Principle and Interface

Techniques of Microcontroller
--8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems
Using Assembly and C

LI, Guang (李光) Prof. PhD, DIC, MIET

WANG, You (王酉) PhD, MIET

杭州 • 浙江大学 • 2015
 Chapter 11
Serial Communication
 Outline
§11-1 Basics of Serial Communication
§11-2 8051 Connection to RS232
§11-3 Serial Communication
Programming
§11-4 Serial Port Programming
in C
§11-5 New communication methods
Wednesday, December 23,
2015
 § 11-1 Basics of Serial Communication
 Computers transfer data in two ways:
 Parallel
 Often 8 or more lines (wire conductors) are used to
Parallel
transfer data to a device
Serial
that is only a few feet away
 Serial Serial
 To transfer to a device located many meters away,
Parallel Serial

the serial method is used

 The data is sent one bit at a time

Parallel Transfer
Serial Transfer Communication
D0
Sender Receiver
Sender Receiver

D7
One bit Serial
 § 11-1 Basics of Serial Communication
 At the transmitting end, the byte of data must be converted
to serial bits using parallel-in-serial-out shift register
 At the receiving end, there is a serial in-parallel-out shift
register to receive the serial data and pack them into byte
 When the distance is short, the digital signal can be
transferred as it is on a simple wire and requires no
modulation
 If data is to be transferred on the telephone line, it must be
converted from 0s and 1s to audio tones
 This conversion is performed by a device called a modem,
“Modulator/demodulator”
 Serial data communication uses two methods
 Synchronous method transfers a block of data at a time
 Asynchronous method transfers a single byte at a time
1 bit Receiving
Sending
rate rate

PC peripheral
Asynchronous transmission

 It is possible to write software to use either of

these methods, but the programs can be tedious
and long
 There are special IC chips made by many manufacturers
for serial communications
 UART (universal asynchronous Receiver-transmitter)
 USART (universal synchronous-asynchronous Receiver-
transmitter)
 Half- and Full-Duplex Transmission
 If data can be transmitted and received, it is a
duplex transmission
 If data transmitted one way a time, it is referred to as
half duplex
 If data can go both ways at a time, it is full-duplex
 This is contrast to simplex transmission
 Start and Stop Bits
 A protocol is a set of rules agreed by both the
sender and receiver on
 How the data is packed
 How many bits constitute a character
 When the data begins and ends
 Asynchronous serial data communication is
widely used for character-oriented transmissions
 Each character is placed in between start and stop bits,
this is called framing
 Block-oriented data transfers use the synchronous
method
 The start bit is always one bit, but the stop bit can be
one or two bits
 Start and Stop Bits

 The start bit is always a 0 (low) and the stop bit(s)

is 1 (high)
When there is no
ASCII character “A” (8-bit binary 0100 0001)
transfer, the signal
is 1 (high), which is
referred to as mark

Goes out first

The 0 (low) is
The transmission begins with
referred to as space
a start bit followed by D0, the
LSB, then the rest of the bits
until MSB (D7), and finally,
the one stop bit indicating the
end of the character
 Due to the extended ASCII characters, 8-bit ASCII
data is common
 In older systems, ASCII characters were 7-bit
 In modern PCs the use of one stop bit is standard
 In older systems, due to the slowness of the
receiving mechanical device, two stop bits were
used to give the device sufficient time to organize
itself before transmission of the next byte
 Assuming that we are transferring a text file of
ASCII characters using 1 stop bit, we have a total of
10 bits for each character
 This gives 25% overhead, i.e. each 8-bit character

with an extra 2 bits

 In some systems in order to maintain data
integrity, the parity bit of the character byte is
included in the data frame
 UART chips allow programming of the parity bit for
odd-, even-, and no-parity options
 Data Transfer Rate
 The rate of data transfer in serial data
communication is stated in bps (bits per second)
 Another widely used terminology for bps is baud
rate
 It is modem terminology and is defined as the number
of signal changes per second
 In modems, there are occasions when a single change of
signal transfers several bits of data
 As far as the conductor wire is concerned, the
baud rate and bps are the same, and we use the
terms interchangeably
 The data transfer rate of given computer system
depends on communication ports incorporated
into that system
 IBM PC/XT could transfer data at the rate of 100 to
9600 bps
 Pentium-based PCs transfer data at rates as high as 56K
bps
 In asynchronous serial data communication, the baud
rate is limited to 100K bps
 RS232 Standards
 An interfacing standard RS232 was set by
the Electronics Industries Association (EIA)
in 1960
 The standard was set long before the advent
of the TTL logic family, its input and output
voltage levels are not TTL compatible
 In RS232, a 1 is represented by -3 ~ -25 V, while
a 0 bit is +3 ~ +25 V, making -3 to +3 undefined
RS232 DB-25 Pins

