure; stem short; pale red, darker on the sunny side; bloom
thick; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet; good; freestone; mid-season.
Abricotee de Braunau. Domestica. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 349. 1866.
2. Oberdieck Deut. Obst. Sort. 429. 1881. 3. Hogg Fruit Man.
683. 1884. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 423. 1889.
Abricotée de Braunau 4. Braunauer Aprikosenartige 2. Braunauer
Aprikosenartige Pflaume 4. Braunauer Aprikosenartige Damascene 4.
Braunauer Neue Kernfrucht 2. Reine-Claude Braunau 3, 4.
Dr. Liegel of Braunau, Germany, originated this variety about 1810.
Fruit large, roundish; suture distinct; greenish; bloom rather heavy;
dots distinct, reddish; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sweet; good; stone
free; mid-season.
Abricotee de Lange. Domestica. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 2:103, fig. 52.
1873.
Langes Aprikosenpflaume 1.
Dr. Liegel of Braunau, Germany, grew this variety and named it
after Lange of Altenburg. Fruit of medium size, roundish; suture
slight; yellow, blushed in the sun; flesh yellow, tender, sweet,
aromatic; good; clingstone; mid-season.
Abricotee de Trauttenberg. Domestica. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 2:35,
fig. 18. 1873. 2. Mathieu, Nom. Pom. 453. 1889.
 Abricotée de Trauttenberg 2. Abricotée Rouge de Trauttenberg 2.
Trauttenbergs Aprikosenpflaume 1. Von Trauttenberg’s
Aprikosenpflaume 2.
Liegel raised the Abricotée de Trauttenberg from a stone of the
Red Apricot and named it after Baron Emmanuel of Trauttenberg,
Prague. Fruit medium in size, oval, red; flesh yellow, firm, aromatic;
good; freestone; mid-season.
Abricot Princesse. Domestica. Mentioned in Knoop Fructologie
2:54. 1771.
Admirable. Domestica. Mentioned in Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 21.
1803.
Admiral. Domestica. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 257. 1832. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 293. 1845. 3. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 345.
1849.
Corse’s Admiral 1, 2, 3.
Originated by Henry Corse, Montreal, Canada. Inferior in quality
but hardy, productive and showy; rarely grown. Fruit of medium
size, oval, sides unequal, light purple; dots yellow; bloom thin; stem
long, pubescent; flesh greenish-yellow, juicy; clingstone; mid-
season.
Admiral Schley. Americana. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:260. 1890. 2. Terry
Cat. 1900.
Originated by H. A. Terry of Crescent, Iowa. Fruit roundish, yellow,
washed with deep bronze-red; dots small, numerous, yellow,
distinct; bloom thin; skin tough; flesh deep yellow, juicy, rich, sweet;
very good; stone large, oval, flattened, clinging. Apparently an
improvement over Hawkeye.
Advance. Americana. 1. Waugh Plum Cult. 142. 1901. 2. Kerr Cat.
1902-3.
Grown by Theodore Williams, Benson, Nebraska, and introduced
by J. W. Kerr, Denton, Maryland, in 1902. Fruit large, oval; cavity
very shallow; suture a line; apex slightly depressed; dark red; dots
many, conspicuous, yellow; good; clingstone; tree vigorous and
productive; said to be resistant to rot.
African. Angustifolia varians. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 160. 1881. 2.
Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:60, 86. 1892. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 192,
193 fig. 1901.
Originated with G. Onderdonk[227] of Texas and introduced by him
in 1870; said to be one of the best varieties of this species. Tree
small, spreading; fruit medium to large, roundish to oblong, dull,
dark red; dots large and small, white; skin thin, tough; flesh yellow,
soft, juicy, subacid; good; stone clinging; mid-season.
Alabama. Triflora ×?. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 175:154. 1899. 2. Waugh
Plum Cult. 201. 1901.
Normand No. 5 2
Sent out by J. L. Normand, Marksville, Louisiana. Fruit of medium
size, heart-shaped, light yellow with pink cheek; bloom thin; mid-
season; fruits drop before ripe but mature after falling; good; tree
spreading, twiggy; branches smooth, glossy, zigzag.
Albany Beauty. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 146. 1831. 2.
Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 327. 1849. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
420. 1889.
Belle d’Albany 3. Denniston’s Albany Beauty 2, 3. Denniston’s
Albany 1.
