IX-MATHEMATICS-NCERT

CHAPTER
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movies-2023/
1 PREPARED BY: BALABHADRA SURESH

1. Natural numbers: The numbers which are used for counting are called Natural numbers and
represented with letter N
2. Natural numbers N={1,2,3,4,5,……}
3. Whole numbers: If ‘0’ is added to Natural numbers then they are called Whole numbers. And is
denoted by ‘W’
4. Whole numbers W={0,1,2,3,4,5,……}
5. Integers: Combination of positive and negative numbers including 0 are called Integers and
represented by ‘Z’ or ‘I’.
6. Integers Z={… … − 4, −3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3,4, … … … }
7. Z comes from the German word “zahlen”, which means “to count”
8. Rational numbers:
𝑝
A number which can be written in the form 𝑞 , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0 is called a
2 6 9
rational number. Example: − , , are all rational numbers. Since the numbers 0, –2, 4 can
3 7 −5
𝑝
be written in the form 𝑞, they are also rational numbers.

Exp 1 : Are the following statements true or false? Give reasons for your answers.
(i) Every whole number is a natural number.
Sol: False, because zero is a whole number but not a natural number.
(ii) Every integer is a rational number.
𝑚
Sol: True, because every integer m can be expressed in the form 1 , and so it is a rational number

(iii) Every rational number is an integer.

3
Sol: False, because 5 is a rational number but not an integer.

Exp 2 : Find five rational numbers between 1 and 2.

1
Sol 1: If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are two rational numbers then a rational number between 𝑎 and 𝑏 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)

1 9 5 3 7 15 2
8 4 2 4 8
S.No Two rational numbers Between Rational number
1 1 and 2 1 1 3
(1 + 2) = (3) =
2 2 2

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 1

 2 3 1 3 1 2+3 1 5 5
1 and (1 + )= ( )= × =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
3 3 1 3 1 3+4 1 7 7
and 2 ( + 2) = ( )= × =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
4 5 1
5 1 4+5 1 9 9
1 and (1 +
)= ( )= × =
4 2
4 2 4 2 4 8
5 7 1 7 1 7+8 1 15 15
and 2 ( +
2) = ( )= × =
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 8
9 5 3 7 15
So, the five rational numbers between 1 and 2 are , , , ,
8 4 2 4 8
Sol 2:
1×6 2 × 6 6 12
1 < 2⇒ < ⇒ <
1×6 1×6 6 6
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
⇒ < < < < < <
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 8 9 10 11 7 4 3 5 11
So, the five rational numbers are , , , , ⇒ , , , ,
6 6 6 6 6 6 3 2 3 6
There are infinitely many rational numbers between any two given rational numbers

𝒑
1. Is zero a rational number? Can you write it in the form 𝒒, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0?
0
Sol: yes, zero is a rational number. 0 = 1

2. Find six rational numbers between 3 and 4.

3×7 4×7 21 28
𝐒𝐨𝐥: 3 < 4 ⇒ 1×7 < ⇒ <
1×7 7 7

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
< < < < < < <
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
22 23 24 25 26 27
So, the six rational numbers are , , , , ,
7 7 7 7 7 7
𝟑 𝟒
3. Find five rational numbers between 𝟓and 𝟓 .
3 4
𝐒𝐨𝐥: <
5 5
3×6 4×6
⇒ <
5×6 5×6
18 24
⇒ <
30 30
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
⇒ < < < < < <
30 30 30 30 30 30 30
3 4 19 20 21 22 23
So, the five rational numbers between and are , , , ,
5 5 30 30 30 30 30
4. State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons for your answers.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 2

(i) Every natural number is a whole number.
Sol: True.
(ii) Every integer is a whole number.
Sol: False, -5 is an integer but not a whole number
(iii) Every rational number is a whole number.
4
Sol: False, because 5 is a rational number but not a whole number.

