# SPRING BOOT

1. Introduction to Spring Boot

1.1 What is Spring Boot?

Spring Boot is an open-source, Java-based framework used to
create stand-alone, production-ready Spring applications with
minimal configuration. Built on top of the Spring Framework, it
simplifies bootstrapping and development by offering default
settings and reducing boilerplate code.

1.2 Features of Spring Boot

●​ Auto-Configuration: Automatically configures your
application based on the dependencies declared in the
project.
●​ Standalone Applications: Enables creating applications
that can run independently using embedded servers like
Tomcat or Jetty.
●​ Production-Ready: Includes built-in features like metrics,
health checks, and external configuration via Spring Boot
Actuator.
 ●​ Opinionated Defaults: Reduces the need for manual
configurations with pre-defined, best-practice defaults.
●​ No XML Configuration: Encourages convention over
configuration using annotations instead of XML files.

1.3 Advantages of Using Spring Boot

✅ Rapid Application Development
✅ Auto-Configuration
●​

✅ Embedded Web Servers

●​
●​
○​ Supports Tomcat, Jetty, Undertow
○​ Run applications using: java -jar app.jar
✅
✅
●​ Microservices-Friendly
●​ Production-Ready Features

●​ ✅
○​ Health checks, metrics, externalized config via Actuator

●​ ✅
Reduced Boilerplate Code

●​ ✅
Easy Dependency Management
Seamless Integration with Spring Ecosystem
○​ Compatible with Spring Data JPA, Spring Security,

✅
Spring WebFlux, Spring Batch
●​ Flexible Configuration
○​ Supports application.properties and
application.yml
●​ ✅ Community and Ecosystem Support

1.4 Use Cases

Spring Boot is used in a wide variety of domains:

●​ RESTful API development

●​ Microservices architecture
●​ Rapid prototyping
●​ Enterprise web applications
●​ Cloud-native applications

Real Life Examples:

🔹 E-Commerce Platforms
🔹 Banking & Financial Services
●​

🔹 Healthcare Systems
●​

🔹 Travel and Booking Platforms

●​

🔹 Learning Management Systems (LMS)

●​

🔹 Logistics & Supply Chain Systems

●​

🔹 Content Management Systems (CMS)

●​

🔹 HR & Payroll Systems

●​

🔹 IoT Backend Services

●​

🔹 Microservices in Large Enterprises

●​
●​

Language Support:

✅ Java (Primary Language)

✅ Kotlin
●​

✅ Groovy
●​

⚠️ Scala (Limited Support)

●​
●​

1.5 Spring Boot vs Spring Framework

Key Differences
Feature / Aspect Spring Framework Spring Boot

Setup & Configuration Manual XML/Java-based Auto-configuration, zero XML

configuration

Application Startup Requires external servlet Comes with embedded servers

container (Tomcat, Jetty, Undertow)

Dependency Developer-managed Pre-configured starter

Management dependencies dependencies

Boilerplate Code More boilerplate and Minimal configuration and

configuration boilerplate

Project Structure Developer decides from Convention over configuration

scratch

Production Readiness Requires manual setup of Built-in Actuator endpoints for

monitoring tools health, metrics, etc.

Build Output WAR (typically) Executable JAR by default

Learning Curve Steeper for beginners Easier and quicker to get started

CLI Support No Yes, via Spring Boot CLI

Microservices Needs custom setup Tailored for microservices

Development architecture

1.5 Spring Boot Architecture

Spring Boot architecture is based on:

●​ Spring Core: Base dependency injection and AOP framework

●​ Auto Configuration: Automatically configures beans based on classpath
●​ Starter Dependencies: Predefined sets of dependencies for various features (web,
data, etc.)
●​ Spring Boot CLI: Command-line tool to run and test applications
●​ Embedded Server: Tomcat, Jetty, or Undertow
●​ Spring Boot Actuator: Provides operational endpoints for monitoring and management
​
Topics Summary:
➢​ ​
1. Introduction
1.1. What is Spring Boot?​
1.2. Features of Spring Boot​
1.3. Advantages and Use cases of using Spring Boot​
1.4. Spring Boot vs Spring Framework​
1.5. Spring Boot Architecture

➢​ 2. Getting Started​
2.1. Setting up Spring Boot Project (Spring Initializr, Maven, Gradle)​
2.2. Project Structure Overview​
2.3. Application Entry Point (@SpringBootApplication)​
2.4. Running the Application​

➢​ 3. Core Concepts​
3.1. Spring Boot Annotations​
1. @SpringBootApplication​
2. @Component, @Service, @Repository, @Controller, @RestController​
3. @Autowired, @Qualifier​
 4. @Configuration, @Bean​
3.2. Dependency Injection (DI)​
3.3. Inversion of Control (IoC)​

➢​ 4. Configuration​
4.1. application.properties vs application.yml​
4.2. External Configuration (env vars, CLI args)​
4.3. Profiles (@Profile)​
4.4. Property Injection: @Value, @ConfigurationProperties​

➢​ 5. Spring Boot Starters​

5.1. What are Starters?​
5.2. Common Starters​
1. spring-boot-starter-web​
2. spring-boot-starter-data-jpa​
3. spring-boot-starter-security​
4. spring-boot-starter-test, etc.​

➢​ 6. Web Development (Spring MVC)​

6.1. Creating REST APIs (@RestController)​
6.2. Handling Request Parameters​
@PathVariable, @RequestParam, @RequestBody​
6.3. ResponseEntity and Status Codes​
6.4. Exception Handling​
@ControllerAdvice, @ExceptionHandler​
6.5. Content Negotiation​

➢​ 7. Data Access​
7.1. Spring Data JPA​
1. Entity Classes (@Entity)​
2. Repositories (JpaRepository, CrudRepository)​
3. Custom Queries (@Query)​
4. Pagination and Sorting​
7.2. JDBC with Spring Boot​
7.3. MongoDB / NoSQL​
7.4. Transactions (@Transactional)​