RS232 Connector DB-25

 RS232 Standards

 Since not all pins are used in PC cables, IBM

introduced the DB-9 version of the serial
I/O standard
RS232 Connector DB-9 RS232 DB-9 Pins
 Data Communication Classification
 Current terminology classifies data
communication equipment as
 DTE (data terminal equipment) refers to terminal and
computers that send and receive data
 DCE (data communication equipment) refers to
communication equipment, such as modems
 The simplest connection between a PC and
microcontroller requires a minimum of three pins,
TxD, RxD, and ground
Null modem connection
 RS232 Pins
 DTR (data terminal ready)
 When terminal is turned on, it sends out signal DTR to indicate that
it is ready for communication
 DSR (data set ready)
 When DCE is turned on and has gone through the self-test, it assert
DSR to indicate that it is ready to communicate
 RTS (request to send)
 When the DTE device has byte to transmit, it assert RTS to signal
the modem that it has a byte of data to transmit
 CTS (clear to send)
 When the modem has room for storing the data it is to receive, it
sends out signal CTS to DTE to indicate that it can receive the data
now
 RS232 Pins

 DCD (data carrier detect)

 The modem asserts signal DCD to inform the DTE that a valid
carrier has been detected and that contact between it and the other
modem is established
 RI (ring indicator)
 An output from the modem and an input to a PC indicates that the
telephone is ringing
 It goes on and off in synchronous with the ringing sound
 §11-2 8051 Connection to RS232

 A line driver such as the MAX232 chip is

required to convert RS232 voltage levels to
TTL levels, and vice versa
 8051 has two pins that are used specifically
for transferring and receiving data serially
 These two pins are called TxD and RxD and are
part of the port 3 group (P3.0 and P3.1)
 These pins are TTL compatible; therefore, they
require a line driver to make them RS232
compatible
 MAX232
 We need a line driver (voltage converter) to convert the
R232’s signals to TTL voltage levels that will be acceptable
to 8051’s TxD and RxD pins
MAX232 requires
four capacitors

MAX232 has two

sets of line drivers
 MAX233
 To save board space, some designers use MAX233 chip
from Maxim
 MAX233 performs the same job as MAX232 but eliminates the need
for capacitors
 Notice that MAX233 and MAX232 are not pin compatible
 §11-3 Serial Communication
Programming
 To allow data transfer between the PC and an 8051 system
without any error, we must make sure that the baud rate of
8051 system matches the baud rate of the PC’s COM port
 Hyperterminal function supports baud rates much higher
than listed below

PC Baud Rates

Baud rates supported by

486/Pentium IBM PC BIOS
With XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, find the TH1 value needed to have the
following baud rates. (a) 9600 (b) 2400 (c) 1200
Solution:
The machine cycle frequency of 8051 = 11.0592 / 12 = 921.6 kHz, and 921.6
kHz / 32 = 28,800 Hz is frequency by UART to timer 1 to set baud rate.
(a) 28,800 / 3 = 9600 where -3 = FD (hex) is loaded into TH1
(b) 28,800 / 12 = 2400 where -12 = F4 (hex) is loaded into TH1
(c) 28,800 / 24 = 1200 where -24 = E8 (hex) is loaded into TH1
Notice that dividing 1/12 of the crystal frequency by 32 is the default value upon
activation of the 8051 RESET pin.