Irrational Numbers
The Pythagoreans in Greece were the first to discover the numbers which were not rationals.
These numbers are called irrational numbers
𝑝
A number cannot be written in the form , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0 is called
𝑞

irrational.
Examples: √𝟐, √𝟓, 𝝅, 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 … 𝒆𝒕𝒄

Real numbers (R) : Collection of both rational (Q) and irrational numbers (𝑄1 )
Every real number is represented by a unique point on the number line. Also, every point on
the number line represents a unique real number.
Exp 3 : Locate √𝟐 on the number line.
Sol: 1.Draw number line. Point O at 0 and Point A at 1.
2. Construct AB= 1 unit perpendicular to number line at A
3. Join OB
4. From Pythagoras theorem OB=√12 + 12 = √1 + 1 = √2
4. Draw an arc with centre O and radius OB, intersects number line at P.
5. The point P corresponds to √2 on the number line.

Exp 4 : Locate √𝟑 on the number line.

Sol: 1. Draw number line. Point O at 0 and Point A at 1.
2. Construct AB= 1 unit perpendicular to number line at A
3. Join OB
4. From Pythagoras theorem OB=√12 + 12 = √1 + 1 = √2

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 3

 5. Construct BD of unit length perpendicular to OB.
6. Join OD.
2
7. From Pythagoras theorem OD=√(√2) + 12 = √2 + 1 = √3
8. Draw an arc with centre O and radius OD, intersects number line at Q.
9. The point Q corresponds to √3 on the number line.

EXERCISE 1.2
1. State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your answers.
(i) Every irrational number is a real number.
Sol: yes
(ii) Every point on the number line is of the form √𝒎 , where m is a natural number.
Sol: False , all negative numbers on the number line but it not express as of the form √𝑚 , where m
is a natural number
(iii) Every real number is an irrational number.
Sol: False, real numbers are Collection of both rational (Q) and irrational numbers (𝑄1 )
2. Are the square roots of all positive integers irrational? If not, give an example of the square root
of a number that is a rational number.
Sol: False, because 4 is a positive integer and √4 = ±2 are rational numbers.
3. Show how √𝟓 can be represented on the number line.
Sol: 1.Draw number line. Point O at 0 and Point A at 2.
2. Construct AB= 1 unit perpendicular to number line at A
3. Join OB
4. From Pythagoras theorem OB=√22 + 12 = √4 + 1 = √5
4. Draw an arc with centre O and radius OB, intersects number line at P.
5. The point P corresponds to √5 on the number line..

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 4

 Real Numbers and their Decimal Expansions
𝟏𝟎 𝟕 𝟏
Exp 5 : Find the decimal expansions of , 𝟖 𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝟑 𝟕

10 7
= 3.333. . = 3. 3̅ ; = 0.785
3 8
1
= 0.142857142 … = 0. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
142857
7
Terminating decimal: A decimal number that contains a finite number of digits next to the decimal
point is called a Terminating decimal
Non terminating recurring decimal: A Non terminating recurring decimal is a decimal in which some
digits after the decimal point repeat without terminating.
𝒑
Example 6 : Show that 3.142678 is a rational number. In other words, express 3.142678 in the form 𝒒,

where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.

3142678
𝐒𝐨𝐥: 3.142678 = , and hence it is a rational numbers
1000000
̅ can be expressed in the form 𝒑 , where p and q are integers
Example 7 : Show that 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. . . = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝒒
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 0. 3̅ = 0.333 … … . . → (1)
and q ≠ 0
𝐒𝐨𝐥: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 0. 3̅ 10𝑥 = 3.333 … . → (2)
𝑥From (2)-(1) ….
= 0.33333
10𝑥 = 3.333 …. 10𝑥 = 3.333 … … . . → (2)
10𝑥 = 3 + 0.3333 …. 𝑥 = 0.333 … … . . → (1)
10𝑥 = 3 + 𝑥 9𝑥 = 3
10𝑥 − 𝑥 = 3 3 1 1
𝑥= = ⇒ 0. 3̅ =
9 3 3