➢​ 8. Database Configuration​
8.1. H2 In-Memory Database​
8.2. MySQL/PostgreSQL setup​
8.3. Connection Pooling (HikariCP)​
 8.4. Schema Initialization (schema.sql, data.sql)​

➢​ 9. Validation​
9.1. Bean Validation (javax.validation)​
9.2. Using @Valid, @Validated​
9.3. Custom Validators​

➢​ 10. Security​
10.1. Spring Security Basics​
10.2. Authentication and Authorization​
10.3. Password Encoding​
10.4. JWT Token-based Security​
10.5. Role-Based Access Control​

➢​ 11. Testing​
11.1. Unit Testing with JUnit​
11.2. Mocking with Mockito​
11.3. Integration Testing​
11.4. Web Layer Testing (@WebMvcTest)​
11.5. Data Layer Testing (@DataJpaTest)​

➢​ 12. Logging​
12.1. SLF4J and Logback​
12.2. Configuring Log Levels​
12.3. External Log Configuration​

➢​ 13. Actuator & Monitoring​

13.1. Spring Boot Actuator Overview​
13.2. Common Actuator Endpoints​
13.3. Custom Metrics​
13.4. Prometheus/Grafana Integration​

➢​ 14. Error Handling​

14.1. Default Error Handling​
14.2. Custom Error Pages​
14.3. Global Exception Handling​

➢​ 15. Developer Tools​

15.1. Spring Boot DevTools​
15.2. Auto Restart​
15.3. Live Reload​
 ➢​ 16. Caching​
16.1. Using @Cacheable, @CacheEvict​
16.2. Cache Providers (Ehcache, Caffeine, Redis)​

➢​ 17. Scheduling & Async​

17.1. Scheduling Tasks (@Scheduled)​
17.2. Asynchronous Execution (@Async)​

➢​ 18. Messaging​
18.1. RabbitMQ​
18.2. Kafka​
18.3. JMS Integration​

➢​ 19. File Upload/Download​

19.1. Multipart File Upload​
19.2. File Storage and Download Handling​

➢​ 20. Frontend Integration​

20.1. Serving Static Files​
20.2. Using Thymeleaf​
20.3. Enabling CORS​

➢​ 21. Build & Deployment​

21.1. Building JAR/WAR​
21.2. Dockerizing Spring Boot Application​
21.3. Deploying to Cloud (AWS, Azure, GCP)​
21.4. CI/CD Integration​

➢​ 22. Advanced Topics​

22.1. Microservices with Spring Boot​
1. Spring Cloud​
2. Eureka (Service Discovery)​
3. Spring Cloud Gateway / Zuul​
4. Circuit Breaker (Resilience4j, Hystrix)​
5. Config Server​
22.2. ApplicationEventPublisher & Event Listeners​
22.3. Creating Custom Starters

2. Getting Started
2.1. Setting up Spring Boot Project (Spring Initializr,
Maven, Gradle)
https://start.spring.io/​
​

​
2.2. Project Structure Overview
​
2.3. Application Entry Point (@SpringBootApplication)
2.4. Running the Application
3. Core Concepts

3.1. Spring Boot Annotations​

1. @SpringBootApplication

The @SpringBootApplication annotation is the primary entry point of

any Spring Boot application. It is a convenience annotation that
combines three commonly used annotations in Spring:

@SpringBootApplication = @Configuration + @EnableAutoConfiguration +

@ComponentScan

Declaration

@SpringBootApplication

public class MyApplication {

​ public static void main(String[] args) {

​ SpringApplication.run(MyApplication.class, args);

​ }

2.@Component, @Service, @Repository, @Controller,

@RestController

1. @Component

Definition

@Component is a generic stereotype annotation that marks a class as a Spring-managed

component.
@Component

public class MyComponent {

​ // Business logic

Use Case

Used when the class doesn't clearly fall into service, repository, or controller layers.

2. @Service

Definition

@Service is a specialization of @Component used to annotate service layer classes that

contain business logic.

@Service

public class OrderService {

​ public void processOrder() {

​ // Business logic

​ }

Use Case

●​ Encapsulates business logic​

●​ Makes the code more readable and structured​

●​ Can integrate with AOP (for transaction, logging, etc.)

3. @Repository

Definition

@Repository is a specialization of @Component used for DAO (Data Access Object)

classes. It also provides exception translation for database errors.
@Repository

public class ProductRepository {

​ public void save(Product product) {

​ // Save to DB

​ }

Use Case

●​ Used for data persistence​

●​ Automatically translates exceptions to Spring’s DataAccessException

4. @Controller

Definition

@Controller is used to define web layer classes in Spring MVC. It is used for rendering
views (HTML) with model data.

@Controller

public class HomeController {

​ @GetMapping("/")

​ public String index(Model model) {

​ model.addAttribute("message", "Welcome");

​ return "index"; // returns view name

​ }

Use Case

Used when working with traditional web applications (Thymeleaf, JSP, etc.)

5. @RestController
 Definition

@RestController = @Controller + @ResponseBody​

Used to define RESTful web services. The return values are serialized as JSON or XML and
sent directly to the client.

@RestController

public class UserController {

​ @GetMapping("/users")

​ public List<User> getAllUsers() {

​ return userService.getAll();

​ }

Use Case

●​ Used in REST APIs​

●​ Automatically serializes Java objects to JSON

Summary Table

Annotation Layer Inherits From Purpose Returns

Response Body

@Component Generic - General-purpose No

component

@Service Service @Component Business logic and No

Layer services

@Repository Data Layer @Component DAO & exception No

translation
@Controller Web (MVC) @Component Handles web requests & No (uses View
returns views Resolver)

@RestControl Web (REST @Controlle Returns JSON/XML Yes

ler API) r directly to the client

3. @Autowired, @Qualifier​
@Autowired is used to automatically wire dependencies.

@Qualifier is used to resolve conflicts when multiple beans of the

same type are available.

1. @Autowired

Definition

@Autowired is used to automatically inject a bean from the Spring

container into another bean by type.