Produced in the garden of Isaac Denniston, Albany, New York,
about 1835. Fruit below medium in size, oval with a slight neck,
greenish-yellow with reddish spots on the sunny side; flesh yellow,
juicy, rich, sweet; good; stone free, small, pointed; mid-season; tree
hardy; productive.
Alberta. Nigra? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 426. 1900.
A seedling raised at Indian Head Experimental Farm, Northwest
Territory, Canada. Fruit large; fairly productive; early.
Alexander. Species? 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 135. 1903. 2. Ibid. 424.
1905.
Alexander’s Late 2.
Mentioned as a late native plum; productive; resistant to rot;
clingstone.
Alibuchari. Domestica. 1. Mag. Hort. 9:163. 1843. 2. McIntosh Bk.
Gard. 2:534. 1855.
An old European prune. Size medium, oval, purple; fair in quality;
freestone; shrivels on the tree; hardy; productive.
Alice. Americana mollis. 1. Terry Cat. 1900.
Originated by H. A. Terry, Crescent, Iowa, from seed of Van Buren.
“Tree a fine upright grower, with large, light red fruit of best quality.”
Allen. Species? 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:78. 1892.
Allen’s Yellow 1.
An obsolete variety from Kansas of medium size, round, yellow
and red; skin thick; clingstone.
Allfruit. Simonii × Triflora. 1. Vt. Sta. Bul. 67:5. 1898. 2. Waugh
Plum Cult. 202. 1901.
Grown by Luther Burbank; named in 1898. Described by Waugh
as follows: “Fruit oblate, medium size; cavity deep, rounded; stem
short; suture rather shallow; color pale red with many large and
small yellowish dots and a thin white bloom; skin medium thick;
flesh-medium firm, bright yellow; flavor sweet and rich, fragrant;
good to best; stone medium to large, slightly flattened, semi-cling;
leaf large, oval, pointed, rather finely double crenulate and minutely
glandular, rather thick, glistens as if varnished; petiole short,
glandular.”
Allie. Nigra? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 426. 1900.
A seedling raised at Indian Head Experimental Farm, Northwest
Territory, Canada. Tree productive; fruit of medium size; skin red;
flavor good; early.
Aloe. Domestica. 1. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt. 55. 1878.
Mentioned as an old Scottish variety; is not hardy at Montreal,
Canada.
Alois Reine Claude. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom.
420. 1889.
Alois’ Reine-Claude. Reine-Claude d’Alois. Reine-Claude Aloise.
Aloo Bokhara. Domestica? 1. Horticulturist 3:144. 1848.
A variety noted by Sir Alexander Burnes, while traveling in
Bokhara, as having a sweet kernel. He states that the stone, when
ripe, can be seen through the skin.
Alpha. Maritima. 1. Kerr Cat. 1899. 2. Ohio Sta. Bul. 162:254, 255.
1905.
A variety selected from wild trees by E. W. Winsor of New Jersey
and sent to J. W. Kerr, Denton, Maryland, who introduced it in 1899.
Very small, roundish, purple; no cavity nor suture; flesh greenish-
yellow; poor; freestone; early; tree small, compact, very productive.
Alpha-Americana. Americana. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 86. 1900.
A seedling of De Soto pollinated by Weaver; grown by N. K. Fluke,
Davenport, Iowa, in 1890. Fruit large, oval with a truncate base,
clear yellow, mottled with light red, lilac blush; suture distinct; flesh
yellow, firm and meaty; fair in quality; stone of medium size,
flattened, free; mid-season.
Amaryllis. Insititia. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:33. 1903.
Originated by August Dupuis, Village des Aulnaies, Province of
Quebec, in 1890 from seed of Mirabelle. Fruit large, roundish; cavity
medium, abrupt; suture distinct; apex rounded; greenish-yellow;
dots indistinct; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, rich; good; clingstone.
Amber. Domestica? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 577, 578. 1629. 2.
Quintinye Com. Gard. 68. 1699.
 Described by Parkinson in 1629 as a small, round, yellow
freestone plum of mediocre quality; classified by him as “Prunum
Ambarinum.”
Amber Primordian. Domestica. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 575. 1629.
2. Rea Flora 206. 1676.
Mentioned by Parkinson in 1629 as an early, small, round, yellow,
watery, worthless plum.
Ambre Tardif. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom. 421.
1889.
Ambrée Tardive.
Amelie Blanche. Domestica. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:54. 1771.
Tree productive; fruit of medium size, roundish, yellow; obsolete.
Amelie Noire. Domestica. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:54. 1771.
Of ancient and unknown origin. Tree productive; fruit of medium
size, roundish, purplish-black; flesh dry; flavor fair; early.