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 5

 9𝑥 = 3
3 1 1
𝑥= = ⇒ 0. 3̅ =
9 3 3

𝒑
̅̅̅̅ can be expressed in the form , where p and q are
Example 8 : Show that 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟕. . . = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕 𝒒

integers and q ≠ 0.
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 1. ̅̅
27̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ = 1.272727 … . → (1)
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 1. 27
𝑥 = 1.272727 …. 100𝑥 = 127.272727 … . → (2)
100𝑥 = 127.272727 …. From (2)-(1)
100𝑥 = 126 + 1.272727 … 100𝑥 = 127.272727 … . → (2)
100𝑥 = 126 + 𝑥 𝑥 = 1.272727 … . → (1)
100𝑥 − 𝑥 = 126 99𝑥 = 126
99𝑥 = 126 126 14 14
𝑥= = ̅̅̅̅ =
⇒ 1. 27
126 14 99 11 11
𝑥= =
99 11
14
̅̅̅̅ =
1. 27
11
̅̅̅̅ . can be expressed in the form p q , where p and q are
Example 9 : Show that 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟑𝟓𝟑𝟓. . . = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟓
integers and q ≠ 0.
̅̅̅̅
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 0.235 ̅̅̅̅ = 0.2353535 … → (1)
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 0.235
𝑥 = 0.2353535 … 100𝑥 = 235.3535 … . . → (2)
100𝑥 = 23.53535 … .. From (2)-(1)
100𝑥 = 23.3 + 0.23535 … 100𝑥 = 23.53535 … . . → (2)
1000𝑥 = 23.3 + 𝑥 𝑥 = 0.2353535 … . → (1)
100𝑥 − 𝑥 = 23.3
99𝑥 = 23.3
99𝑥 = 23.3
23.3 233 233
23.3 233 𝑥= = ̅̅̅̅ =
⇒ 0.235
𝑥= = 99 990 990
99 990
233
̅̅̅̅ =
0.235
990

Irrational: A number whose decimal expansion is non-terminating non-recurring is irrational.

Examples: √2, √5, 𝜋, 0.101001000 … 𝑒𝑡𝑐

𝟏 𝟐
Exp10 : Find an irrational number between 𝟕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 .
𝟕
1
𝐒𝐨𝐥: = 0.142857 … ….
7

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 6

 2
= 0.285714 ….
7
Irrational number is non-terminating non-recurring decimal
1 2
An irrational number between 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 0.1520002000020000 … ..
7 7
EXERCISE 1.3
1. Write the following in decimal form and say what kind of decimal expansion each has
𝟑𝟔 4.125
(𝐢) = 0.36 0.090909 … 0.2307692..
𝟏𝟎𝟎 8 33.000
11 1.000000 32 13 3.00000000
Terminating decimal
99 10 26
𝟏 100 8 40
(𝐢𝐢) = 0.090909. . = 0. ̅09̅̅̅
39
𝟏𝟏 99 20
Non terminating recurring decimal 100 16 10
99 40 00
𝟏 33 100
(𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝟒 = = 4.125 1 40
𝟖 8 91
0
Terminating decimal. 90
78
𝟑
(𝐢𝐯) = 0.23076923 … = 0. 230769̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 0.1818 … 120
𝟏𝟑
0.8225 117
Non terminating recurring decimal 11 2.00000..
4 3.29000 30
11
𝟐 90 32 26
(𝐯) ̅̅̅̅
= 0.1818. . = 0. 18
𝟏𝟏 88 09 4
8
Non terminating recurring decimal 20
11 10
𝟑𝟐𝟗 8
(𝐯𝐢) = 0.8225 90
𝟒𝟎𝟎 20
88
Terminating decimal 0 20
𝟏
0
2. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ . . Can you predict what the decimal expansions of 𝟐 , 𝟑 , 𝟒 , 𝟓 , 𝟔
You know that 𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕

are, without actually doing the long division? If so, how?

