Islamic University of Madinah

Faculty of Science
Mathematics Department

Calculus II (MATH 3112)

Course References:
 J. Stewart, Calculus: Early Transcendentals; Publisher, Cengage Learning; 8th edition (Febru-
ary 4, 2015); Language, English; Hardcover, 1368 pages; ISBN-10, 1285741552.

 Saudi Digital Library: https://sdl.edu.sa/SDLPortal/ar/Publishers.aspx

CHAPTER 5: INTEGRALS

Section 5.1: Area Problem

Section 5.2: The Definite Integral (Definition)

•• Course Materials will be covered from: Course Text Book and These Lecture Notes
MATH 3112 (Calculus II) Chapter 5: Sections 5.1 and 5.2

Section 5.1 (Area Problem)

OBJECTIVES:
• Find (upper and lower) estimates of areas under curves using (left and right) endpoints or
any sample points.
• Define the area under the graph of a continuous function as the limiting value of the sum of
the areas of the approximating rectangles.
• Be able to use the Sigma notation to write the sum of terms

We begin by attempting to solve the area problem: Find the area of the region S that lies
under the curve y = f (x)from a to b. This means that S, illustrated in Figure 1, is bounded by
the graph of a continuous function f [where f (x) > 0], the vertical lines x = aand x = b, and
the x-axis.

In trying to solve the area problem we have to ask ourselves: What is the meaning of the word
area? This question is easy to answer for regions with straight sides. For a rectangle, the area
is defined as the product of the length and the width. The area of a triangle is half the base
times the height. The area of a polygon is found by dividing it into triangles (as in Figure 2)
and adding the areas of the triangles.

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MATH 3112 (Calculus II) Chapter 5: Sections 5.1 and 5.2

However, it is not so easy to find the area of a region with curved sides. We all have an intuitive
idea of what the area of a region is. But part of the area problem is to make this intuitive
idea precise by giving an exact definition of area. Recall that in defining a tangent we first
approximated the

Remarks:
b−a
To divide the interval [a, b] to n-equal subintervals, then ∆x = .
n
• If f is an increasing function, then R.E.P gives Over estimation.
• If f is an increasing function, then L.E.P gives Lower estimation.
• If f is an decreasing function, then L.E.P gives Over estimation.
• If f is an decreasing function, then R.E.P gives Lower estimation.

Definition 1. The area A of the region S that lies under the graph of the continuous function
f (x) is the limit of the sum of the areas of approximating rectangles:

n
X
A = lim ∆xf (xi ) = lim [∆xf (x1 ) + ∆xf (x2 ) + ∆xf (x3 ) + ... + ∆xf (xn )].
n→∞ n→∞
i=1

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MATH 3112 (Calculus II) Chapter 5: Sections 5.1 and 5.2

Ex. 1, P. 366: Let R be the region under the graph of f (x) = x2 , x ∈ [1, 2]. Estimate the
area using 4-equal subintervals and right endpoints. Sketch the graph and the rectangles. Is
your estimate an underestimate or an overestimate?

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MATH 3112 (Calculus II) Chapter 5: Sections 5.1 and 5.2

Ex.2: Let R be the region under the graph of f (x) = x2 , x ∈ [−2, −1]. Estimate the area
using 4-equal subintervals and left endpoints. Sketch the graph and the rectangles. Is your
estimate an underestimate or an overestimate?

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MATH 3112 (Calculus II) Chapter 5: Sections 5.1 and 5.2

Ex.3 (Exercise 4, P. 375): Estimate the area of the region under the curve y = sin x,
π
x ∈ [0, ] using 4-equal sub intervals and:
2
i) Right end points. ii) Left end points.

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MATH 3112 (Calculus II) Chapter 5: Sections 5.1 and 5.2

π
Ex.4: Find an uppers estimate to the area of the region under the curve y = cos x, x ∈ [0, ]
2
using 3-equal sub intervals.

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MATH 3112 (Calculus II) Chapter 5: Sections 5.1 and 5.2

Ex.5: Find a lower estimate to the area of the region under the curve y = ex , x ∈ [0, 3] using
6-equal sub intervals.

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MATH 3112 (Calculus II) Chapter 5: Sections 5.1 and 5.2

1
Ex.6 (Exercise 3, P. 375): Estimate the area of the region under the curve f (x) = ,
x
x ∈ [1, 2] using 4-equal sub intervals and:
i) Right end points. ii) Left end points.

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MATH 3112 (Calculus II) Chapter 5: Sections 5.1 and 5.2

Ex.7: Find a lower estimate to the area of the region under the curve y = e−x , x ∈ [0, 3] using
6-equal sub intervals.

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MATH 3112 (Calculus II) Chapter 5: Sections 5.1 and 5.2

Ex.8: Find a lower estimate to the area of the region under the curve y = ln x, x ∈ [2, 4] using
4-equal sub intervals.

Sections 5.1 Exercises: Page 375: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

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 MATH 3112 (Calculus II) Chapter 5: Sections 5.1 and 5.2

Section 5.2: The Definite Integral (Definition)

OBJECTIVES:
• Define the definite integral of a continuous function and interpret it in terms of areas above
and below the x-axis.
• Evaluate the definite integral of simple functions using the definition and the sum rules.

Theorem 1 If f is continuous on [a, b], then f is integrable and

b n  
b−aX b−a
Z
f (x)dx = lim f a+( )i .
a x→∞ n i=1 n

Summation Rules: Let n, m be natural numbers and let c be a constant. Then

n
X n
X n
X n
X n
X n
X
(xi ± yi ) = xi ± yi , cxi = c xi , C = nC
i=m i=m i=m i=m i=m i=1

n n ∞  2
X n(n + 1) X
2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) X
3 n(n + 1)
i= , i = , i =
i=1
2 i=1
6 i=1
2

Properties of the Integral:

Z a Z b Z a
1. f (x)dx = 0. 2. f (x)dx = − f (x)dx.
a a b
Z b
3. cdx = c(b − a), where c is any constant
a
Z b Z b Z b
4. [f (x) + g(x)]dx = f (x)dx + g(x)dx
a a a
Z b Z b
5. cf (x)dx = c f (x)dx, where c is any constant
a a
Z b Z b Z b
6. [f (x) − g(x)]dx = f (x)dx − g(x)dx
a a a

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MATH 3112 (Calculus II) Chapter 5: Sections 5.1 and 5.2

Ex.1 (Example 2, P. 381): Evaluate the following integral by interpreting the integral as a
limit of a Riemann sum: Z 3
(x3 − 6x) dx.
0

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MATH 3112 (Calculus II) Chapter 5: Sections 5.1 and 5.2

Ex.2: Evaluate the following integral by interpreting the integral as a limit of a Riemann sum:
Z 5
(2x + 3) dx.
1

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MATH 3112 (Calculus II) Chapter 5: Sections 5.1 and 5.2

Ex.3 (Exercise 23, P. 389): Evaluate the following integral by interpreting the integral as a
limit of a Riemann sum: Z 0
(x2 + x) dx.
−2

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MATH 3112 (Calculus II) Chapter 5: Sections 5.1 and 5.2

Ex.4: Evaluate the following integral by interpreting the integral as a limit of a Riemann sum:
Z 2
(x3 − 1) dx.
0

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MATH 3112 (Calculus II) Chapter 5: Sections 5.1 and 5.2

Ex.3 (Exercise 27, P. 389): Evaluate the following integral by interpreting the integral as a
limit of a Riemann sum: Z b
x dx.
a

Sections 5.2 Exercises: Page 388: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28.

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