ORAL COMMUNICATION

verbal or nonverbal, in which the

encoded message is conveyed.

IN CONTEXT Decoding - The process of interpreting

1st Semester, 1st Quarter | Reviewer the encoded message of the speaker by
Made by: Ezekiel Klein Ramos the receiver.

Receiver - The recipient of the

message, or someone who decodes the
LESSON 1: NATURE AND ELEMENTS message.
OF COMMUNICATION
Feedback - The reactions, responses,
Communication - (from the latin word or information provided by the receiver.
“communicare” meaning to share or to
have something in common. Context - The environment where
Communication is the process of giving communication takes place.
and receiving information between a
human source and a human receiver Barrier - The factors that affect the flow
using words, symbols, or actions. of communication.

NATURE OF COMMUNICATION: FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION:

- Communication is much more of Control - Communication functions to

an art than a science. control behavior. Ex. Doctors’
Prescription “Take your medicine 3
- Communication has a sender times a day.”
and receiver.
Social Interaction - Communication
- Communication is verbal or non- allows individuals to interact with others.
verbal. Ex. Marriage Proposal “Will you marry
me?”
- Communication is inevitable,
irreversible, and unrepeatable Motivation - Communication motivates
or encourages people to live better.
Speaker - The source of information or Ex.Encouragement “Don’t give up. You
message. can do it!”

Message - The information, ideas, or Information Dissemination

thoughts conveyed by the speaker in Communication functions to convey
words or in actions. information.
Ex. Giving information: “Did you know
Encoding - The process of converting that there’s a secret apartment at the
the message into words, actions, other top of the Eiffel tower?”
forms that the speaker understands.

Channel - The medium or the means,

such as personal or non-personal,
Emotional Expression - there is feedback it is verbal or,
Communication facilitates people’s nonverbal such as gestures,
expression of their feelings and body language are also
emotions. considered feedback.
Ex. Sadness: “I lost my dog, It’s hurting Pros
me so much!” - Simultaneous and instant
feedback
- Receiver and sender are the
LESSON 2: COMMUNICATION
MODELS same
Cons
Communication models are the - Encourage nonverbal
metaphorical, simplified, and systematic communication
representation of the communication
processes which forms general - More noise
perspectives on communication.

3 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
MODELS

Linear Model
- One-way communication
- Sender sends the message Interactional Model
- The receiver receives only - Two-way communication process
- No feedback - Used for new media such as
Pros internet
- Good at audience persuasion - There is feedback
- There is an intentional result - Interactive but not simultaneous
Cons Pros
- Communication is not continuous - Feedback even in mass
- No feedback communication (including
- Not interactive television, radio, social media,
- Difficult to identify if and print media.)
communication was effective - New communication channels
Cons
- Delayed feedback
- The sender and the receiver
might not know who the other
person is.

Transactional Model
- Here the sender and the receiver
are both communicators.They
both play equally important roles
in communication, the
communication is simultaneous,
 M - message
C - channel
R - receiver

Helical Model of Communication This

model presents the concept of time
where continuous communication
process is very important.

LESSON 3: STRATEGIES TO AVOID

COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
Aristotle’s Model of Communication
This model is more focused on public Emily Rodgers - “Communication
speaking than interpersonal Breakdown is a failure to exchange
communication. information, resulting in a lack of
communication."
Shannon – Weaver’s Model of
Communication - This model of Communication Barriers according to
communication is also known as the Rodgers (2017)
Telephone Model for this is based on
the experience of using the telephone 1. Lost in translation
back in the 1940’s wherein the message 2. The attention span
was hindered by noise. It is the mother 3. Too much information
of all communication models. 4. Under pressureS

The Shannon – Weaver model of BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION:

communication contains six
important features: Language Barrier - It is not a
guarantee that when two people speak
- Sender - Encoder - Channel - the same language, they understand
Decoder each other because if the receiver still
- Receiver - Noise does not understand the words used in
the message, the words used may act
Schramm Model of Communication as a barrier.
This model asserts that both the sender
and the receiver should have the same Psychological Barrier - The
field of experience. psychological condition of the receiver
affects his/her message reception of the
Eugene White Model of message.
Communication - Says that
communication is circular and Physiological Barrier - It may emanate
continuous, without a beginning or end. from the receiver's physical condition.
For example, a receiver with a defective
Berlo’s Model of Communication hearing may not be able to grasp the
Considers the emotional aspect of the entirety of the spoken words, especially
message. S - source with noisy surroundings.
Physical Barrier - It refers to the Five ways to resolve a
geographic location between the communication breakdown
communicators. It is basically referring according to Rodgers
to the distance or proximity between the
sender and receiver. ● Observe
● Options
Attitudinal Barrier - Prejudices and ● Sharing is caring
other related biases are examples of ● Practice makes perfect
attitudinal barriers. These are behaviors ● One team, one dream
or perceptions of any of the
communicators that hinder them from 7 Cs OF EFFECTIVE
interacting effectively. COMMUNICATION