0.1428571..
Sol: When divided 1 by 7 remainders are 3,2,6,4,5.
7 1.00000000
1 7
= 0. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
142857 30
7
28
2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝. 𝑆𝑜, 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
20
𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 14
2 60
= 0. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
285714 56
7
40
3
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
= 0. 428571 35
7 50
4 35
= 0. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
571428 50
7
49
5
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
= 0. 714285 10
7 7
3
BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 7
 𝑝
3. Express the following in the form 𝑞 , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0

(𝑖) 0. 6̅
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 0. 6̅ 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 0. 6̅ = 0.66666 … . . → (1)
𝑥 = 0.66666 … ..
10𝑥 = 6.6666 … . → (2)
10𝑥 = 6.6666 ….
From (2)-(1)
10𝑥 = 6 + 0.6666 ….
10𝑥 = 6.6666 … . → (2)
10𝑥 = 6 + 𝑥
𝑥 = 0.66666 … . . → (1)
10𝑥 − 𝑥 = 6
9𝑥 = 6 9𝑥 = 6

6 2 2 6 2 2
𝑥 = = ⇒ 0. 6̅ = 𝑥= = ⇒ 0. 6̅ =
9 3 3 9 3 3
(𝑖𝑖) 0.47̅
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 0.47̅ 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 0.47̅ = 0.477777 … . → (1)
𝑥 = 0.477777 …. 10𝑥 = 4.777777 … → (2)
10𝑥 = 4.777777 …. From (2)-(1)
10𝑥 = 4.3 + 0.4777777 … 10𝑥 = 4.777777 … → (2)
10𝑥 = 4.3 + 𝑥 𝑥 = 0.477777 … . . → (1)
10𝑥 − 𝑥 = 4.3
9𝑥 = 4.3
9𝑥 = 4.3
4.3 43 43
4.3 43 𝑥= = ⇒ 0.47̅ =
𝑥= = 9 90 90
9 90
43
0.47̅ =
90
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 0. ̅̅̅̅̅
001
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 0. ̅̅̅̅̅
001 1000𝑥 − 𝑥 = 1
𝑥 = 0.001001001 …. 999𝑥 = 1
1000𝑥 = 1.001001001 … 1
𝑥=
1000𝑥 = 1 + 0.001001001 … 999
1
1000𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 0. ̅̅̅̅̅
001 =
999
4. Express 0.99999 .... in the form p q . Are you surprised by your answer? With your teacher and
classmates discuss why the answer makes sense.
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 0.999999 …. 10𝑥 − 𝑥 = 9
10𝑥 = 9.9999 … 9𝑥 = 9
10𝑥 = 9 + 0.999 … 9
𝑥= =1
10𝑥 = 9 + 𝑥 9
0.9999 … = 1

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 8

5. What can the maximum number of digits be in the repeating block of digits in the decimal
𝟏
expansion of 𝟏𝟕? Perform the division to check your answer.

0.0588235294117647..
17 1.00000000
85
150
136
40
34
60
51
90
85
50
34
160
153
70
68
20
17
130
119
110
102
80
68
120
119
1 𝒑
6. Look at several examples of rational numbers in the form 𝒒 (q ≠ 0), where p and q are integers

with no common factors other than 1 and having terminating decimal representations
(expansions). Can you guess what property q must satisfy?
1 1 32 5 27 3 7
𝑆𝑜𝑙: = 0.5 = 0.1 = 6.4 = 0.625 = 1.08 = 0.06 = 0.35
2 10 5 8 25 50 20
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑞 (𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟)𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝟐𝒂 × 𝟓𝒃 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠.
7. Write three numbers whose decimal expansions are non-terminating non-recurring
Sol: (i) 0.51250535420062101254…..
(ii) 1.20200200020000….
(iii) 0.2012011201112310….