Amelioree. Domestica. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Bul. 10:20. 1901.
D’Agen Ameliorée 1.
Ameliorée originated in eastern France and differs from Agen only
in being more vigorous; foliage and fruit larger and the season
earlier.
American Golden. Hortulana. 1. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 182. 1895. 2.
Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 11:283. 1898.
James B. Wild of Sarcoxie, Missouri, introduced this variety as a
seedling found in his neighborhood. Tree vigorous; fruit of medium
size, round; suture a line; cavity very shallow; stem medium; bright
golden-yellow; dots numerous, large, white; bloom thin; skin thick,
tough; flesh yellow, firm, sweet but sprightly; good; stone of
medium size, turgid, clinging; late.
American Magnum Bonum. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
896. 1869.
 Probably a seedling of Red Magnum Bonum from which it differs in
that the young shoots are pubescent, the stone clinging and the fruit
better in quality.
American Prune. Domestica. 1. Wood Bros. Cat. 1898. Probably a
synonym.
American Violet. Domestica. 1. Le Bon Jard. 1:342. 1882. 2. Can.
Exp. Farm Bul. 2d Ser., 3:49. 1900. P. violette americaine 1.
Tree weak in growth, productive; fruit large, roundish-oval, light
purple; bloom thick; flesh yellow, sweet, juicy; quality good; mid-
season.
American Wheat. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 289. 1845.
2. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 346. 1849. 3. Mas Pom. Gen.
2:129. 1873.
American Wheat 3. Froment American 3.
A very small, round, pale blue plum with thin bloom; flesh
greenish, melting, juicy, sweet; poor; clingstone; mid-season; tree
productive; leaves small, light colored.
Ancient City. Domestica. 1. Cultivator 6:270 fig. 1858. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 941. 1869. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 684. 1884.
Reagles’ Ancient City 1, 2.
Raised by C. Reagles, Schenectady, New York, supposedly from
seed of Washington. Fruit large, roundish; suture deep; sides
unequal; yellow, tinged with green, mottled with crimson specks
next to the sun; bloom thin; stem of medium length, thick; flesh
yellow veined with white, firm, coarse; good; freestone.
Anderson. Americana. 1. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:27. 1897. 2. Ia. Hort.
Soc. Rpt. 488. 1904.
Anderson’s Early Red 1.
Found growing on the Turkey River near Sioux Rapids, Iowa, by
Mrs. Vincent Anderson, about 1865. Trees productive; fruit of
medium size; good; mid-season.
Angelina Burdett. Domestica. 1. Gard. Chron. 13:600. 1853. 2.
Mas Le Verger 6:37. 1866-73. 3. Gaucher Pom. Prak. Obst.
91. 1894.
Raised from seed by Henry Dowling of Woolston, England, about
1845. Tree vigorous, hardy and productive; fruit of medium size,
roundish; suture deep, one side enlarged; skin thick; dark purple
with brown dots and heavy bloom; flesh greenish-yellow, rich, juicy,
sprightly; stone small, obovate, free; mid-season.
Angouleme. Domestica. 1. Waugh Plum Cult. 1901. Reine-Claude
d’Angouleme 1.
Similar to Reine Claude.
Anna. Americana. 1. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt. 90. 1885.
A variety grown from a wild plum root secured in Wisconsin by Mr.
Charles Gibb of Montreal, Canada.
Anna Maria. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 896. 1869.
Originated by S. D. Pardee, New Haven, Connecticut. Fruit below
medium in size, roundish-oval; suture lacking; pale greenish-yellow
splashed with darker green; stem short; cavity small; flesh pale
green, juicy, melting, rich, sugary; good; stone nearly free; tree
moderately vigorous, spreading, productive.
Anna Spath. Domestica. 1. Lange Allgem. Garten. 2:421. 1879. 2.
Oberdieck Deut. Obst. Sort. 401. 1881. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
421. 1889. 4. Can. Exp. Farm Bul., 2d Ser. 3:49. 1900.
Anna Spaeth 3.
Originated with M. Spath at Baumschulenweg, Germany, about
1870. Tree vigorous; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval, flattened at
both ends; skin tough, free; brownish-black; dots brownish; bloom
thick; flesh greenish-yellow, very juicy, mild; good; freestone; season
late.
Annual Bearer. Americana. 1. Wis. Sta. Bul. 87:11. 1901.
