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The document discusses various aspects of memory management in computer systems, including basic concepts like paging, segmentation, and virtual memory. It covers techniques such as swapping, dynamic linking, and memory allocation strategies, highlighting their importance for efficient program execution. Additionally, it touches on protection schemes and the organization of cache memory to optimize performance.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3 viewsUnit 4
The document discusses various aspects of memory management in computer systems, including basic concepts like paging, segmentation, and virtual memory. It covers techniques such as swapping, dynamic linking, and memory allocation strategies, highlighting their importance for efficient program execution. Additionally, it touches on protection schemes and the organization of cache memory to optimize performance.
Uploaded by
Divye KapoorCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 59
Uni}- De
Memory Management : Basic Gare Machine, Resiclent Monitor,
Mubkiprogrommive vsith fixeat pascitions Mublibreg aren eg with
Vastiable pasilitiont , Protection schemes, Paging. Sepmedet on,
Poxgecl Segmentation | Virtual mamarey concepts , Demand.
Paging , Poxformants of dumand paging. Page
uplacement algorithms, “Thrashing _ Cache memory. ongani-
zation, Locality
Beyond Memory angint is ~the functionality of - &y Be
back and
OF manages Poiemasry mm & moves pees .
ex! '
foun blo main mpm and chsh wOond
vol Lesatin
2 Mf mgmt Keeps track, of each and et sn on
“ala allocated te FO™
TA checks hoo me ual be atte cats
oa chee! i
ok ve - P mien
Segeved ls of ecthye
fy proceves. §t ducal cshich procs
at ushat Lime’ SL yrosks cohensver, some “~m gets
pes oy unallocated and corousp' ora.
uepaertis + Sheila
©
Process Addstess Space?
mB of lagi cot add that a prec sufeuntes i >
ats code -
€g whi 32-bh addressing
Hange fom Ow OMFS ie 13) possible members
fora Joab -hroufiat size of 2 garg
Ts im Ue, cdbolveyses can
The O log} cok rene
pf — Cha tosh’ om
to physiol codes at Hin ime OF
‘ty the progam. $a Swapping: 8
TL da mechani tn which a precese Can be. avappeof
Jemporavily oad of mm lo o tondlastyy Storage, ane}
Amake thal ompn avedlable clo Othuye preesses
AL some clatot lime Phe s/s Stoaps beck Ahe protest
fom othe es Shoroge, 4p. anim
> Though pou{rmance ua usually of fick by swapping Prva
© hat ek helps te Jucrning mnuttiple. & a prouges in Poult
that & use “Swapping Ss also Rroon as a lechnigue fer
mm Compaction .”
=e
[eJ
C¢ Py gor fou Fo wait
i e=e
Ganp our
Suap fry i
Py Comes doce ef a
Saray “The total ime ctapen by ssesappiOy curs includ the op, vw
aaa tne! enctint proces bp a te ase
and thn ‘ copy the PROC
“the chins the precas tak neg
Eq lel gy owurre a
En eee clonclasel haxol ole
Seoopping votlt Anke place ras & ce
wink cvound = 1918 pH secon
The Achat bansfoo of The
feom with toke
1oo0K process “ >
DOAEKB/os4KB Po secon),
= Q second
= 2oo0o , mS 7
x
SY rratat Step Rocod ng of a User Progam:
(SMe.
Progra
Compile |
acsombler&
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Hactuete
t Vue
ol pect
Wnoctalet
* Linkage
Getrlot
Y Compile. “Vins.
Wad
iene
Lou
acount:
The biveting of, dada &
Popa bw mlan add try
he dore at Ulow
dye nt Phong
© Compib trone
@leed time.