𝟓 𝟗
8. Find three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 𝟕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟏

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 9

 5
𝐒𝐨𝐥: = 0.714285 … … ..
7
9
= 0.8181 … ..
11
5 9
Three irrational numbers between the rational numbers 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒
7 11
(i) 0.722020020002000 …
(ii) 0.73030030003000 ….
(iii) 0.7515115111511125 ….
9. Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational :
(i) √23 → Irrational number
(ii) √225 = 15 → Rational number
3796
(iii) 0.3796 = → Rational number
10000
(iv) 7.478478 … = 7. ̅̅̅̅̅
478 → Rational number
(v)1.101001000100001. . . → Irrational numbe
Operations on Real Numbers
𝟕
Example 11 : Check whether 𝟕√𝟓 , , √𝟐 + 𝟐𝟏, 𝝅 − 𝟐 are irrational numbers or not
√𝟓

𝑆𝑜𝑙: √5 = 2.2360679 …
7 7 × √5 7√5 15.656753. .
= = = = 3.1304 …
√5 √5 × √5 5 5
√2 + 21 = 1.414213. . +21 = 22.414213 …
𝜋 − 2 = 3.1415 … − 2 = 1.1415 ….
All these are non-terminating, non-recurring decimals. Thus they are irrational numbers.

𝒒
If q is rational and s is irrational then 𝒒 + 𝒔, 𝒒 − 𝒔, 𝒒𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 (𝒔 ≠ 𝟎) are irrational numbers.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟐 ∶ 𝐀𝐝𝐝 𝟐√𝟐 + 𝟓√𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 √𝟐 − 𝟑√𝟑

𝐒𝐨𝐥: (2√2 + 5√3) + (√2 − 3√3) = 2√2 + √2 + 5√3 − 3√3 = 3√2 + 2√3

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟑 ∶ 𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝟔√𝟓 𝐛𝐲 𝟐√𝟓.

𝐒𝐨𝐥: 6√5 × 2√5 = 6 × 2 × √5 × √5 = 12 × 5 = 60 (√𝑎 × √𝑎 = 𝑎)

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟒 ∶ 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝟖√𝟏𝟓 𝐛𝐲 𝟐√𝟑

8√15 4 × 2 × √3 × √5
Sol: = = 4√5
2√3 2 × √3

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 10

Note: (i) The sum or difference of a rational number and an irrational number is irrational. (ii) The
product or quotient of a non-zero rational number with an irrational number is irrational. (iii) If we
add, subtract, multiply or divide two irrationals, the result may be rational or irrational.
List some properties relating to square roots
Let 𝑎 and 𝑏 be positive real numbers. Then
2
(𝑖) √𝑎𝑏 = √𝑎 × √𝑏 ; √𝑎 × √𝑎 = √𝑎2 = (√𝑎) = 𝑎

𝑎 √𝑎
(𝑖𝑖) √ = ∶ 𝑖𝑓 𝑏 ≠ 0
𝑏 √𝑏

(𝑖𝑖𝑖) (√𝑎 + √𝑏)(√𝑎 − √𝑏) = 𝑎 − 𝑏

(𝑖𝑣) (𝑎 + √𝑏)(𝑎 − √𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏

(𝑣) (√𝑎 + √𝑏)(√𝑐 + √𝑑) = √𝑎 × √𝑐 + √𝑎 × √𝑑 + √𝑏 × √𝑐 + √𝑏 × √𝑑

= √𝑎𝑐 + √𝑎𝑑 + √𝑏𝑐 + √𝑏𝑑

2
(𝑣𝑖) (√𝑎 + √𝑏) = 𝑎 + 2√𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏

2
(𝑣𝑖𝑖) (√𝑎 − √𝑏) = 𝑎 − 2√𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏

Example 15 : Simplify the following expressions:

(𝒊) (𝟓 + √𝟕)(𝟐 + √𝟓)