 A seedling grown by Edson Gaylord, Nora Springs, Iowa. Fruit
large, oblong; suture distinct; purplish-red on a yellow ground; dots
numerous, small; bloom heavy; skin thick, tough; stone strongly
flattened, oval, pointed, sharp on both sides; flesh rich; flavor good;
mid-season.
Apple. Americana. Patten No. 40.
A seedling of Hawkeye; fruit large, roundish, dark red; dots
conspicuous; suture a line; skin tender; flesh juicy, soft, fibrous,
sweet; fair; clingstone; mid-season.
Apple. Domestica. 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 210. 1849. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 373. 1857.
Apple Plum 1, 2.
Originated in the garden of D. U. Pratt, Chelsea, Massachusetts.
Fruit large, flattened like an apple; sides unequal; suture distinct;
stem short; cavity broad, deep; reddish-purple; bloom heavy; dots
yellow; flesh greenish-yellow, tender, slightly coarse, sweet,
sprightly; skin astringent; semi-clinging; mid-season.
Apricot. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1894. 2. Colo. Sta. Bul. 50:32.
1898.
Tree bushy; fruit medium in size, roundish; suture slight; skin
thick; red over yellow; bloom thin; flesh reddish-yellow, juicy, sweet;
quality fair; stone large, flattened, clinging; mid-season.
Aprikosenartige Mirabelle. Insititia. 1. Oberdieck Deut. Obst.
Sort. 426. 1881. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 421. 1889.
Mirabelle Abricotée 2.
Said to be a synonym of Mirabelle; Oberdieck claims that this
variety has firmer and sweeter flesh, and that its shoots are
glabrous.
Arab. Domestica. 1. Ind. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 29. 1885. 2. Mich. Sta.
Rpt. 111. 1887.
 Noted in the preceding references as imported from eastern
Europe.
Arctic. Nigra? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 426. 1900.
A variety selected from wild plants by Thomas Frankland,
Stonewall, Manitoba, and tested at the Experimental Farm, Indian
Head, Northwest Territory, Canada. Fruit large, red; late.
Ashes Seedling. Species? Mentioned in N. Y. Sta. Rpt. 9:347. 1890.
Ashridge Black. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 143. 1831. 2.
McIntosh Bk. Gard. 2:529. 1855.
An English variety not cultivated in this country. Medium in size,
roundish, purple, firm; quality fair; a good kitchen variety; tree hardy
and productive.
Assiniboia. Nigra? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 426. 1900.
A seedling raised at the Experimental Farm, Indian Head,
Northwest Territory, Canada; now discarded. Fruit of medium size;
early.
Aston. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 143. 1831.
A small, round, purple, clingstone plum of mediocre quality;
obsolete.
Aston Green Gage. Domestica. Mentioned in Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat.
147. 1831.
Atkins. Americana. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:262. 1900. 2. Waugh Plum
Cult. 143. 1901.
Beatty 1, 2.
Originated with James Beatty at Atkins, Benton County, Iowa, and
introduced by R. Royce of the same place in 1894 under the name
Beatty. It became confused with the Beaty of Texas and Waugh
renamed it, giving it the name of the place of its origin. Fruit large,
oval, slightly compressed; cavity small; suture a line; red on a yellow
ground; dots small, numerous; bloom thin; flesh yellow; good;
clingstone; mid-season.
A-248. Munsoniana × Triflora. 1. Burbank Cat. 22. 1893. 2. Vt. Sta.
Bul. 5:67. 1898.
An early, dark crimson, heart-shaped plum of medium size, yellow
flesh and inferior quality.
Aubert. Domestica. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 61. 1887. 2. Ia. Hort.
Soc. Rpt. 86. 1890. 3. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 292. Pl. V c and d.
1893. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 25. 1897. 5. Budd-Hansen Am.
Hort. Man. 328. 1903.
Dame Aubert Jaune 1, 2. Dame Aubert Jaune 3. Riga 115 2.
Yellow Aubert ?1, 3, 5. Yellow Aubert 4.
Introduced from Russia by J. L. Budd of the Iowa Experiment
Station in 1882. According to the introducer this variety was found in
southwest Russia and Poland; said to have come from central Asia.
Evidently related to the Yellow Egg, differing in being earlier and of
better quality.
Auburn. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 897. 1869.
A variety said by Downing to be a native of western New York.
Fruit medium in size, oval; suture shallow; skin light reddish-purple
with a thin bloom; stem short; flesh coarse, orange-yellow, not juicy,
sweet, pleasant; good; freestone; early.
Auchtertyre. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 143. 1831.