Using Generalizations and 1. Completeness - Complete

Stereotypes - Speakers who make information is needed before
unqualified generalizations undermine sending a message.
their own clarity and credibility. 2. Conciseness - Message is short
and concise.
Jumping to an Immediate Conclusion 3. Consideration - Background of
- Confusing details with inferences is a the receiver (mood, race, status,
common factor. gender, and among others)
4. Concreteness - Message is
Dysfunctional Feedbacks - Ignoring or factual.
not responding to a suggestion or query 5. Courtesy - Respect one's
quickly undermines effective culture, background, personal
communication. Interrupting others attributes.
while they are talking also creates a 6. Clearness - Message is simple,
poor atmosphere for communication. clear and specific.

Lacking Confidence - Being shy, 7. Correctness - Correctness in

difficulty being assertive or low self- language use and grammar adds
worth can block your ability to express credibility.
your needs and opinions.

LESSON 4: TYPES OF
EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
BREAKDOWN:

ORAL COMMUNICATION - Exchange

● Loss of Morale
of verbal and nonverbal messages with
● Demotivation
the employment of nonverbal cues such
● Embarrassment
as tone of voice, bodily actions, eye
● Anger contact and others. (Sipacio & Balgos,
● Tension among the team 2016).
● Stress caused to individuals
● Loss of clients, business and
sales (friends/relationships)
● Disorganization
● Gossip
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Aspects to Consider in Nonverbal
Communication
Formal - Information is transmitted with
the use of predefined channels or Kinesics - facial expressions. and
routes. gestures, standing and sitting, eye
movement and head movement
Informal - Sharing of information with
friends or peers which has no Attitude and /or behavior
foundation like formal communication.
Manner of dressing
Verbal Communication - Use of words
to convey a message. This can be Tone of voice
regarded as efficient and successful if
the receiver can easily process the IMPORTANCE OF NONVERBAL
message delivered by the sender. COMMUNICATION

Aspects to Consider in Verbal 1. Enhance and emphasize the

Communication message of your speech, thus making it
more meaningful, truthful and relevant.
Appropriateness - Pertains to the use
of suitable language form applicable 2. It can communicate feelings,
to the nature of the event or context of attitude, and perceptions without you
situation. saying a word.

Brevity - Speakers frequently opt to use 3. It can sustain the attention of

simple and precise words in delivering listeners and keep them engaged in the
their message. speech

Clarity - The meaning of words, TYPES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION

feelings, or ideas may be interpreted ACTIVITIES
differently by a listener hence it is One - on - One Speaking
essential to clearly state your message. (student-student or student-teacher)
Very helpful when communicating
Ethics - Words should be carefully casually and they can take turns, talking
chosen. and listening. Occurs when an individual
speaks to another individual.
Vividness - Words that creatively
describe things or feelings usually add Small-Group or Team- Based Oral
color and spice to communication. Work - Requires a minimum of three or
more people. Smaller- scale setting of
Nonverbal Communication interaction discussion, deliberation and problem
where behavior is used to convey and solving. Provides a strong response.
represent meanings. All kinds of human
responses that are not expressed in Full-Class Discussions (Teacher or
words are classified as nonverbal Student Led) - Typically, less agonistic,
communication. argument-based, and competitive than
debate and deliberation but still TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL
dialogical in character. COMMUNICATION

In-Class Debates and Deliberations Dyad Communication –

Debates typically involve participants communication that happens between
who argue one side throughout, while two people.
deliberation allows for movement by
individuals within the process. Small Group– This applies to
interactions involving at least three but
Speeches and Presentations - not more than twelve people engaged in
Classically, this type of oral face-to-face interactions to achieve the
communication activity is the stand- up desired goal.
podium speech delivered by an
individual from an outline or script. It Public – This type refers to a
also includes group presentations, communication that enables you to send
persuasive or impromptu speaking. or deliver a message before a crowd.

Oral Examinations - It ranges from one Mass Communication – This refers to

oral question to written exam to an oral communication through television, radio,
defense of a written answer or papers to newspapers, magazines, books,
an entirely oral quiz examination. billboards, the internet, and other types
of media.