TF is set to 1 every
12 ticks, so it
functions as a
frequency divider
 SBUF Register
 SBUF is an 8-bit register used solely for serial
communication
 For a byte data to be transferred via the TxD line, it must
be placed in the SBUF register
 The moment a byte is written into SBUF, it is framed with the
start and stop bits and transferred serially via the TxD line
 SBUF holds the byte of data when it is received by 8051
RxD line
 When the bits are received serially via RxD, the 8051 deframes
it by eliminating the stop and start bits, making a byte out of the
data received, and then placing it in SBUF

MOV SBUF,#’D’ ;load SBUF=44h, ASCII for ‘D’

MOV SBUF,A ;copy accumulator into SBUF
MOV A,SBUF ;copy SBUF into accumulator
 SCON Register
 SCON is an 8-bit register used to program the start bit, stop
bit, and data bits of data framing, among other things

SM0 SCON.7 Serial port mode specifier

SM1 SCON.6 Serial port mode specifier
SM2 SCON.5 Used for multiprocessor communication
REN SCON.4 Set/cleared by software to enable/disable reception
TB8 SCON.3 Not widely used
RB8 SCON.2 Not widely used
TI SCON.1 Transmit interrupt flag. Set by HW at the begin of
the stop bit mode 1. And cleared by SW
RI SCON.0 Receive interrupt flag. Set by HW at the begin of the
stop bit mode 1. And cleared by SW
Note: Make SM2, TB8, and RB8 =0
 SCON Register
 SM0, SM1
 They determine the framing of data by specifying the number of
bits per character, and the start and stop bits

Serial Mode 1, 8-bit data,

1 stop bit, 1 start bit
Serial Mode 2, 11 bits, fosc×2SMOD/64
Serial Mode 3, 11 bits

 SM2
 This enables the multiprocessing capability of the 8051
 REN (receive enable)
 It is a bit-adressable register
 When it is high, it allows 8051 to receive data on RxD pin
 If low, the receiver is disable
 TI (transmit interrupt)
 When 8051 finishes the transfer of 8-bit character
 It raises TI flag to indicate that it is ready to transfer another
byte
 TI bit is raised at the beginning of the stop bit
 RI (receive interrupt)
 When 8051 receives data serially via RxD, it gets rid of
the start and stop bits and places the byte in SBUF
register
 It raises the RI flag bit to indicate that a byte has been
received and should be picked up before it is lost
 RI is raised halfway through the stop bit
 Programming Serial Data Transmitting
 In programming the 8051 to transfer character bytes
serially
1. TMOD register is loaded with the value 20H, indicating the use of timer1
in mode 2 (8-bit auto-reload) to set baud rate
2. The TH1 is loaded with one of the values to set baud rate for serial data
transfer
3. The SCON register is loaded with the value 50H, indicating serial mode1,
where an 8-bit data is framed with start and stop bits
4. TR1 is set to 1 to start timer 1
5. TI is cleared by CLR TI instruction
6. The character byte to be transferred serially is written into SBUF register
7. The TI flag bit is monitored with the use of instruction JNB TI , xx to see if
the character has been transferred completely
8. To transfer the next byte, go to step 5
 Programming Serial Data Transmitting

Write a program for the 8051 to transfer letter “A” serially at

4800 baud, continuously.
Solution:
MOV TMOD,#20H ;timer 1,mode 2(auto reload)
MOV TH1,#-6 ;4800 baud rate
MOV SCON,#50H ;8-bit, 1 stop, REN enabled
SETB TR1 ;start timer 1
AGAIN: MOV SBUF,#”A” ;letter “A” to transfer
HERE: JNB TI,HERE ;wait for the last bit
CLR TI ;clear TI for next char
SJMP AGAIN ;keep sending A
Write a program for the 8051 to transfer “YES” serially at 9600 baud, 8-
bit data, 1 stop bit, do this continuously
Solution:
MOV TMOD,#20H ;timer 1,mode 2(auto reload)
MOV TH1,#-3 ;9600 baud rate
MOV SCON,#50H ;8-bit, 1 stop, REN enabled
SETB TR1 ;start timer 1
AGAIN: MOV A,#”Y” ;transfer “Y”
ACALL TRANS
MOV A,#”E” ;transfer “E”
ACALL TRANS
MOV A,#”S” ;transfer “S”
ACALL TRANS
SJMP AGAIN ;keep doing it serial data transfer subroutine
TRANS: MOV SBUF,A ;load SBUF
HERE: JNB TI,HERE ;wait for the last bit
CLR TI ;get ready for next byte
RET
 Importance of TI Flag
 The steps that 8051 goes through in transmitting a
character via TxD
1. The byte character to be transmitted is written into the SBUF register
2. The start bit is transferred
3. The 8-bit character is transferred on bit at a time
4. The stop bit is transferred
 It is during the transfer of the stop bit that 8051 raises the TI flag,