A small, oval, purple, early plum; quality medium; freestone;
obsolete.
August. Nigra. 1. Bailey Ann. Hort. 20. 1889. 2. Wis. Sta. Bul.
63:27. 1897.
August Red 1.
A large purplish-red variety introduced by J. W. Kerr, Maryland.
Fruit oblong; clingstone; tree upright, vigorous, unproductive; foliage
resembling that of an apricot.
August Zwetsche. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom.
421. 1889.
Liegel’s August Zwetsche.
Aunt Ann. Domestica. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 351. 1866. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 918. 1869. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 275. 1873.
Guthrie’s Aunt Ann 1. Guthrie’s Aunt Ann 2. Aunt Ann 2, 3. Tante
Anne 3.
This variety was grown in Scotland by a Mr. Guthrie. A large,
round, greenish-yellow plum; flesh rich, juicy; freestone; tree hardy,
productive.
Aurora. Hortulana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1900-03.
Moreman’s Cherry 1.
Originated by Theodore Williams of Nebraska and introduced in
1898 by J. W. Kerr of Maryland under the name “Moreman’s Cherry;”
in 1900, Mr. Kerr changed the name to Aurora. Fruit large, round,
cherry-red deepening to dark red; clingstone; season late; tree
vigorous, productive.
Austrian Quetsche. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 152.
1831. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:78. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 311. 1845.
Bremen Prune 2, 3. Quetsche de Breme 3.
A strain of the German Prune from which it differs in being a little
later and of somewhat better flavor.
Autumn Gage. Domestica. 1. Cultivator 10:167. 1843. 2. Ann.
Pom. Belge 7:43, Pl. 1859. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 380. 1866. 4.
Mas Le Verger 6:33, fig. 1866-73. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 435.
1889.
Autumn Gage 3, 5. Herbst Reine Claude 5. Prune Autumn Gage 2.
Reine-Claude d’Automne 2, 5. Reine-Claude d’Automne 4. Roe’s
Autumn 3. Roe’s Autumn Gage 3, 5.
 Raised by Wm. Roe, Newburgh, New York. Tree spreading, hardy,
productive; fruit of medium size, oval; suture shallow; stem of
medium length; pale yellow with a thin bloom; flesh greenish-yellow,
juicy and sweet with a rich and excellent flavor; stone long,
compressed, pointed at both ends, free; season late.
Azure. Domestica. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 2:67, fig. 34. 1873.
Reine-Claude Azurée 1.
Mas states that this variety grew in his garden from a sucker. Tree
vigorous, medium in productiveness; fruit medium in size, roundish-
oblate; suture a line; skin tender; purplish-black; stem long, slender
to medium; cavity deep; flesh green, fine, tender, soft, juicy, sweet,
aromatic; freestone; mid-season.
Bailey. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1901-1902.
A variety sent J. W. Kerr, Denton, Maryland, by the Division of
Pomology, United States Department of Agriculture, for testing. Tree
vigorous, upright, productive; fruit above medium in size, oblong,
very dark red; good; clingstone; said to be free from rot.
Bailey. Domestica. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 62:20. 1894.
Known only from a plate in the possession of the Rochester
Lithographing Company, made some time prior to 1886, representing
this plum and stating that it “has not failed to bear for twenty-five
successive years.”
Baker. Insititia. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177:41, 43. 1899. 2. Ibid.
187:77, 78. 1901.
Baker Damson 1.
Tree upright, vigorous, unproductive; fruit small, roundish-ovate;
stem slender, inserted in a slight cavity; dark blue or black; flesh
greenish-amber, juicy; good; stone small, roundish, clinging.
Baker. Domestica. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 101. 1891. 2. Cornell Sta.
Bul. 131:182. 1897. 3. Brown Bros. Cat. 1900.
Baker’s German Prune 1, 3.
 A seedling of the German Prune which had its origin at
Collingwood, Canada, with a Mr. Baker. Tree hardy, an annual bearer,
productive; fruit resembles the Italian Prune in color and quality but
is a trifle smaller and two weeks later.
Baldwin. Americana. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 333. 1888. 2. S. Dak.
Sta. Bul. 93:9, 51 fig. 1905.
A wild variety found by D. L. Royer of Iowa. Tree vigorous; fruit
large, round; apex flat; cavity deep, narrow; dark red, mottled with
dull yellow; bloom heavy; dots whitish, minute, numerous; skin
thick, astringent; flesh dark yellow, flavor pleasant, acid; good;
stone semi-free, rounded, thick, of medium size.