LESSON 5: SPEECH CONTEXT

TYPES OF SPEECH

Speech Context - Helps you

TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO
communicate appropriately, understand PURPOSE
the meaning of any message conveyed,
and respond accordingly. Informative or Expository Speech - Is
mainly performed for the purpose of
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT:
educating the audience on new or
relevant pieces of information on a
Intrapersonal – This refers to a type of
particular topic.
communication that is focused on one
person, where the speaker acts both as Persuasive Speech - Is given solely for
the sender and as the receiver of the
the purpose of convincing the audience
message.
to agree with the speaker’s opinion on a
particular topic.
Interpersonal – This refers to the type
of communication that takes place Entertainment Speech - Aims to share
between and among people and creates
laughter and enjoyment to the audience
a personal relationship between and through witty and humorous lines.
among them.
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO Casual Style – Is also known as
DELIVERY informal style, it is usually used between
friends, or even insiders who have
Manuscript Speech - Is the word-for- things to share.
word iteration of a written message
using visual aids. Intimate Style – is used in talks
between two very close individuals. The
Memorized Speech - Is the rote use of codes, gestures, and signals
recitation of a written message that the known only to these individuals is
speaker has committed to memory. common.

Extemporaneous Speech - Is the

presentation of a carefully planned and
LESSON 7: SPEECH ACT
rehearsed speech, spoken in a
conversational manner using brief
A Speech Act is an utterance showing
notes.
the speaker’s aim and the influence it
Impromptu Speech - Is the
has on an audience.
presentation of a short message without
advance preparation and is for people
Speech Act. Theory - According to
knowledgeable about the subject.
John Langshaw Austin (1962), a
philosopher of language and the
LESSON 6: SPEECH STYLES developer of the Speech Act Theory,
there are three types of acts in every
Speech Style - A speech style refers to utterance, given the right circumstances
the form of language that the speaker or context.
utilized which is characterized by the
level of formality. (Martin Joos (1976) TYPES OF SPEECH ACT

TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE LOCUTIONARY ACT - The actual act of

uttering or saying something. Happens
Frozen Style – Is also known as fixed with the utterance of a sound, a word, or
speech, it is the highest form of even a phrase as a natural unit of
communicative style which is often used speech.
in respectful situations or formal
ceremonies ILLOCUTIONARY ACT - The social
function of what is said. The act of
Formal Style – Uses formal words and saying something with the intention of:
expressions and usually a one-way Stating an opinion, confirming, or
straightforward speech. denying something. Making a prediction,
a promise; or Giving advice or
Consultative Style – Is basically permission.
unplanned speech since the speaker
uses the participation and feedback of PERLOCUTIONARY ACT - Refers to
the listener. The speaker will supply the consequent effect of what was said.
background information while the Is based on the particular context in
listener participates continuously. which the speech act was mentioned.
AUSTIN SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION LESSON 1: COMMUNICATIVE
OF SPEECH ACT. STRATEGIES

Assertive - Is a type of illocutionary act

Tactics - learners use to overcome
in which the speaker expresses belief
difficulties & aims to troubleshoot
about the truth of a proposition. Some
communication breakdown.
examples are stating, insisting,
describing, suggesting, putting forward,
1. NOMINATION - presenting a
swearing, boasting, concluding, and
particular topic clearly, truthfully and
asserting.
saying only what is relevant.

Directive - Is a type of illocutionary act

2. RESTRICTION - contains or restricts
in which the speaker tries to make the
the response of the other person
addressee perform an action. Some
involved in the situation
examples are requesting, asking,
- answerable by yes or no
pleading, begging, daring, commanding,
ordering, challenging, inviting, and
3. TURN-TAKING - the process by
advising.
which people in a conversation decide
who is to speak next.
Commissive - Is a type of illocutionary
act in which the speaker tries to do
4. TOPIC – CONTROL - used to
something or make an action. Some
control/prevent unnecessary
examples are planning, vowing, betting,
interruptions and topic shifts.
promising, and offering.
5. TOPIC SHIFTING - Involves
Expressive - Is a type of illocutionary
moving from one topic to another.
act in which the speaker expresses
his/her feeling or emotional reactions.
6. REPAIR - refers to how the
Some examples are apologizing,
speaker address the problems in
condoling, deploring, congratulating,
speaking, listening & comprehending
thanking, and welcoming.
that they may encounter.

Declaration – A type of illocutionary act

7. TERMINATION - using verbal
which brings a change in the external
and nonverbal signals to end the
situation. Simply put, declarations bring
interaction.
into existence or cause the state of
affairs which they refer to. Some
examples of declarations are blessing,
firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a
sentence, and excommunicating.
LESSON 2: SPEECH ACT.