@ Geediva time
High iuet languages au —Convetclil jasly me Coola, tr severed
ee Compilation , Unting t fom an c4eecevtble file & al a
teat lin i
las time daccling 4 thes exccuiable nly wrnin Memo ray
,
sabhs get wy
; hich vast j
Sp the inkor oletvimins He IO cut ali,
colchroys vohen stumning then ee ey cou dina
he Vg rita fhe forme vlneation
wb Mun +
tables et ushich
, joh Vesta: t
> Tf the Loader Pelsenine on oan
an (CO be loaded
Addbuws veh — susrrarg , thon the prog
inte iit ottfpunt otations i mfny wach Aimma, at 4
Our +
>
Stecic Ve Dynamic ae
‘ be rade
The Choice bls Static ot Dynamic beacting. usb
otk +he Aime Oy Compile Progtarn being developed -
2y Statice erded , then ok Ha dene of lompilaction ,
The complet. progiarn wilt be Compiled & Lnked W/o
Jeaying any extoinal — program or-moduly,. «The Len toe >
Combines object. Pragtom with — pth Netesas
object”
mectults imnty an Absolut Programm , which otso inclu <5
Aagiat add,
td x lipnama
taclicl Pray 077, then Compile Lol lompile-
dhe proper Sad Pan rts oregon pte Cae 2
facludle Ajrareically., only sufoenus with be provid eat &
suse of the wok att be dans ack erection time ° a heclune - 24 &S
“a Al whe dima of -Ghelle lenclag , the abselids proguara is
| occ) nto main mm rm orcle Sal execution te ~ched,”
|
| And 4p clynamic Aencling, Dupraral c svoutiras of, Hee fibrasa,
| axe Syd on a disk mm sulotaiable foon and ase.
| cloastest into afm only wher thay aie rast by Progen,
Spdic Vs Dynamic Unking,
Ga ued ,the Linkue combina ell othe
€
Progham b
When Stel inking
crodubs resold by program ints single exe cuctable
avotd any SuriLurns. perder),
Lathan — clypnantc Hoking, os used,
the actual! nodule oo Librarty with the progsaun , seethuse.
a sefoune. te tha dypnarnic rmedule 4 poviclid af the
Lima of completion & Uniiing
gt da vot suguixed to ink,
€
Base Hachine -
' A wk yu Mae
Hesee, ther J m0 -mjfen congyra le give i ry
Proyarn oll ofthe mim, with mo Dmitedion.
This provid maxi mum fbi bility bb the
tee & amin. Wo wt. Thaw i rao 2pedak ,
mr. Nio'& mo mel ter ap os ws
Horower |, thuw xi mo OS gowiees, the Wer must povicle
Bi OF naps by Galvin Weblink: pete ran
Ra: Moduin Os by Terenbawun Knowhige, Gu by. apehi Tei Pa,
OS im ROM= Resiclent Monitor
ont
ln “5
One way te protect Jr os Het Tom rey x
pat ae as inte Rom, thas Unfer tunalaly. OS ofitt melt Some RAM
oO
i e 1 i t ec sir
™/m “foo Aw own operations & fhis cit unprolckal t nm
Device
f sng pargaam ,
Xeeeas oF mpeclifi callon ing any. menné } pory
Aolobusses Mer Mok pooleted erlhut .
9
2 Im this environment , af ig iemposcible to potted peas
yon Othwe processes. Th gort 4f envenmt was cesect
im cay. mini computer ¢ micaCompiders eq CP/o1_, Apple.
Bath of abe ase Non- lonHguous M/rm Allocation.
Posititions’,
Orn of th fist rmechanisry Laeol tb Protect OS, and @
to proket procuays from ach ofhue was Pecong,
Hew, we add hoo hjin sugiels to Am add clreeds;
The base & Limit Jugs.
oH ~the Wp add” 15 lewett “han oiriel
0! m ‘highue tran ‘Limit!, v/a he
Conuider Wis, an 10 |
!
a6
Ome problem votth posdlitiors 4s hows much ra/rn ebLotedle imidially 7
Th too Pitts He Prots “ened
& chek Cotticl
stun out of Irn urhen dali
4 too Touch, hers mfr i wruseal & wasttd «
AL Hin polos, tet ub otifine
A mu teunt
Logica’ Acld® — ginesatt by. CPU, ako Sef fpeauel ty O4
Virtod, adcl® But becuse
+he prow (an mol ratify,
he imi sug sha othe process gees icy logy cout, mlm as
spied io aize.
