Course: Digital Signal & System
Book
Digital Signal Processing
Third Edition
John G.Proakis
Prepared by
Tania Sultana
Asst. Lecturer
Gono Bishwabidyalay
Chapter 01
Introduction
Signal
Systems
A system is a defined by the type of input and output it deals with. Since we are dealing
with signals, so in our case, our system would be a mathematical model, a piece of
code/software, or a physical device, or a black box whose input is a signal and it performs
some processing on that signal, and the output is a signal. The input is known as
excitation and the output is known as response.
In the above figure a system has been shown whose input and output both are signals
but the input is an analog signal. And the output is a digital signal. It means our system
is actually a conversion system that converts analog signals to digital signals.
Block Diagram of analog and digital signal
Advantages and Disadvantages of DSP(Digital Signal Processing) Over
ASP(Analog signal Processing)
• Physical size of analog systems is quite large while digital processors are
more compact and light in weight.
• Analog systems are less accurate because of component tolerance and
active components. Digital components are less sensitive to the
environmental changes, noise and disturbances.
• Digital system is most flexible as software programs & control programs can
be easily modified.
• Digital signal can be stores on digital hard disk, floppy disk or magnetic
tapes. Hence becomes transportable. Thus easy and lasting storage
capacity.
• Digital processing can be done offline.
• Mathematical signal processing algorithm can be routinely implemented on
digital signal processing systems. Digital controllers are capable of
performing complex computation with constant accuracy at high speed.
• Digital signal processing systems are upgradeable since that are software
controlled.
Classification of Signals
Based on different features, six methods of classifying signals are:
1. Continuous-time signal and Discrete-time signal
2. Analog signal and Digital signal
3. Even signal and Odd signal
4. Periodic signal and Nonperiodic signal
5. Deterministic signal and Random signal
6. Energy signal and Power signal
Continuous-time signal Vs. Discrete-time signal
Based on the function of time, signals can be classified into two categories:
A) Continuous-time signal
B) Discrete-time signal
Analog Vs. Digital
Even Vs. Odd
Periodic Vs. Non-periodic
Deterministic Vs. Random Signals
Power Vs. Energy Signals
Sampling and Quantization
Sampling is the process of converting a continuous analogue time signal into a
discrete time representation. It is one of the first stages in converting an analogue
signal to a digital equivalent.
Figure 3.1 shows an analogue signal sampled at regular intervals of Ts.
The sample values measured during sampling must be quantized to produce a digital
representation of the analogue signal. That is, each value is approximated to its
nearest quantization level. Quantization levels are pre-determined level.
Simply we can say, Quantization is a process to convert the continuous analog
signal to the series of discrete values.
Analog to Digital Conversion
Analog signal to digital signal conversion requires three steps:
Basic operations on Signal
In the study of signals and systems, an important issue is the use of systems to
process or manipulate signals. This issue usually involves a combination of some
basic operations. In particular, we may identify two classes of operations:
1. Operations performed on dependent variables
2. Operations performed on independent variables
Basic Signal Operations Performed on Dependent Variables
1. Amplitude scaling of signals
2. Addition of signals
3. Multiplication of signals
4. Differentiation of signals
5. Integration of signals
Addition of Signals
This particular operation involves the addition of amplitude of two or more signals
at each instance of time or any other independent variables which are common
between the signals. X1(t) and X2(t) are two time dependent signals, performing the
additional operation on them we get
Y(t) = X1(t) + X2(t)
Multiplication of Signals
Like addition multiplication of signals also falls under the category of basic signal
operations. Here multiplication of amplitude of two or more signals at each
instance of time or any other independent variables is done which are common
between the signals. The resultant signal we get has values equal to the product of
amplitude of the parent signals for each instance of time. X1(t) and X2(t) are two
time dependent signals, performing the multiplication operation on them we get
Y(t) = X1(t)X2(t)
Differentiation of Signals
Integration of Signals
Basic Signal Operations Performed on Independent Variables
1. Time scaling of signals
2. Reflection of signals
3. Time-shifting of signals.