Ballonartige Gelbe Zwetsche. Domestica? Mentioned in Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 421. 1889.
Damas-Ballon Jaune. Damas-Ballon Panachée Variete.
Ballonartige Rote Damascene. Domestica? Mentioned in Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 421. 1889.
Damas-Ballon Rouge.
Bankalari Fruh Damascene. Domestica? Mentioned in Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 421. 1889.
Bankalari’s Rote Früh Damascene 1.
Banker’s Gage. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 147. 1831. 2.
Kenrick Am. Orch. 202. 1835.
Originated in New York. Fruit large; flavor good; adapted to
drying.
Bant Späte Reine Claude. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 422. 1889.
Bant’s Late Green Gage.
Baraboo. Americana. 1. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:28. 1897. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul.
46:262. 1900.
 Found wild near Baraboo, Wisconsin, about 1860 and introduced
by William Toole of the same place in 1897. Tree vigorous,
spreading, symmetrical; fruit of medium size, round, dull yellow,
overlaid with red; flesh firm, mild, sweet; quality fair; mid-season;
drops badly and is a poor keeper.
Barbary. Domestica. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 576. 1629. 2. Rea Flora
207. 1676.
Barberry 2.
A large, egg-shaped, early, productive, black plum.
Barkhausen Violette Reine Claude. Domestica. Mentioned in
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 422. 1889.
Barkley. Americana? 1. Letter from Kerr.
Teeter 1.
From Pennsylvania; fruit medium in size, green, blushed with red;
good.
Barnsback. Americana. 1. Wis. Sta. Bul. 87:11. 1901. 2. S. Dak.
Sta. Bul. 93:9. 1905.
Barnsbeck 2.
Originated at Vermilion, South Dakota. Fruit large, roundish;
suture a line; yellowish overspread with light red; sparsely dotted;
heavy bloom; skin medium thick, astringent until fully ripe; flesh pale
yellow or reddish, juicy, sweet; good; stone nearly free; mid-season.
Baronne Helen Trauttenberg. Domestica. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
422. 1889. 2. Guide Prat. 163, 352. 1895.
A variety said to resemble Italian Prune.
Basaricatta. Domestica. 1. Gallesio Pom. Ital. 2: Pl. 1839.
Collo-Torto 1.
An Italian variety described by Gallesio in his Pomona Italiana.
Fruit long, prune-shaped, necked; skin golden-yellow; flesh yellow,
firm, sweet and agreeable; a good shipper.
Bastle. Species? 1. Tex. Sta. Bul. 32:490. 1899.
Reported as very weak in growth and as having failed to produce
fruit.
Batchelor Damson. Insititia. 1. N. Y. Sta. Rpt. 12:611. 1893.
Received for testing at the New York Experiment Station.
Bazalicza. Domestica. 1. Mas Le Verger 6:139. 1866-73. 2.
Oberdieck Deut. Obst. Sort. 441. 1881. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
422. 1889. 4. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 402. 1898. 5. Can. Exp.
Farm Bul. 2d Ser., 3:51. 1900.
Quetsche de Bazalicza 1. Bazalicza Zwetsche 1. Bazalicza
Zwetsche 2, 3. Bazalicza’s Grosse Blaue Zwetsche 3. Quetsche de
Bazalicza 3. Bazalicza’s Prune 4. Bazalicza Damson 5.
Raised by Liegel of Braunau, Germany, from seed of Red Magnum
Bonum. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit above medium size, oblong-
oval; suture shallow, halves usually unequal; skin free; dark purple;
bloom thin; flesh yellow, sweet; excellent; clingstone; early.
Beach Plum. Maritima.
“Beach Plum” is the common name for Prunus maritima.
Beals. Domestica.
A seedling raised by George F. Beals, of Viscalia, California, and
sent to Nelson Smith of Geneva, New York, for testing. Fruit large,
egg-shaped, lop-sided; suture shallow; skin thick; blue, often
purplish; dots yellow; flesh firm, yellow, juicy, sweet; stone large,
oval, rough; mid-season.
Bean. Americana, 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 128. 1890. 2. Wis. Sta.
Bul. 63:28. 1897.
Found wild by H. Knudson, Springfield, Minnesota. Fruit below
medium in size, oblong; apex flattened; suture depressed; pale
yellow tinged with crimson; dots faint; skin astringent unless fully
ripe; flesh pale yellow or reddish, juicy, sweet, rich; stone large,
oblong, rough, pointed, grooved on the back; mid-season.