@Component

public class CarService {

​ @Autowired

​ private Engine engine;

​ // engine will be injected automatically

Where It Can Be Used

●​ On fields​
 ●​ On constructors​

●​ On setter methods​

Example (Constructor Injection)

@Service

public class OrderService {

​ private final PaymentService paymentService;

​ @Autowired

​ public OrderService(PaymentService paymentService) {

​ this.paymentService = paymentService;

​ }

2. @Qualifier

Definition

@Qualifier is used with @Autowired to specify which bean to inject

when multiple candidates of the same type are available.

@Component("dieselEngine")

public class DieselEngine implements Engine { }

@Component("petrolEngine")
public class PetrolEngine implements Engine { }

@Service

public class CarService {

​ @Autowired

​ @Qualifier("dieselEngine")

​ private Engine engine;

Use Case

●​ Disambiguating among multiple beans of the same type.​

●​ Explicitly specifying the bean to be injected.​

4. @Configuration, @Bean

1. @Configuration

Definition

@Configuration is a class-level annotation that indicates the class

contains bean definitions for the Spring IoC container. It serves as a
replacement for XML-based configuration.

@Configuration

public class AppConfig {

​ // Bean definitions go here

}

@Configuration

public class AppConfig {

​ // Bean definitions go here

2. @Bean

Definition

@Bean is a method-level annotation used inside a

@Configuration-annotated class to define a bean explicitly.

@Bean

public DataSource dataSource() {

​ return new HikariDataSource();

@Configuration

public class AppConfig {

​ @Bean

​ public UserService userService() {

​return new UserServiceImpl(userRepository());

​ }
​ @Bean

​ public UserRepository userRepository() {

​return new InMemoryUserRepository();

​ }

​
​
3.2. Dependency Injection (DI)
​
Dependency Injection is a programming technique where an object receives its dependencies
from an external source rather than creating them internally.

Why Use Dependency Injection?

●​ Promotes loose coupling between classes​

●​ Improves testability and maintainability​

●​ Encourages modular and reusable code​

●​ Follows SOLID principles (especially the "D" — Dependency Inversion Principle)

Types of Dependency Injection in Spring

Type Description Syntax Example

Constructor Dependencies are passed through a Preferred for mandatory

Injection constructor. dependencies
Setter Injection Dependencies are set via setter Suitable for optional
methods. dependencies

Field Injection Dependencies are injected directly into Quick but less recommended
fields using @Autowired. for testing

Example: Constructor Injection​

@Service

public class OrderService {

​ private final PaymentService paymentService;

​ @Autowired

​ public OrderService(PaymentService paymentService) {

​ this.paymentService = paymentService;

​ }

​ public void placeOrder() {

​ paymentService.processPayment();

​ }

Here:

●​ OrderService depends on PaymentService.​

●​ The Spring container injects PaymentService at runtime.

Dependency Injection vs. Manual Instantiation

Manual Instantiation With Spring DI

PaymentService ps = new @Autowired PaymentService

PaymentService(); paymentService;

Tightly coupled code Loosely coupled, easily testable

Spring Annotations for DI

Annotation Purpose

@Autowired Marks a dependency to be injected by Spring

@Qualifier Resolves ambiguity when multiple beans of same type

@Inject (JSR-330) Java standard equivalent of @Autowired

@Value Injects values from properties or expressions

Benefits of Using DI in Spring Boot

●​ ✅ Loose Coupling: Classes are not tightly bound to specific implementations.​

●​ ✅ Testability: Easier to write unit tests by injecting mock dependencies.​
 ●​ ✅ Readability: Clearly defines class dependencies.​
●​ ✅ Maintainability: Changes to one class do not affect dependent classes directly.
​

3.3. Inversion of Control (IoC)

Inversion of Control (IoC) is a design principle in which the control of object creation and
dependency resolution is transferred from the program (developer) to a framework or
container.

How IoC Works in Spring

1.​ The developer defines application components (beans) using annotations or

configuration.​

2.​ Spring's IoC container:​

○​ Scans the classpath.​

○​ Detects annotated components.​

○​ Creates and wires dependencies automatically.​

3.​ The container manages the entire lifecycle of those objects.

4. Configuration

Overview

Configuration is a core aspect of Spring Boot that enables you to

customize application behavior without changing the source code.
Spring Boot provides multiple ways to configure applications,
including property files, YAML files, environment variables,
command-line arguments, and more.

This section explores key configuration concepts:

●​ application.properties vs application.yml​

●​ External configuration sources​

●​ Profiles for environment-specific settings​

●​ Property injection using @Value and @ConfigurationProperties​

4.1 application.properties vs application.yml

Spring Boot supports two main configuration file formats:

Feature application.properties application.yml

Format Key-value pairs Hierarchical,
indentation-based

Readability for Less readable for More readable for

complex configs nested values nested/grouped configs

Syntax key=value YAML syntax using

indentation

Example: application.properties

server.port=8081

spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db

spring.datasource.username=root

spring.datasource.password=pass

Example: application.yml

server:

port: 8081

spring:

datasource:

​ url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db

​ username: root

​ password: pass​
​
4.2 External Configuration

Spring Boot allows external configuration via:

Source Priority (High → Low)

Command-line arguments ✅ Highest priority

Environment variables ✅ OS/environment-specific
configs

application.properties/ ✅ Default file-based config

yml

Profile-specific files ✅ Based on environment

Example: Using Environment Variables

export SPRING_DATASOURCE_URL=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db

Spring automatically maps it to spring.datasource.url.

Example: Using Command-line Arguments

java -jar myapp.jar --server.port=9090 --logging.level.root=DEBUG

These override values from config files.

​
4.3 Profiles (@Profile)

Spring Profiles allow you to define environment-specific configurations (e.g., dev, test, prod).