Physica Adlon as the Achat, meen mMI-m & ats
owdivn as geen by 06 Sascly al Jocation O, and
gow up a top Aocat vn
Dynamic selocation senda a
pulotatlon
Sug ist ee
logicat
eo ite | (ees
GH
sof by RAN.
sclotcion sugisie.
physica
Address mn
[roe
ee ou
——
ge
ue ase. “oo methools fou mn
mon- Lo ‘ afm
ablotetion
Conigis _renemery. and
The 08 main wok Lb Jo hues bonsfor fo” seconded
afm to main ohm and lopcatl addres ‘Beansbtss
i oly phypicat adda’:
w, nog we have to sudy how both trae bask.
Ahoulsl be Complte ° [rie on oe pt oH ot de oul 0 rT
;
| behove ard aftve poaermaeet a allocaticl :
O Sprabalie Adduesses ? The addtewes wed im a four tools -
The vosuible Tame, Cconslan and insbuchon Jokls are
| the basic ehrnenty oF Symbolic — adebrew Bpace..
© Pelatine Atdrescer + A the tins of Complain
< — Compilue Converts gpmbalic Adcreyes ints sulative odd”
Q Physicat, Adlelwesses ! The oad, quvbs thas oddaxs
ct the tim ushen a. proyram is Leadad into MIT.
Vital 4 Phyen kheans qo Tes ee fo Compl Hoes
& load tora addsws -bincling Scheme. Virtual A phypiot ~
iff fr execution. -lume Cachan, binding Schemas
The get of att tapi cotuns gpl GS ;
ab
4s vefooud bag a Aopiek — ceauts amce ™ S
Seok
Ch alt pyiend bun covuaponding to Hue begs
audbeayes a suyoud bas phypitole coldnits, 5 PSH
€ bo done by. momo, rmgmnt wre
hyw duvice.
MMU cues fetlowsing. edanem
+ Prysiial aolduus »
2 The vats vm the base sagisttoe i adouol “ very. cod
Jermotid by & Wee Prout sushich is Waktd ax offer
od thes Hime uk cb pert “Le Ym
yf fhe base spice Value 41 [0,000 Han an
a uy, aad location
Yoo wit be clynamicatly suatlocated 45 locadion lolo0-
wluak acldseases yt
ty Converct’ virteat coldrey,
)
o> The ue pregua dials with VI
cayer Sees Pre Peat Physical exc testes: (on TLAUVWS & WON CONTIGOUS MEMO
Fao marneny plooqye S5Re__ merwecy — ALLO ae
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Rua’ parser Ws of 4 Tasrnasyy FKL Acco, gmt
Tractmares and VIC! NCIS
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Secondary wet (\ asec, | Rowe)
Dexived dora found on an
_ re
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ce <—_|" “he
OS fas KOO ousporsitstity s
by w dadds woe F pee oe
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wel a
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q
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ad ve?
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: avs
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ao Lannie, Odd’ of uy Blerwon\ »
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wan fe { Ae { Qe wou
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= 0) a
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lense fox WOSKS ok ramon: Gd)
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ee BRN
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0
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BY WE Weal AO OLE Cc dixeckty Loe
Qo un \inted Vian
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Wh Us
P= SQ
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YOUN “A ‘
ade ay § HRB VRB YY
powy yo OF es
> BX ag HW uses powers Dd boo]
ere
aegpala™ +
i oe
a cram Bent
WO fined You
psoas brshiud veo! .