indicating that the last character was transmitted

5. By monitoring the TI flag, we make sure that we are not overloading
the SBUF
 If we write another byte into the SBUF before TI is raised, the
untransmitted portion of the previous byte will be lost
6. After SBUF is loaded with a new byte, the TI flag bit must be forced to
0 by CLR TI in order for this new byte to be transferred
 Importance of TI Flag
 By checking the TI flag bit, we know whether or
not the 8051 is ready to transfer another byte
 It must be noted that TI flag bit is raised by 8051 itself
when it finishes data transfer
 It must be cleared by the programmer with instruction
CLR TI
 If we write a byte into SBUF before the TI flag bit is
raised, we risk the loss of a portion of the byte being
transferred
 The TI bit can be checked by
 The instruction JNB TI , xx
 Using an interrupt
 Programming Serial Data Receiving
 In programming the 8051 to receive character bytes
serially
1. TMOD register is loaded with the value 20H, indicating the use of
timer 1 in mode2 (8-bit auto-reload) to set baud rate
2. TH1 is loaded to set baud rate
3. The SCON register is loaded with the value 50H, indicating serial
mode 1, where an 8-bit data is framed with start and stop bits
4. TR1 is set to 1 to start timer 1
5. RI is cleared by CLR RI instruction
6. The RI flag bit is monitored with the use of instruction JNB RI,xx to
see if an entire character has been received yet
7. When RI is raised, SBUF has the byte, its contents are moved into a
safe place
8. To receive the next character, go to step 5
Write a program for the 8051 to receive bytes of data serially, and
put them in P1, set the baud rate at 4800, 8-bit data, and 1 stop bit
Solution:
MOV TMOD,#20H ;timer 1,mode 2(auto reload)
MOV TH1,#-6 ;4800 baud rate
MOV SCON,#50H ;8-bit, 1 stop, REN enabled
SETB TR1 ;start timer 1
HERE: JNB RI,HERE ;wait for char to come in
MOV A,SBUF ;saving incoming byte in A
MOV P1,A ;send to port 1
CLR RI ;get ready to receive next byte
SJMP HERE ;keep getting data
Example 11-1
Assume that the 8051 serial port is connected to the COM port of
IBM PC, and on the PC, we are using the terminal.exe program to
send and receive data serially. P1 and P2 of the 8051 are connected
to LEDs and switches, respectively. Write an 8051 program to (a)
send to PC the message “We Are Ready”, (b) receive any data send
by PC and put it on LEDs connected to P1, and (c) get data on
switches connected to P2 and send it to PC serially. The program
should perform part (a) once, but parts (b) and (c) continuously, use
4800 baud rate.
Solution:
ORG 0
MOV P2,#0FFH ;make P2 an input port
MOV TMOD,#20H ;timer 1, mode 2
MOV TH1,#0FAH ;4800 baud rate
MOV SCON,#50H ;8-bit, 1 stop, REN enabled
SETB TR1 ;start timer 1
MOV DPTR,#MYDATA ;load pointer for message
H_1: CLR A
MOV A,@A+DPTR ;get the character
JZ B_1 ;if last character get out
ACALL SEND ;otherwise call transfer
INC DPTR ;next one
SJMP H_1 ;stay in loop
B_1: MOV a,P2 ;read data on P2
ACALL SEND ;transfer it serially
ACALL RECV ;get the serial data
MOV P1,A ;display it on LEDs
SJMP B_1 ;stay in loop indefinitely
;----serial data transfer. ACC has the data------
SEND: MOV SBUF,A ;load the data
H_2: JNB TI,H_2 ;stay here until last bit gone
CLR TI ;get ready for next char
RET ;return to caller
;----Receive data serially in ACC----------------
RECV: JNB RI,RECV ;wait here for char
MOV A,SBUF ;save it in ACC
CLR RI ;get ready for next char
RET ;return to caller
;-----The message---------------
MYDATA: DB “We Are Ready”,0
END
 Importance of RI Flag
 In receiving bit via its RxD pin, 8051 goes through
the following steps
1. It receives the start bit
 Indicating that the next bit is the first bit of the character byte it is
about to receive
2. The 8-bit character is received one bit at time
3. The stop bit is received
 When receiving the stop bit 8051 makes RI = 1, indicating that an
entire character byte has been received and must be picked up
before it gets overwritten by an incoming character
4. By checking the RI flag bit when it is raised, we know that a
character has been received and is sitting in the SBUF
register
 We copy the SBUF contents to a safe place in some other register
or memory before it is lost
5. After the SBUF contents are copied into a safe place, the RI
flag bit must be forced to 0 by CLR RI in order to allow the
next received character byte to be placed in SBUF
 Failure to do this causes loss of the received character
 By checking the RI flag bit, we know whether or
not the 8051 received a character byte
 If we failed to copy SBUF into a safe place, we risk the
loss of the received byte
 It must be noted that RI flag bit is raised by 8051 when
it finish receive data
 It must be cleared by the programmer with instruction
CLR RI
 If we copy SBUF into a safe place before the RI flag bit is
raised, we risk copying garbage
 The RI bit can be checked by
 The instruction JNB RI,xx
 Using an interrupt
 Doubling Baud Rate
 There are two ways to increase the baud
rate of data transfer The system
crystal is fixed
 To use a higher frequency crystal
 To change a bit in the PCON register
 PCON register is an 8-bit register
 When 8051 is powered up, SMOD is zero
 We can set it to high by software and thereby
double the baud rate