How to Use Profiles

●​ Create profile-specific property files:​

○​ application-dev.properties​

○​ application-prod.yml​

●​ Activate profile using:​

○​ Application.properties:

spring.profiles.active=dev

○​ Or via CLI:

java -jar app.jar --spring.profiles.active=prod

Example: Conditional Bean with @Profile

@Configuration

@Profile("dev")

public class DevConfig {

​ @Bean

​ public String dataSource() {

​ return "H2 In-Memory DB for Dev";

​ }

}
@Configuration

@Profile("prod")

public class ProdConfig {

​ @Bean

​ public String dataSource() {

​ return "MySQL DB for Production";

​ }

4.4 Property Injection: @Value vs

@ConfigurationProperties

Spring provides two ways to inject properties into Java classes.

1. @Value Annotation

●​ Injects individual values from properties or YAML files.​

●​ Lightweight and direct.

@Component

public class AppSettings {

​ @Value("${server.port}")

​ private int port;

​ @Value("${custom.message:Default Message}")

​ private String message; // Fallback value if not defined

2. @ConfigurationProperties Annotation

●​ Maps a group of related properties into a POJO.​

●​ Cleaner for structured configs.​

YAML Example

app:

name: MyApp

version: 1.0

@Component

@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "app")

public class AppProperties {

​ private String name;

​ private String version;

​ // Getters and Setters

Enable Binding (if not using @SpringBootApplication)

@EnableConfigurationProperties(AppProperties.class)

Comparison Table

Feature @Value @ConfigurationProperties

Purpose Inject individual values Bind multiple related properties

Use Case Simple property access Structured/grouped configuration

Validation Support Limited Strong (with JSR-303 annotations)

Default Value Yes No (use validation instead)

Support (@Value("${key:default}"
))

5. Spring Boot Starters

5.1 What are Starters?

A Starter is a pre-defined set of dependencies bundled under a single starter
module, designed to support specific application needs (e.g., web, JPA, security).

Key Benefits

●​ Simplifies Maven/Gradle configuration​

●​ Reduces boilerplate dependency management​

 ●​ Ensures compatible versions for Spring Boot​

Example pom.xml

<!-- Instead of specifying multiple web libraries manually -->

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>

</dependency>

5.2 Common Starters

Below are the most frequently used Spring Boot starters:

5.2.1 spring-boot-starter-web

Used to build web applications and RESTful services using Spring MVC.

Includes:

●​ Spring MVC​

●​ Jackson (for JSON binding)​

●​ Embedded Tomcat (by default)​

Example Use Case:

@RestController

public class HelloController {

​ @GetMapping("/hello")

​ public String greet() {

 ​ return "Hello, World!";

​ }

5.2.2 spring-boot-starter-data-jpa

Used to enable Spring Data JPA for data access with relational databases.

Includes:

●​ Spring Data JPA​

●​ Hibernate​

●​ Spring ORM​

Example Use Case:

@Entity

public class User {

​ @Id @GeneratedValue

​ private Long id;

​ private String name;

public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {}

5.2.3 spring-boot-starter-security

Used to add authentication and authorization to your application.

Includes:

●​ Spring Security​
Example Use Case:

Secures all endpoints by default. You can configure custom login:

@Configuration

public class SecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {

​ @Override

​ protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {

​ http.authorizeRequests()

​ .anyRequest().authenticated()

​ .and().formLogin();

​ }

5.2.4 spring-boot-starter-test

Used to write unit and integration tests.

Includes:

●​ JUnit 5​

●​ Mockito​

●​ Spring Test​

●​ AssertJ​

Example Use Case:

@SpringBootTest

public class MyServiceTest {

​ @Autowired
​ private MyService myService;

​ @Test

​ void testLogic() {

​ assertEquals("expected", myService.doSomething());

​ }

Other Useful Starters

Starter Purpose

spring-boot-starter-thym HTML template rendering

eleaf

spring-boot-starter-mail Sending emails

spring-boot-starter-actu Monitoring and managing applications

ator

spring-boot-starter-vali Bean validation using Hibernate Validator

dation

6. Web Development with Spring Boot

(Spring MVC)
Overview

Spring Boot supports full-stack web development using Spring MVC, allowing you to build
RESTful APIs and web applications easily. This section covers core web development concepts
such as REST controllers, request handling, exception management, and content negotiation.

6.1 Creating REST APIs (@RestController)

@RestController combines @Controller and @ResponseBody, enabling RESTful
endpoints.

Example

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/users")
public class UserController {

​ @GetMapping("/{id}")
​ public User getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
​ return new User(id, "John Doe");
​ }
}

6.2 Handling Request Parameters

6.2.1 @PathVariable, @RequestParam, @RequestBody

Annotation Description Example Usage

@PathVariab Binds a URL segment to a method /users/{id} → @PathVariable

le parameter Long id

@RequestPar Extracts query parameters from the /users?role=admin →

am URL @RequestParam String role

@RequestBod Binds request JSON/XML body to an JSON POST → @RequestBody

y object User user
@PostMapping("/create")
public ResponseEntity<String> createUser(@RequestBody User user) {
​ return ResponseEntity.ok("User created: " + user.getName());
}

@GetMapping("/find")
public String findUser(@RequestParam String role) {
​ return "Finding user with role: " + role;
}

6.3 ResponseEntity and Status Codes

ResponseEntity allows customizing the response body, headers, and HTTP status.

Example
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<User> getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
​ User user = userService.findById(id);
​ if (user == null) {
​ return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND).build();
​ }
​ return ResponseEntity.ok(user);
}

6.4 Exception Handling

6.4.1 @ControllerAdvice and @ExceptionHandler

Global exception handling using @ControllerAdvice and specific error response logic using
@ExceptionHandler.

Example
@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

​ @ExceptionHandler(UserNotFoundException.class)
​ public ResponseEntity<String> handleUserNotFound(UserNotFoundException ex) {
​ return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND).body(ex.getMessage());
​ }
}

6.5 Content Negotiation

Spring automatically supports content negotiation, allowing responses in different formats

(e.g., JSON, XML) based on Accept headers.