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=
VS 20 -
Gaga 200006 ost FRAO od aletore
Wo inure:
hes fa > 190, av Stott SO
la WO2T eos HLKO
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PA Gaur oe amantred Aechuse - 28 Bas. Machine 8
FE Reatclnt Mongo
| Mernong. Allocation, om ges uti maytormang
mon- Coritigk - Fixec|
. | Pagi ang + vaniable
Comtigious Memon Al lo tation [ (sypte view)
-.62 Gmronilalion
ee
MM lsuabty hes 2 puritions
slow Memon = OS srestcles in Pita we
. High Meraciy — User proleyes Wu helol in hgh mm
c Each (1
rc Be (single - fe csctition)/Gixe d-size) attocalon bay 1B ran
Se pen intuenal pregmentation y a
S is pe Sf Ulocectom, swhocedion -rugichse Schar t
Protect we prowues form each ofthc — cure]
yee Changi “OS ole. & ata:
Reettoterion sugiske Containg value of, Smelt Physic
addees whos Limit
stec tonlaint Stange iad
€ Sh opi coldrers rousl be les han tre timiet ougiston
base. pose +Lemet
adlduess Yes | |
CPU
no
remot
PE Ke
[ar 2s te ‘b OS ee
=e
| eruiosl- Paretite
Musteple [vasiable” Pascliction Allotation’
Th this tyre of aulocstion,, M4 34 livid ino mumbo
of pixed~ size pavilions, whure each — pasclbions phovtol,
Contain on! one precess -
thon a paselitiow is fees @ prowess Sy pelucld sfoom +he
Input qpaus and Ji ond velo Phe pus, peviitiens
hlhen the poocas Worninadey , she podltion recornes cveillle
Hyer ioreriod! procs =
kB
4x8] ake
OKs
eu aue thee poitilion cutlo tation eulgorsine!
OD Frick FE find the ist blank apace whow the waiting
Progen voit fit + Thu a fast alyo , bel igtuadlay, aves
@ smedlloe blank Apate, exept who the 4ib exath «
® Best Fit > Pine the spesce -Phevt: pet pie Ha Jobe. “6 =
ate Least dt Ost. suprisingly. shy 2s mot o goon!
algo, art Asaves a. Aol of fing, usele holes ALL ovet
the physiod mlm.
@ loos ait % Aenol the biggest! paw: Arawing phe biggah
) semaiindure Ths Jy usally. the pavclitiore culfocation alge,
Chose by systeen Aulgnt . Fist fit 3
P= 210 K with be altocett tm Reiter
hr. UldK +
Peo Kk a
Pus Yaek wis wot ind any ye
hosclitiion, to Actornmediat. hence
Mest, wait until ethur Bor hu
«& Pwappeol ad pom alm.
fre DDK wilh be alloca ‘mf
fo qth with be alloralid 17 p
Pez link vist be alla 4
Py= U26rs with wait uni far.
dition 1 07 Pasdiation + uw pus: 1
fasilition
nun t®
0
ov
\ po)
oo } WA I); Wy,
pr ;
ooh
D.
My
\. fe
lovek WML E
Slorlte Rasutition,
fasdition Decription Table,
ot.
ssvf_08 vs 4 ‘ OS
he 1 sok * 20K,
|
eee f2 aK
SHC Hs Sk
svt Wi ;
Suppose Pa is Suapped out and neo Prous Pr vr
p20
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ey
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os
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Pa agk
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with Vasuable fasditton, Ie, 2ool< gooKk end 600 lx
-cOlK ,
e 212K, FIFS, MN, j
phe pasclited Of 100%
for es of Si
he Processes
ee eae aac it Age. a
cocking
and #26 K & d :
p50 ooo
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wok
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pool
p> [ano
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best Att
os zk PN
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fo Ait °
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abe Dale °° | Psst | ap
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4 174s . «
oo
Leclue - 29 6)
2Tt sees clo the Condition of dick itn uhich ibe aya.
clivideol init Pies Scittvad anound the dish. Fragmertafion
eccuves actualy when you we @ disk Feqerlly, Creeting,
Aadidng & moele ng ils -
Ak zom point, the OS neds ty Shoe pasth op a
file im mon iortiquous chutes - Ths epee
Imvicble ty users, bt Ht fan slow clown the Gerd
at hich cata Gu acewed became He dick dive
rou gearch tuougte ouffuant pods of the ditk
ly put” Togecthese A scingte file
> frogeenta tion Gan also Seber lo RAY hat bas rail,
Wrused holed Scecltowe! hoon tot id. This “4 lied exbyrel
Fragmentation .