It is not a bit- MOV A , PCON ;place a copy of PCON in ACC

addressable SETB ACC.7 ;make D7=1
register MOV PCON , A ;changing any other bits
Baud Rate comparison for SMOD=0 and SMOD=1
Example 11-2
Assume that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz for the following program, state
(a) what this program does, (b) compute the frequency used by timer 1 to set
the baud rate, and (c) find the baud rate of the data transfer.
MOV A,PCON ;A=PCON
MOV ACC.7 ;make D7=1
MOV PCON,A ;SMOD=1, double baud rate with same XTAL freq.
MOV TMOD,#20H ;timer 1, mode 2
MOV TH1,-3 ;19200 (57600/3 =19200)
MOV SCON,#50H ;8-bit data, 1 stop bit, RI enabled
SETB TR1 ;start timer 1
MOV A,#”B” ;transfer letter B
A_1: CLR TI ;make sure TI=0
MOV SBUF,A ;transfer it
H_1: JNB TI,H_1 ;stay here until the last bit is gone
SJMP A_1 ;keep sending “B” again

Solution:
(a) This program transfers ASCII letter B (01000010 binary) continuously
(b) With XTAL = 11.0592 MHz and SMOD = 1 in the above program, we have:
11.0592 / 12 = 921.6 kHz machine cycle frequency.
921.6 / 16 = 57,600 Hz frequency used by timer 1 to set the baud rate.
57600 / 3 = 19,200, the baud rate.
Find the TH1 value (in both decimal and hex ) to set the baud rate to each of
the following. (a) 9600 (b) 4800 if SMOD=1. Assume that XTAL 11.0592 MHz
Solution:
With XTAL = 11.0592 and SMOD = 1, we have timer frequency = 57,600 Hz.
(a) 57600 / 9600 = 6; so TH1 = -6 or TH1 = FAH
(b) 57600 / 4800 = 12; so TH1 = -12 or TH1 = F4H