Example
@GetMapping(value = "/info", produces = { MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE,
MediaType.APPLICATION_XML_VALUE })
public User getInfo() {
​ return new User(1L, "Alice");
}

●​ Request Accept: application/json → JSON​

●​ Request Accept: application/xml → XML​

7. Data Access in Spring Boot

Overview
Spring Boot simplifies data access by providing integration with various data sources like
relational databases (via JPA and JDBC) and NoSQL databases (e.g., MongoDB). It also
supports robust transaction management.

7.1 Spring Data JPA

Spring Data JPA abstracts data access layers by providing ready-to-use repositories and
powerful query capabilities.

1 Entity Classes (@Entity)

@Entity marks a Java class as a table in the database.

Example

@Entity

public class User {

​ @Id @GeneratedValue

​ private Long id;

​ private String name;

2 Repositories (JpaRepository, CrudRepository)

Spring Data provides interfaces for CRUD operations without boilerplate code.

Example

public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {

​ List<User> findByName(String name);

}
3 Custom Queries (@Query)

Define complex queries using JPQL or native SQL.

Example

@Query("SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.name LIKE %:name%")

List<User> searchByName(@Param("name") String name);

4 Pagination and Sorting

Built-in support via Pageable and Sort.

Example

Page<User> page = userRepository.findAll(PageRequest.of(0, 10, Sort.by("name")));

7.2 JDBC with Spring Boot

Use JdbcTemplate for fine-grained SQL operations.

Example

@Repository

public class UserDao {

​ @Autowired

​ private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;

​ public List<User> getUsers() {

​ return jdbcTemplate.query("SELECT * FROM users",

​ (rs, rowNum) -> new User(rs.getLong("id"), rs.getString("name")));

​ }

7.3 MongoDB / NoSQL

Spring Boot provides spring-boot-starter-data-mongodb for integrating MongoDB.

Example

@Document

public class Product {

​ @Id

​ private String id;

​ private String name;

public interface ProductRepository extends MongoRepository<Product, String> {

​ List<Product> findByName(String name);

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-mongodb</artifactId>

</dependency>
7.4 Transactions (@Transactional)
Ensures atomicity for multiple database operations.

Example

@Service

public class UserService {

​ @Autowired

​ private UserRepository userRepository;

​ @Transactional

​ public void registerUser(User user) {

​ userRepository.save(user);

​ // Additional DB operations

​ }

You can also use @Transactional(readOnly = true) for read operations.

8. Database Configuration in Spring Boot

Overview

Spring Boot offers seamless integration with relational databases such as H2, MySQL,
PostgreSQL, and supports configuration for connection pooling and schema initialization
through simple properties or SQL files.
8.1 H2 In-Memory Database
The H2 database is an in-memory relational database ideal for development and testing. It runs
in memory and is destroyed when the application stops.

Add Dependency

<dependency>

<groupId>com.h2database</groupId>

<artifactId>h2</artifactId>

<scope>runtime</scope>

</dependency>

Configure (application.properties)

spring.datasource.url=jdbc:h2:mem:testdb

spring.datasource.driver-class-name=org.h2.Driver

spring.datasource.username=sa

spring.datasource.password=

spring.h2.console.enabled=true

H2 Console

Access the console at: http://localhost:8080/h2-console​

Driver Class: org.h2.Driver​
JDBC URL: jdbc:h2:mem:testdb

8.2 MySQL / PostgreSQL Setup

MySQL Example Configuration

<!-- Add MySQL dependency -->

<dependency>

<groupId>mysql</groupId>

<artifactId>mysql-connector-j</artifactId>

<scope>runtime</scope>

</dependency>

# application.properties

spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydb

spring.datasource.username=root

spring.datasource.password=your_password

spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=update

spring.jpa.show-sql=true

PostgreSQL Configuration

<dependency>

<groupId>org.postgresql</groupId>

<artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>

<scope>runtime</scope>

</dependency>

spring.datasource.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/mydb

spring.datasource.username=postgres

spring.datasource.password=your_password
8.3 Connection Pooling (HikariCP)
Spring Boot uses HikariCP as the default connection pool for better performance.

Default Settings (optional to override)

spring.datasource.hikari.maximum-pool-size=10

spring.datasource.hikari.minimum-idle=5

spring.datasource.hikari.idle-timeout=30000

spring.datasource.hikari.pool-name=SpringBootHikariCP

8.4 Schema Initialization (schema.sql, data.sql)

Spring Boot executes these SQL files automatically on startup to initialize the database.

Usage

Place these files in src/main/resources/:

●​ schema.sql → For creating tables​

●​ data.sql → For inserting initial data​

Example: schema.sql

CREATE TABLE users (

​ id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,

​ name VARCHAR(100)

);

Example: data.sql
INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES ('John Doe'), ('Alice');

9. Validation in Spring Boot

Overview

Spring Boot supports bean validation using JSR-380 (Jakarta Bean Validation /
javax.validation). It allows automatic input validation for REST APIs and form data using
annotations like @NotNull, @Email, and more. Validation can be enhanced using @Valid,
@Validated, and custom validators.

9.1 Bean Validation (javax.validation)

Spring Boot auto-configures bean validation when spring-boot-starter-validation is
on the classpath.

Add Dependency (if needed)

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-validation</artifactId>

</dependency>

Common Validation Annotations

Annotation Description

@NotNull Field must not be null

 @NotBlank Field must not be null or empty

@Email Must be a valid email address

@Size(min, String/collection size constraints

max)

@Min, @Max Numeric value limits

Example

public class User {

​ @NotBlank

​ private String name;

​ @Email

​ private String email;

​ @Min(18)

​ private int age;

​ // Getters & Setters

}
9.2 Using @Valid and @Validated

@Valid

Used to trigger validation on a method parameter (commonly in controllers).

@RestController

@RequestMapping("/users")

public class UserController {

​ @PostMapping

​ public ResponseEntity<String> addUser(@Valid @RequestBody User user) {

​ return ResponseEntity.ok("User is valid");

​ }

Spring will automatically return a 400 Bad Request if validation fails, along with error
messages.