1. LOCUTIONARY SPEECH - Occurs

when a speaker performs an utterance
1st Semester, 2nd Quarter | Reviewer
which has meaning in a traditional
sense.
2. ILLOCUTIONARY SPEECH - Act of ● Age
saying something with a specific ● Income
intention. ● Occupation
● Religion
3. PERLOCUTIONARY SPEECH ● Education
Happens when what the speaker says ● Local Organization
has an effect on the listener.
2. Identifying purpose
LESSON 3: SPEECH ACCORDING TO
PURPOSE 3. Selecting a topic

1. INFORMATIVE - Provides 4. Narrowing down a topic

interesting and useful information to
your audience 5. Gather data

2. ENTERTAINMENT - Aims to 6. Powerpoint presentation

engage, interest, amuse, or please
listeners. 7. Select a speech pattern (problem-
solution, cause-effect, narration,
3. PERSUASIVE - Aims to sequence)
persuade/convince people to change
the way they think or do something. 8. Prepare an outline

9. Create the (1) body, (2) intro, (3)

LESSON 4: SPEECH ACCORDING TO Conclusion.
DELIVERY
10. Post writing (checking for errors)
1. MANUSCRIPT - Reading from a
type paged/teleprompter, accurate. 11. Rehearsal (pronunciation, timing)

LESSON 5: PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH

2. MEMORIZED - Canned tone;
DELIVERY
increase eye contact.

1. ARTICULATION - Speaker’s skill

3. IMPROMPTU - less preparation,
in pronouncing the words of the speech
few minutes only.
and clear diction effectively transmits
4. EXTEMPORANEOUS - Researched,
the message.
outlined, well-rehearsed, audience
centered & connected with details.
2. MODULATION - Speaker’s ability
to adjust or manipulate the resonance
SPEECH WRITING
and the timbre of one’s voice.

STEPS:
3. STAGE PRESENCE - Speaker’s
1. Conducting a Profile Analysis
ability to own the stage, filling it with
Democratic Profile:
one’s personality and projecting it to the
● Gender
audience.
● Ethnicity
4. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS - TEXT STRUCTURES
Reflects on the speaker’s thinking and
emotional attitudes. 1. DESCRIPTION - To describe or
to give details to your audience.
5. MOVEMENTS - Secures and
maintains interest and attention 2. SEQUENCE - Sequential
Instructions and chronological events.
6. GESTURES - Purposive movements
of the body. 3. CAUSE & EFFECT - Involves
comparison of multiple things to identify
7. RAPPORT WITH THE AUDIENCE - their similarities and differences.
Process of creating an understanding
harmonious bond between yourself and 4. PROBLEM & SOLUTION - Present a
someone else. problem and provide possible solutions.

8. PUBLIC SPEAKING - Not just WORD CHOICE

merely reading a speech or talking
1. Jargons or technical terms
about a topic. DELIVERING AND
WRITING SPEECH
2. Language inappropriate on occasion.
1. Know your audience.
2. Purpose of speech. 3. Grammatical correctness.

3. Select a topic that is suitable for your LESSON 6: STRATEGIES IN VARIOUS

audience and purpose. SPEECH COMMUNICATION

4. Narrow down your topic. According to Beeve (1997), public

speaking is both an art and a science.
5. Gather data.
Factors affected by a shift in Speech
6. Select pattern on how you’re going to Context, Speech Style, Speech Act, and
write your speech. Make an Communicative Strategy

outline and start your body. Language Form - refers to the formality
or informality of the language used and
7. Prepare your introduction and it involves the choice of words and how
conclusion. ● Introduction: Trigger ● sentences or utterances are structured.
Conclusion: Kicker
Formal Language - is used when
8. Look at every side of the auditorium talking with professionals or persons in
to prepare yourself and your authority in a formal, official or
audience. ceremonial occasion, situation,
gathering, or event.
Informal Language - is used without
much consideration of rules of
convention or etiquette.

Duration of Interaction - refers to the

amount of time a conversation takes
between and among communicators.

Relationship with the Speaker - refers

to the speech style used by the speaker
suited to his/her relationship with the
person with whom he/she is
communicating.

Roles and Responsibilities of the

Speaker - This refers to the role and
responsibility of the speaker which will
depend on the purpose and context of
communication.

Message - involves the content of the

message. The message may be facts,
opinions, feelings, order, suggestions,
and questions.

Delivery - refers to the manner of

delivery involving verbal and non-verbal
cues made by the speaker.