𝑠𝑜𝑙: (5 + √7)(2 + √5) = 5 × 2 + 5 × √5 + √7 × 2 + √7 × √5

= 10 + 5√5 + 2√7 + √35

(𝒊𝒊) (𝟓 + √𝟓)(𝟓 − √𝟓)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
2
(5 + √5)(5 − √5) = 52 − (√5) = 25 − 5 = 20
𝟐
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) (√𝟑 + √𝟕)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
2 2 2
(√3 + √7) = (√3) + 2 × √3 × √7 + (√7)

= 3 + 2√21 + 7 = 10 + 2√21
(𝒊𝒗) (√𝟏𝟏 − √𝟕)(√𝟏𝟏 + √𝟕)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
2 2
(√11 − √7)(√11 + √7) = (√11) − (√7) = 11 − 7 = 4

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 11

 𝟏
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟔: 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇
√𝟐
Sol: Rationalise factor o𝑓 √2 = √2
1 1 × √2 √2
= =
√2 √2 × √2 2
𝟏
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟕: 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟
𝟐 + √𝟑
Sol: Rationalise factor of 2 + √3 = 2 − √3
1 1 2 − √3 2 − √3 2 − √3 2 − √3
= × = 2 = = = 2 − √3
2 + √3 2 + √3 2 − √3 22 − (√3) 4−3 1

𝟓
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟖 ∶ 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟
√𝟑 − √𝟓
Sol: Rationalise factor of √3 − √5 = √3 + √5
5 5 √3 + √5 5(√3 + √5)
= × = 2 2
√3 − √5 √3 − √5 √3 + √5 (√3) − (√5)
5(√3 + √5) 5(√3 + √5) −5(√3 + √5)
= = =
3−5 −2 2
𝟏
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟗 ∶ 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟
𝟕 + 𝟑√𝟐
Sol: Rationalise factor of 7 + 3√2 = 7 − 3√2
1 1 7 − 3√2 7 − 3√2 7 − 3√2 7 − 3√2 7 − 3√2
= × = 2 = = =
7 + 3√2 7 + 3√2 7 − 3√2 (7)2 − (3√2) 49 − 9 × 2 49 − 18 31

1. Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational:

(𝒊) 𝟐 − √𝟓 → Irrational number
(𝒊𝒊) (𝟑 + √𝟐𝟑) − √𝟐𝟑 = 3 + √23 − √23 = 3 → Rational number
𝟐√𝟕 2
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) = 7 → Rational number
𝟕√𝟕

𝟏 1 × √2 √2
(𝒊𝒗) = = → 𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
√𝟐 √2 × √2 2
(𝑣) 2𝜋 → 𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
2. Simplify each of the following expressions:
(𝑖) (3 + √3)(2 + √2)

𝑆𝑜𝑙: (3 + √3)(2 + √2) = 3 × 2 + 3 × √2 + √3 × 2 + √3 × √2

= 6 + 3√2 + 2√3 + √6

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 12

(𝒊𝒊) (𝟑 + √𝟑)(𝟑 − √𝟑)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
2
(3 + √3)(3 − √3) = 32 − (√3) = 9 − 3 = 6
𝟐
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) (√𝟓 + √𝟐)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
2 2 2
(√5 + √2) = = (√5) + 2 × √5 × √2 + (√2) = 5 + 2√10 + 2 = 7 + 2√10

(𝒊𝒗) (√𝟓 − √𝟐)(√𝟓 + √𝟐)

𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
2 2
(√5 − √2)(√5 + √2) = (√5) − (√2) = 5 − 2 = 3
3. Recall, π is defined as the ratio of the circumference (say c) of a circle to its diameter (say d). That
𝒄
is, π = 𝒅 ⋅ This seems to contradict the fact that π is irrational. How will you resolve this

contradiction?
22
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑤𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝜋 = 𝑜𝑟 3.14 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 .
7
The actual value of 𝜋 is 3.141592653589….which is non-terminating non-recurring. Hence
𝜋 is an irrational number.
4. Represent √9.3 on the number line.
Sol:

5. Rationalise the denominators of the following:

1
(𝑖)
√7
Sol: Rationalise factor of √7 = √7
1 1 × √7 √7
= =
√7 √7 × √7 7
𝟏
(𝒊𝒊)
√𝟕 − √𝟔

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 13

𝐒𝐨𝐥: Rationalise factor of √7 − √6 = √7 + √6
1 1 √7 + √6 √7 + √6 √7 + √6 √7 + √6
= × = 2 2 = = = √7 + √6
√7 − √6 √7 − √6 √7 + √6 (√7) − (√6) 7−6 1

𝟏
(𝒊𝒊𝒊)
√𝟓 + √𝟐
𝐒𝐨𝐥: Rationalise factor of √5 + √2 = √5 − √2
1 1 √5 − √2 √5 − √2 √5 − √2 √5 − √2
= × = 2 2 = =
√5 + √2 √5 + √2 √5 − √2 (√5) − (√2) 5−2 3

𝟏
(𝒊𝒗)
√𝟕 − 𝟐
𝐒𝐨𝐥: Rationalise factor of √7 − 2 = √7 + 2
1 1 √7 + 2 √7 + 2 √7 + 2 √7 + 2
= × = 2 = =
√7 − 2 √7 − 2 √7 + 2 (√7) − (2)2 7−2 5

Laws of Exponents for Real Numbers

(i) 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 1
(𝑣𝑖) = 𝑎−𝑚
𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑚
(𝑖𝑖) = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 1
𝑎𝑛 (𝑣𝑖𝑖) −𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑎
(𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑎0 = 1
(𝑖𝑣) 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏 𝑚 = (𝑎𝑏)𝑚
𝑎 −𝑚 𝑏 𝑚
𝑎𝑚 𝑎 𝑚 (𝑖𝑥) ( ) =( )
(𝑣) = ( ) 𝑏 𝑎
𝑏𝑚 𝑏
Example 20 : Simplify

𝟐 𝟏
(𝒊) 𝟐𝟑 . 𝟐𝟑

2 1 2 1 2+1 3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 23 . 23 = 23+3 = 2 3 = 23 = 21 = 2

𝟏 𝟒
(𝒊𝒊) (𝟑𝟓 )

1 4 1 4
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (35 ) = 35×4 = 35

𝟏
𝟕𝟓
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟏
𝟕𝟑

1
75 1 1 3−5 −2
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 1 = 75−3 = 7 15 = 7 15
73

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 14

 𝟏 𝟏
(𝒊𝒗) 𝟏𝟑𝟓 . 𝟏𝟕𝟓
1 1 1 1
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 135 . 175 = (13 × 17)5 = 2215

1. Find
1 1 1
(𝑖) 642 = (82 )2 = 82×2 = 8
1 1 1
(𝑖𝑖) 325 = (25 )5 = 25×5 = 2
1 1 1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 1253 = (53 )3 = 53×3 = 5
2. Find
3 3 3
(𝑖) 92 = (32 )2 = 32×2 = 33 = 27
2 2 2
(𝑖𝑖) 325 = (25 )5 = 25×5 = 22 = 4
3 3 3
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 164 = (24 )4 = 24×4 = 23 = 8
−1 −1 −1 1
(𝑖𝑣) 125 3 = (53 ) 3 = 53× 3 = 5−1 =
5
3. Simplify
2 1 2 1 10+3 13
(𝑖) 23 . 25 = 23+5 = 2 15 = 215
1 7 17 1
(𝑖𝑖) ( 3 ) = 3 7 = 21 =
3 (3 ) 3
1
112 1 1 2−1 1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 1 = 112−4 = 11 4 = 114
114
1 1 1 1
(𝑖𝑣) 72 . 82 = (7 × 8)2 = 562

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 15