@Validated

Used on a class to validate method-level constraints or with groups for conditional

validation.

@Validated

@Service

public class PaymentService {

​ public void process(@Min(100) int amount) {

​ // Only processes if amount >= 100

​ }

9.3 Custom Validators

You can create custom constraints using @Constraint.

Steps to Create a Custom Validator

1.​ Define the annotation:

@Constraint(validatedBy = UsernameValidator.class)

@Target({ FIELD })

@Retention(RUNTIME)

public @interface ValidUsername {

​ String message() default "Invalid username";

​ Class<?>[] groups() default {};

​ Class<? extends Payload>[] payload() default {};

2. Create the validator class:

​
public class UsernameValidator implements ConstraintValidator<ValidUsername, String>
{

​ @Override

​ public boolean isValid(String value, ConstraintValidatorContext context) {

​ return value != null && value.matches("^[a-zA-Z0-9_]{5,20}$");

​ }

3. Use the annotation:

​
public class User {

​ @ValidUsername

​ private String username;

10. Security in Spring Boot

Overview

Spring Boot integrates Spring Security, a powerful and customizable authentication and
access-control framework. It provides robust security for web applications, REST APIs, and
microservices.

10.1 Spring Security Basics

To enable security in Spring Boot, include the starter dependency:

Dependency

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>

</dependency>
By default, Spring Security:

●​ Secures all endpoints​

●​ Provides a default login form​

●​ Uses an auto-generated password (logged at startup)

10.2 Authentication and Authorization

Authentication identifies who the user is.​
Authorization defines what the user is allowed to do.

Basic Configuration Example

@Configuration

@EnableWebSecurity

public class SecurityConfig {

​ @Bean

​ public SecurityFilterChain securityFilterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {

​ http

​ .authorizeHttpRequests(auth -> auth

​ .requestMatchers("/admin/**").hasRole("ADMIN")

​ .requestMatchers("/user/**").hasAnyRole("USER", "ADMIN")

​ .anyRequest().authenticated()

​ )

​ .httpBasic(); // For simple authentication

​ return http.build();
​ }

​ @Bean

​ public InMemoryUserDetailsManager userDetailsService() {

​ UserDetails user =
User.withUsername("user").password("{noop}1234").roles("USER").build();

​ UserDetails admin =
User.withUsername("admin").password("{noop}admin123").roles("ADMIN").build();

​ return new InMemoryUserDetailsManager(user, admin);

​ }

10.3 Password Encoding

Use PasswordEncoder to store hashed passwords securely.

Example using BCrypt

@Bean

public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {

​ return new BCryptPasswordEncoder();

String encoded = passwordEncoder.encode("mypassword");

Always use encoded passwords (e.g., in DB) instead of plain text.

10.4 JWT Token-based Security
JWT (JSON Web Tokens) are widely used for securing REST APIs in stateless systems.

JWT Flow

1.​ User sends credentials → gets a JWT​

2.​ Client sends JWT with requests​

3.​ Server validates the JWT​

Example Controller to Issue JWT

@RestController

public class AuthController {

​ @PostMapping("/login")

​ public String login(@RequestBody AuthRequest request) {

​ // Authenticate and generate JWT

​ return jwtService.generateToken(request.getUsername());

​ }

JWT Filter (Simplified)

public class JwtFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter {

​ protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse

response, FilterChain chain) {

​ String token = request.getHeader("Authorization");

​ // validate token and set authentication

 ​ chain.doFilter(request, response);

​ }

You must register the filter in the security chain.

10.5 Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)

Spring Security allows controlling access to resources by roles or authorities.

Example

@GetMapping("/admin/dashboard")

@PreAuthorize("hasRole('ADMIN')")

public String adminDashboard() {

​ return "Admin area";

Enable Method-Level Security

@EnableMethodSecurity

public class MethodSecurityConfig {

11. Testing in Spring Boot

Overview
Spring Boot provides first-class support for testing through JUnit, Mockito, and Spring
TestContext Framework. It enables testing of individual components (unit tests), interactions
(mocking), and full application context (integration testing).

11.1 Unit Testing with JUnit

JUnit is the standard framework for writing unit tests in Java.

Dependency

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>

<scope>test</scope>

</dependency>

Example

class CalculatorService {

​ int add(int a, int b) {

​ return a + b;

​ }

class CalculatorServiceTest {

​ @Test

​ void testAdd() {

​ CalculatorService calc = new CalculatorService();

 ​ assertEquals(5, calc.add(2, 3));

​ }

11.2 Mocking with Mockito

Mockito is used to mock dependencies for isolated unit tests.

Example

@Service

class OrderService {

​ @Autowired private PaymentService paymentService;

​ public boolean placeOrder() {

​ return paymentService.pay();

​ }

class OrderServiceTest {

​ @Mock PaymentService paymentService;

​ @InjectMocks OrderService orderService;

​ @BeforeEach
​ void init() {

​ MockitoAnnotations.openMocks(this);

​ }

​ @Test

​ void testPlaceOrder() {

​ when(paymentService.pay()).thenReturn(true);

​ assertTrue(orderService.placeOrder());

​ }

11.3 Integration Testing

Integration tests load the full application context to test real behavior of beans.

Example

@SpringBootTest

class UserServiceIntegrationTest {

​ @Autowired UserService userService;

​ @Test

​ void testFindUser() {

​ User user = userService.findById(1L);

​ assertNotNull(user);
​ }

11.4 Web Layer Testing (@WebMvcTest)

Used to test only the web layer (controllers) without loading the full context.

Example

@WebMvcTest(UserController.class)

class UserControllerTest {

​ @Autowired private MockMvc mockMvc;

​ @Test

​ void testGetUser() throws Exception {

​ mockMvc.perform(get("/users/1"))

​.andExpect(status().isOk());

​ }

It auto-configures Spring MVC infrastructure and can mock service beans using
@MockBean.
11.5 Data Layer Testing (@DataJpaTest)
Used to test repository layer with in-memory database and only JPA components.