"with melo 0S that tue oc paging scene , a me.
Gmmon ype. of Ran piegeadicton Js ¥ called
rolimal fogredttion + Thy occu when crnjen Hs obo}
‘™ pesos 4 He “pamela ws Aoseger Horn te
compurd 4 mim — saquestid
Ras Contebts by Galvin Weblinks * (youtube, - Com /
Krouslelpe Ga, by Sanchit “Tain
Po: Hodwin OS bp eumnboum a
Non- Lon Memo Allocatan.
Due to ex pregoabtation _aoye to non- Contefecougrn),
Pg
> faging is a ™fm- mgmt seherne. thet pests Hhe phypsicak
add cpace of a process lo he nen condigecd
= basic method fos implementing paging involves breaking.
Setordasty | physicas mal inte fixed-sized blocks collrol
premes ane brraktirg logical m/m (M-1,) into blocs of
the game. gize Called page. )
XS
> if we we cliffount Size postition in 6M. then at
widl be. oti bi cat ca pera, SH into MM - So the
boudition gize dhould be equal Ve fixed ize 08 Aame £12
Frames,
[ow Ja LE »
; |_—_t
Lagicat Phot eat
Remon Semeng
> Boy | add” gerwcaiak bys CPU wt Olivickol testo Q pod:
oe mumbex Cp) and @. pages offset Cel).
> pa wed as an index into page fabk. [
| es iw
> page table Covilaint he base aolel of each page, ™
physicot os ™, Combined wilh the
ct te chine the
page Hh i
gene the omjm writ -
qtis dase. adel” a
physi tot mim acto” “that 0
jn
CPU
G
pgsvat Mew
Model of. logicot & Physi cof Mem
Paging,
ize) 2s defined by ie
of 2, vasysng b/w
plc, chien,
The pege ete (dike the frame
Re Sie of PAGE a typlatly
Sih bybs and 168 Pew page » depending
A powest
on Cem ral
a
- ne Mag
>i the 02S of LA ~paw av” and : i oad
cM adolaeasing ends ( hyti or wok) then Oe , weal
mem bile Of LA aluignate the page 7 re
ordut bik oligignale the page. off sed *
Th, LAW as follaves
foge number» page offsek
Cr fe
m7 mn
M0 J od
Lohot, pea an inder ints “He pager “ble ane
»
the displacernant wHhin phe poge
E4 fags size 4 by ls
Physical mf 3a byte (8 pages)
* 0
rans
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Hemnog PT
[| _J
Phase Nemory Legita® onc” © pag. © O offset ©.
cpocuxiny inte page fewle. + page oO ain frome °
LAO maps ® A 20(: Gxd)T°)
LA & (page 0. offset 3°) maps ty PA 2a(: (s4)93)
set 0) maps PA ga-(-(6rryt0)
alfset 3) maps be PA 86 C (oth)
nays te ra VC Gxt)
LAX ( pages?
1A 6 (page 4)
Law Cage 3" ose 4
ami G cseulocatt om .
ofneate
fg 4h page Size = 20NF by Ee
a prowuss of
plus ips byt
“TH wooutal be cullolotedl 36 Freres , .
' resulting
mn pera pagranditen My r0ug~low b= 462byke
A.
pect Wrfeunee&
42/166 bytes would mud BS pages
DAL proous gle a | h
Comsidin a LA space Of BPS of jo4 wore, eae opp
Onl a physi omlen of 32 frames then
Ud How many oth wu in LA?