Beaty. Angustifolia varians. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:36, 60. 1902. 2.
Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 489. 1897. 3. Tex. Sta. Bul. 32:478.
1899. 4. Waugh Plum Cult. 192. 1901.
Beauty’s Choice 1. Beaty Choice 2. Beauty 3. Beaty’s Choice 4. El
Paso 4. El Paso 1.
Originated under cultivation with Lee Beaty, Luling County, Texas,
and introduced by him in 1877. Tree irregular, spreading; fruit of
medium size, roundish; cavity shallow; light red; bloom thin; dots
numerous; flesh yellow; good; stone oval, turgid, clinging.
Bechstein Spitzpflaume. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 422. 1889.
Blaue Zipper. Prunus Oxycarpa. Rosinen Pflaume. Spitz Pflaume.
Spitzige Rote Pflaume. Rote Zwetsche incor. Rote Zipper.
Bedford. Nigra? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 426. 1900.
A seedling raised at Indian Head Experimental Farm, Northwest
Territory, Canada. Fruit of medium size.
Beer Plum. Domestica. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 86. 1890.
One of the many Domesticas imported from Europe by Professor
J. L. Budd. This one is small and fit only for culinary purposes.
Bell. Species? 1. Tex. Dept. Agr. Bul. 12:102. 1910.
Bell’s October 1.
A variety said to be of value near Plainview, Texas.
Belle de Hardy. Domestica. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 422. 1889. 2.
Guide Prat. 163, 352. 1895.
Said to resemble Agen.
Belle de Louvain. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 392. 1857.
2. Ibid. 898. 1869. 3. Lucas Vollst. Hand. Obst. 471. 1894. 4.
 Guide Prat. 157, 352. 1895.
Large Black Imperial? 4. Plum of Louvain 1. Prune de Louvain 2.
Schöne von Lowen 3. Schöne von Lowen 4.
A seedling found in the nursery of Van Mons at Louvain, Belgium,
about 1840. Tree vigorous, a biennial bearer; fruit large, long-oval;
suture distinct; deep purple with delicate bloom; flesh firm,
yellowish, juicy, rich; mid-season; valuable for culinary purposes.
Belle de Paris. Domestica. Mentioned in Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2d
Ser. 3:49. 1900.
Belle de Riom. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144. 1831. 2.
Mas Pom. Gen. 2:83. 1873.
This variety is thought to have originated in the vicinity of the
French village of Riom, in the early part of the Nineteenth Century.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium, oval; suture indistinct; skin
intense purple; dots white; flesh greenish-yellow, melting, rich,
sweet, aromatic; very good; stone oval, free; late.
Belle de Schoeneberg. Domestica. 1. Mathieu Nom Pom. 449.
1889. 2. Guide Prat. 158, 352. 1895.
Belle de Schöneberg. 1. Gloire de Schöneberg. 1, 2. Rotgefleckte
Gold Pflaume 1. Rothgefleckte Goldpflaume 2. Schöne von
Schöneberg 1. Schöne von Schöneberg 2.
Tree neither vigorous nor productive; fruit large, roundish,
reddish-violet; flesh yellow, sweet, agreeable; good; early.
Belsiana. Cerasifera. 1. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 471. 1887.
A wild plum resembling Myrobalan, selected by the Arabs and
introduced into France in 1878 by G. Luizet, to whom it was sent by
Ferdinand Lombard, horticulturist at Mustopha, Algieria. Fruit of
medium size, round; suture indistinct; cavity shallow; skin papery;
amber-yellow, with a rose tint on the sunny side; flesh amber-yellow,
melting, sweet; stone slightly clinging; early.
Belvoir. Domestica. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 680, 686. 1884.
 Fruit above medium in size, round; suture faint; skin thin; black
with russet markings and dots; flesh yellow, tender, rich; freestone;
late.
Bender. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1896-7. 2. Waugh Plum Cult. 143.
1901. 3. Wis. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 121. 1902. 4. S. Dak. Sta. Bul.
93:10. 1905.
Paul Wolf 4.
Reported to have been grown near Chaska, Minnesota, by Paul
Wolf. Tree very vigorous, productive; fruit large, oblong, conical,
irregular; suture indistinct; dark red with thick bloom; dots
numerous, small; skin thick, tough; flesh light yellow, very firm,
meaty; fair to good; stone long, pointed, early.
Benedetto. Domestica? Listed in Mathieu Nom. Pom. 422. 1889.
Beni-Detto.