Example

@DataJpaTest

class UserRepositoryTest {

​ @Autowired private UserRepository userRepository;

​ @Test

​ void testSaveUser() {

​ User user = new User("John");

​ User saved = userRepository.save(user);

​ assertNotNull(saved.getId());

​ }

Uses H2 in-memory database by default and rolls back transactions after each test.

12. Logging in Spring Boot

Overview

Spring Boot uses SLF4J (Simple Logging Facade for Java) as a logging API and Logback as
the default logging implementation. Logging helps monitor application behavior, track errors,
and audit key events.
12.1 SLF4J and Logback
SLF4J

●​ A facade that allows switching between logging frameworks like Logback, Log4j, etc.​

●​ Spring Boot includes SLF4J and Logback by default.​

Basic Usage

import org.slf4j.Logger;

import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

@RestController

public class DemoController {

​ private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DemoController.class);

​ @GetMapping("/test")

​ public String test() {

​ logger.info("INFO log - test endpoint called");

​ logger.warn("WARN log");

​ logger.error("ERROR log");

​ return "Check logs";

​ }

}
12.2 Configuring Log Levels
Spring Boot allows configuring log levels in application.properties or
application.yml.

Example: application.properties

logging.level.root=INFO

logging.level.com.example.demo=DEBUG

logging.file.name=app.log

Log Levels

●​ TRACE – Finest level (e.g., for debugging)​

●​ DEBUG – Development details​

●​ INFO – General application events​

●​ WARN – Potential issues​

●​ ERROR – Serious issu

12.3 External Log Configuration

You can use an external logback-spring.xml for advanced logging configurations.

Steps:

1.​ Place logback-spring.xml in src/main/resources​

2.​ Use Spring profile-specific logging, log rotation, custom patterns, etc.​

Example: logback-spring.xml
<configuration>

<property name="LOG_FILE" value="myapp.log"/>

<appender name="FILE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.RollingFileAppender">

​ <file>${LOG_FILE}</file>

​ <rollingPolicy class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.TimeBasedRollingPolicy">

​ <fileNamePattern>${LOG_FILE}.%d{yyyy-MM-dd}.gz</fileNamePattern>

​ </rollingPolicy>

​ <encoder>

​ <pattern>%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n</pattern>

​ </encoder>

</appender>

<root level="INFO">

​ <appender-ref ref="FILE"/>

</root>

</configuration>

You can also use environment variables and Spring profiles for flexible logging configurations.

13. Actuator & Monitoring in Spring Boot

Overview

Spring Boot Actuator provides built-in monitoring and management endpoints to inspect
application health, metrics, and environment details. It is essential for observing applications in
production environments.

13.1 Spring Boot Actuator Overview

Dependency

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>

</dependency>

Enable Actuator Endpoints

management.endpoints.web.exposure.include=*

By default, only limited endpoints like /health and /info are exposed.

13.2 Common Actuator Endpoints

Endpoint Description

/actuator/heal Shows application health status

th
 /actuator/info Displays custom application info

/actuator/metr Shows system and custom metrics

ics

/actuator/env Lists environment properties

/actuator/bean Lists all Spring beans

s

/actuator/mapp Shows all request mappings

ings

Example: Custom Info

management.endpoints.web.exposure.include=info

info.app.name=MyApp

info.app.version=1.0

13.3 Custom Metrics

You can create and register custom metrics using MeterRegistry.

Example: Custom Counter

@Component

public class VisitCounter {

​ private final Counter counter;

​ public VisitCounter(MeterRegistry registry) {

​ this.counter = registry.counter("custom.visit.counter");

​ }

​ public void increment() {

​ counter.increment();

​ }

Access at: /actuator/metrics/custom.visit.counter

13.4 Prometheus/Grafana Integration

Actuator integrates with Micrometer, which supports exporting metrics
to Prometheus, Datadog, New Relic, etc.

Prometheus Setup

Add dependency:

<dependency>

<groupId>io.micrometer</groupId>

<artifactId>micrometer-registry-prometheus</artifactId>

</dependency>
application.properties:

management.endpoints.web.exposure.include=prometheus

management.metrics.export.prometheus.enabled=true

Access Prometheus endpoint:

/actuator/prometheus

Grafana Integration

1.​Add Prometheus as a data source in Grafana.​

2.​Use actuator metrics in custom dashboards.​

3.​Monitor CPU, memory, GC, and custom metrics visually.

14. Error Handling in Spring Boot

Overview

Spring Boot provides a default error handling mechanism and allows full customization via
exception handlers, error pages, and controller advice. Proper error handling ensures a better
user experience and easier debugging.

14.1 Default Error Handling

By default, Spring Boot handles exceptions and returns a JSON error response for REST APIs
or a whitelabel error page for web applications.

Example: Default Error Response

{

"timestamp": "2025-06-14T12:30:00.000+00:00",

"status": 404,

"error": "Not Found",

"path": "/api/users/100"

14.2 Custom Error Pages

You can provide custom HTML error pages by adding files in /resources/public or
/resources/static directories with the following names:

Examples:

●​ /resources/public/error/404.html → Custom page for 404 errors​

●​ /resources/public/error/500.html → Custom page for 500 errors​

These are served automatically for browser-based requests.

14.3 Global Exception Handling

Use @ControllerAdvice and @ExceptionHandler to define centralized exception handling
for all controllers.

Example:

@ControllerAdvice

public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

​ @ExceptionHandler(ResourceNotFoundException.class)

​ public ResponseEntity<String> handleNotFound(ResourceNotFoundException ex) {

​ return new ResponseEntity<>("Resource not found: " + ex.getMessage(),

HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND);

​ }

​ @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)

​ public ResponseEntity<String> handleGeneral(Exception ex) {

​ return new ResponseEntity<>("Internal error: " + ex.getMessage(),

HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);

​ }

This ensures consistent and customizable error responses across the application.