Example 11-3
Find the baud rate if TH1 = -2, SMOD = 1, and XTAL = 11.0592MHz. Is this
baud rate supported by IBM compatible PCs?
Solution:
With XTAL = 11.0592 and SMOD = 1, we have timer frequency = 57,600 Hz.
The baud rate is 57,600/2 = 28,800. This baud rate is not supported by the
BIOS of the PCs; however, the PC can be programmed to do data transfer at
such a speed. Also, HyperTerminal in Windows supports this and other baud
rates.
Example 11-4
Write a program to send the message “The Earth is but One Country” to serial
port. Assume a SW is connected to pin P1.2. Monitor its status and set the
baud rate as follows:
SW = 0, 4800 baud rate
SW = 1, 9600 baud rate
Assume XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, 8-bit data, and 1 stop bit.
Solution:
SW BIT P1.2
ORG 0H ;starting position
MAIN:
MOV TMOD,#20H
MOV TH1,#-6 ;4800 baud rate (default)
MOV SCON,#50H
SETB TR1
SETB SW ;make SW an input
S1: JNB SW,SLOWSP ;check SW status
MOV A,PCON ;read PCON
SETB ACC.7 ;set SMOD high for 9600
MOV PCON,A ;write PCON
SJMP OVER ;send message
SLOWSP:
MOV A,PCON ;read PCON
SETB ACC.7 ;set SMOD low for 4800
MOV PCON,A ;write PCON
OVER: MOV DPTR,#MESS1 ;load address to message
FN: CLR A
MOVC A,@A+DPTR ;read value
JZ S1 ;check for end of line
ACALL SENDCOM ;send value to serial port
INC DPTR ;move to next value
SJMP FN ;repeat
;------------
SENDCOM:
MOV SBUF,A ;place value in buffer
HERE: JNB TI,HERE ;wait until transmitted
CLR TI ;clear
RET ;return
;------------
MESS1: DB “The Earth is but One Country”,0
END
 §11-4 Serial Port Programming in C
Transmitting and Receiving Data
Example 11-7
Write a C program for 8051 to transfer the letter “A” serially at 4800 baud
continuously. Use 8-bit data and 1 stop bit.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void){
TMOD=0x20; //use Timer 1, mode 2
TH1=0xFA; //4800 baud rate
SCON=0x50;
TR1=1;
while (1) {
SBUF=‘A’; //place value in buffer
while (TI==0);
TI=0;
}
}
Example 11-8
Write an 8051 C program to transfer the message “YES” serially at 9600 baud,
8-bit data, 1 stop bit. Do this continuously.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void SerTx(unsigned char);
void main(void){
TMOD=0x20; //use Timer 1, mode 2
TH1=0xFD; //9600 baud rate
SCON=0x50;
TR1=1; //start timer
while (1) {
SerTx(‘Y’);
SerTx(‘E’);
SerTx(‘S’);
}
}
void SerTx(unsigned char x){
SBUF=x; //place value in buffer
while (TI==0); //wait until transmitted
TI=0;
}
Example 11-9
Program the 8051 in C to receive bytes of data serially and put them
in P1. Set the baud rate at 4800, 8-bit data, and 1 stop bit.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void){
unsigned char mybyte;
TMOD=0x20; //use Timer 1, mode 2
TH1=0xFA; //4800 baud rate
SCON=0x50;
TR1=1; //start timer
while (1) { //repeat forever
while (RI==0); //wait to receive
mybyte=SBUF; //save value
P1=mybyte; //write value to port
RI=0;
}
}
Example 11-10
Write an 8051 C Program to send the two messages “Normal Speed”
and “High Speed” to the serial port. Assuming that SW is connected
to pin P2.0, monitor its status and set the baud rate as follows:
SW = 0, 28,800 baud rate
SW = 1, 56K baud rate
Assume that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz for both cases.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
sbit MYSW=P2^0; //input switch
void main(void){
unsigned char z;
unsigned char Mess1[]=“Normal Speed”;
unsigned char Mess2[]=“High Speed”;
TMOD=0x20; //use Timer 1, mode 2
TH1=0xFF; //28800 for normal
SCON=0x50;
TR1=1; //start timer
.....
if(MYSW==0) {
for (z=0;z<12;z++) {
SBUF=Mess1[z]; //place value in buffer
while(TI==0); //wait for transmit
TI=0;
}
}
else {
PCON=PCON|0x80; //for high speed of 56K
for (z=0;z<10;z++) {
SBUF=Mess2[z]; //place value in buffer
while(TI==0); //wait for transmit
TI=0;
}
}
}
 § 11-5 New communication methods
 UART

 SPI

 I2C

 USB

 WLAN

 Bluetooth

 WIFI

 3G
USB转TTL转换板
蓝牙转TTL转换板
WIFI转TTL转换板
CP2101（USB 转 UART 的单芯片桥接器 ）
 Homework
 问题：假设某种信号灯通讯，不同长短交替代表
不同的信息。要求在单片机和PC间建立一个信号
传输通道（串行通信）模拟这种信号灯通讯。假
设8次不同的长短信号组合代表一个讯息（8位）
，通过长（>0.5秒）短（<0.5秒）的按键发送命
令，按键命令由单片机检测到后通过串口发送给
PC机。同时单片机有可能接收到PC机发来的命令
，命令信息经过单片机解码后，由单片机通过
P1.0经过LED显示（长显示1秒，短显示0.25秒）
。
 Homework
 要求：
 1. 列出单片机需要哪些资源来完成这项工
作；
 2. 画出单片机完成本任务的流程图
 3. 讨论在题目中，有哪些任务细节没有设
置清楚，请补充你认为合理的设置；
 4. 完成所有的单片机程序，汇编或C语言皆
可。（附加题）