Benedict. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 899. 1869.
Originated in Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous; fruit small, oval; suture
distinct; pale yellow, dotted and splashed with red on the sunny
side; bloom thin; flesh pale yellow, juicy, pleasant; good; clingstone.
Beni Botan. Triflora. 1. Va. Sta. Bul. 129:111. 1901.
A variety imported by the Department of Agriculture.
Benschoten. Domestica.
Pits were left in the cellar of a Mr. Benschoten of Woodstock,
Ulster County, New York, by a German emigrant, and from them the
above variety was grown. Fruit above medium in size, oval, cream
color, mottled with crimson; flesh golden-yellow, sugary, aroma like
that of an apricot; season late.
Benson. Hortulana. 1. Kerr Cat. 14. 1898. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.
40. 1899. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 177. 1901. 4. Ill. Hort. Soc.
Rpt. 422. 1905.
Moreman Prune 1. Benson Market 4.
 Benson originated with Theodore Williams of Benson, Nebraska;
was first called Moreman Prune but was renamed and introduced by
J. W. Kerr in 1898. Tree vigorous; fruit medium in size, roundish;
cavity shallow; stem slender; suture distinct; deep cherry-red, with
numerous, yellowish dots; bloom thin; flesh yellow; quality fair;
stone medium in size, oval, clinging; season late.
Berlepsch. Domestica. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 2:175. 1873. 2. Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 422. 1889.
Berlepsch’s Grosse Grüne Reine-Claude 2. Berlepchs Renclode
Grosse Grüne 1. Grosse Reine-Claude de Berlepsch 2. Grosse Reine-
Claude Verte De Berlepsch 1.
A seedling raised by Liegel of Braunau, Germany. Tree vigorous,
medium in productiveness; fruit of the same flavor and quality as the
Reine Claude, of which it is probably a strain to be distinguished by
earlier maturity, slightly more depressed form and a paler-colored
skin.
Berlet Früh Damascene. Domestica? Listed in Mathieu Nom. Pom.
422. 1889.
Bernsteinzwetsche. Domestica. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 422. 1889.
2. Guide Prat. 163, 351. 1895.
Ambre de Provence 2. Ambre de Provence 1. Bernsteinzwetsche 2.
Mentioned in the references cited without description.
Berryhill. Americana. 1. Meneray Cat.
Originated with H. A. Terry, Crescent, Iowa; introduced by F. W.
Meneray, Council Bluffs, Iowa. Tree productive; fruit large, red over a
yellow ground; skin thin, tender; flesh firm; good; clingstone.
Berry Plum. Species? 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:78. 1892.
Mentioned as a variety growing on the grounds of the New York
State College of Agriculture.
Best Black Blood. Triflora. 1. Rural N. Y. 59:655 fig. 245. 1900.
 Originated by Burbank and described by him as being productive
and vigorous; leaves resembling Simon; fruit large; flesh juicy and
firm.
Best of All. Hortulana mineri × Triflora. 1. Vt. Sta. Bul. 67:7. 1898.
2. Rural N. Y. 65:730. 1906. Bestovall 1.
This is a seedling of Miner pollinated by Abundance originating
with T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas. Tree vigorous, prolific; fruit of
medium size, round, dark red; flesh firm, meaty; good; late.
Beta. Maritima. 1. Kerr Cat. 1899-1900.
Selected from wild plants by E. W. Winsor of New York. Fruit
yellow, small and round; very prolific; early.
Betterave. Domestica. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:496. 1860.
Tree large and vigorous; fruit large, round, pale yellow, juicy, not
pleasant.
Beztercser Grosse Zwetsche. Domestica. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
422. 1889. 2. Guide Prat. 163, 352. 1895.
Mentioned in the preceding references; said to resemble
Washington.
Biconical. Triflora ×? 1. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 14:270. 1901.
A cross between Abundance and “a Chicasaw,” originating with A.
L. Bruce, Texas. Leaves Triflora-like with peculiar double, crenulate,
glandular margins. Fruit conical, of medium size; cavity shallow;
suture faint; skin thin; bright red; bloom moderate; flesh soft,
yellow, subacid; quality fair; stone medium in size, round-oval,
clinging.
Biery. Triflora. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 45. 1895.
Received from California by J. J. Biery, Covington, Louisiana,
wrongly labeled Long Fruit. Fruit spherical, medium in size; cavity
deep; suture indistinct; color yellow, blushed with red, patched with
russet and with minute, russet dots, skin thin, separating easily from
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