Gi) How mane bik ao in PA?
tel
ol
lel -the m0. of bits im physlcal afm be
Hun the size of Physi cat mn = T?
Givens rw, of bags 8 oe °
mo. of “frames: 39° 2°
Size a each fares sien Of each P2ge
= JODY words
a al’
s 2
then, mo ames , f= ma aUR? 3,
oe ag” >
m= 15.
(aac
bis
SO, suquind MO- of, bra jn phys ot vofrn= 1S
i ta, va) be’?
Sierilanly Assuming. 0, of be im hag ™
of legival fn =a”
gy UPSET alae
mo. of Pay “Ga of each page
Qs aye
then, He Size clan -
h 8o
gr: aK a.
bib
in lagieat mmf
Sp, -Md- eb yo equine
How roared pages voit be suquireel ta (onvad a LA of
\e bib ind PA cluseung mopping. + the size of
each page a Lk,
Size ok LAs a®
cS A =4kK =
size of Logi tol om|™
_ seep RE
No. ef pags = or of cach Page
jor4> 9”
\B
a] se
: la ae Ie bits >
Avondale mthed a a8 = a
x8” a] rary se
m i?
a eal am-m> 9b Haridrasee Support fos Paging §
cen agye qf OS has 3B over” method tex sor Page
fecbles. Host Of the os allomir o page able fov each,
Process
_ pith
ts stad lor the oth
Lis asked tp ttt
p¢ secloacl the
>A pdntor to the page dodle
lege slo valuu im PCB, ushen disp adehue
—_— ; \
1g exeeubon Phen vb mes
Q process ter
and st defines
Sugica she Comect Vale WO Rego tnbe .
page: fable carr be done YD
= The hfo Vamplamentadion ef
hough Ls
fin anany way» Ore appreach i uslenge
dictated egisios, bub Whe usage OF
fable is pats factors, onty aL page table “8
page table, his apprch
seagi slow 4o pe
page
pratt + for “amer<-/lange
is aol fable
ents 0
this pobum 4 jo we & Sproat
= Skanctarid — golehom “lo
Pr) Ayanslat 9 look-
romatl «fast took “P hpo tache, Cath
auide buffer (718)
—> TLE» aysoclahye,
> Each enh im TLE Consisb
>TLR wntart only a we of, the page
po a Geuss"Y as pear:
a udun A ia gesakd ly CPO , Hun ads
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Bare machine
Treomputer science, bare machine (or hare metal) refers toa computer executing instructions direetly on logic hardware
svithout an intervening, operating system, Modern oper
ing, sys
ms evolved through various stages, from elementary to the
y services, After the development of programmable computers
present day complex, highly sensitive systems incorporating rm
(which did not require physical changes to run dif
nt pro
sequential instructions were executed on the computer hardware di
ns) but prior to the development of operating systems,
eclly usin
machine language without any system software
layer. This approach is termed the "bare machine" precursor to modern operating systems. Today itis mostly applicable to
embeded systems and firmware generally with time-eril
a! latency requirements, while conventional programs are run by a
runtime system overlaid on an operating system,
Contents
Example
7 Embedded systems
See also
References
Example
‘The PDP-11 machine allowed programmers to load a program, supplied in machine code, to RAM. The resulting operation of
‘the program could be monitored by lights, and output derived from mag tape, print devices, or storage
Embedded systems
Bare machine programming remains in common practice in embedded sys
where microcontrollers or microprocessors
often boot directly into monolithic, single-purpose software, without loading a separate operating system. Such embedded
software can vary in structure, but the simplest form may consist of an infinite main Joop, calling subro
checking for inputs, performing actions, and writing outputs.
Ce
See also
1es responsible for
* Bare machine computing
‘+ Standalone program
References
+ Siberschatz, A; Galvin, Peter; Gagne, Greg. Operating System Concepts.
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