Best Practices

●​ Use @ResponseStatus to bind HTTP status codes to exceptions.​

●​ Log exceptions for debugging.​

●​ Return meaningful messages to users, hide sensitive stack traces in production.​

●​ Customize error attributes using ErrorAttributes bean if needed.

15. Developer Tools in Spring Boot

Overview
Spring Boot Developer Tools (DevTools) enhance the development experience by enabling
automatic restarts, live reload, and additional features like runtime property override and
template caching disablement.

15.1 Spring Boot DevTools

spring-boot-devtools is a module that provides development-time features to increase
productivity.

Dependency

Add this dependency to your pom.xml (it’s automatically disabled in production):

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>

<optional>true</optional>

</dependency>

In Gradle:
developmentOnly("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-devtools")

15.2 Auto Restart

Spring Boot DevTools monitors classpath files. When a change is
detected (like a Java class file update), the application is
automatically restarted.

Benefits:

●​ Eliminates the need to manually stop and start the app.​

 ●​ Improves feedback loop during development.​

Example

●​ Modify a controller method in your IDE.​

●​ Save → Spring Boot automatically restarts the context.​

●​ Changes are reflected immediately.​

You can exclude directories from being monitored using:

spring.devtools.restart.exclude=static/**,public/**

15.3 Live Reload

Spring Boot DevTools integrates with LiveReload to refresh the browser
automatically when static resources (HTML, CSS, JS) change.

Steps to Enable:

1.​Add DevTools dependency.​

2.​Install LiveReload browser extension.​

3.​Make a change in an HTML or template file.​

4.​The browser reloads automatically.​

Configuration (optional)

spring.devtools.livereload.enabled=true
Other Features

●​ Disable Caching for Thymeleaf, Freemarker, etc.​

●​ Remote Debugging Support for deploying DevTools to remote

environments (optional and secured).​

●​ Automatic Property Overrides for dev-time config.

16. Caching in Spring Boot

Overview

Caching improves performance by storing frequently accessed data in memory or

external caches. Spring Boot supports transparent caching using annotations and
multiple providers like Ehcache, Caffeine, and Redis.

16.1 Using @Cacheable and @CacheEvict

Spring provides simple annotations to manage caching behavior.

✅ @EnableCaching
Enable caching in your main class:

@SpringBootApplication

@EnableCaching

public class MyApp { ... }

✅ @Cacheable
Marks a method’s return value to be cached. The result is stored the first time and reused
for subsequent calls with the same parameters.

@Cacheable("products")

public Product getProductById(Long id) {

​ simulateSlowService(); // e.g., DB call

​ return productRepository.findById(id).orElse(null);

products is the cache name.​

On first call, the method executes and result is cached.​

On subsequent calls with same id, value is fetched from the cache.

✅ @CacheEvict
Removes an entry from the cache.

@CacheEvict(value = "products", key = "#id")

public void deleteProduct(Long id) {

​ productRepository.deleteById(id);

●​ Ensures cache is cleared when the data changes.​

16.2 Cache Providers

Spring Boot supports pluggable caching providers. Some popular ones:
Ehcache (In-memory, Java-based)

➤ Add dependency:

<dependency>

<groupId>org.ehcache</groupId>

<artifactId>ehcache</artifactId>

</dependency>

➤ Configuration example (ehcache.xml or Java config)

<config>

<cache alias="products">

​ <heap>1000</heap>

</cache>

</config>

Caffeine (Fast Java-based cache)

➤ Add dependency:

<dependency>

<groupId>com.github.ben-manes.caffeine</groupId>

<artifactId>caffeine</artifactId>

</dependency>

➤ Configuration (application.properties):

spring.cache.type=caffeine

spring.cache.caffeine.spec=maximumSize=1000,expireAfterAccess=5m
Redis (Distributed cache)

➤ Add dependencies:

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-redis</artifactId>

</dependency>

➤ Configuration:

spring.cache.type=redis

spring.redis.host=localhost

spring.redis.port=6379

Ideal for microservices and distributed environments.

17. Scheduling & Asynchronous Execution

in Spring Boot

Overview

Spring Boot simplifies the execution of background and periodic tasks through annotations like
@Scheduled and @Async. These features enable automation, performance optimization, and
non-blocking operations.
17.1 Scheduling Tasks (@Scheduled)
@Scheduled allows you to run methods at fixed intervals or specific times.

✅ Enable Scheduling
@SpringBootApplication

@EnableScheduling

public class MyApp { }

✅ Using @Scheduled
@Component

public class ScheduledTasks {

​ @Scheduled(fixedRate = 5000) // every 5 seconds

​ public void reportStatus() {

​ System.out.println("Status Check: " + LocalDateTime.now());

​ }

​ @Scheduled(cron = "0 0 9 * * ?") // every day at 9 AM

​ public void dailyTask() {

​ System.out.println("Running daily task");

​ }

}
fixedRate: Runs task at regular intervals.​

fixedDelay: Runs with a delay after the previous execution.​

cron: Offers flexible scheduling using cron expressions.

17.2 Asynchronous Execution (@Async)

@Async enables methods to run in a separate thread, allowing
non-blocking execution.

✅ Enable Async Execution

@SpringBootApplication

@EnableAsync

public class MyApp { }

✅ Using @Async
@Service

public class EmailService {

​ @Async

​ public void sendEmail(String to) {

​ // Simulate delay

​ try {

​ Thread.sleep(3000);
 ​ } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {}

​ System.out.println("Email sent to: " + to);

​ }

✅ Calling the Async Method

@RestController

public class NotificationController {

​ @Autowired

​ private EmailService emailService;

​ @GetMapping("/notify")

​ public String notifyUser() {

​ emailService.sendEmail("[email protected]");

​ return "Notification started";

​ }

●​ The method returns immediately.​

●​ Actual email sending happens in a background thread.​

⚠️ Async methods must be called from another bean, not the

same class.
18. Messaging in Spring Boot

Overview

Spring Boot offers powerful support for message-driven architecture using brokers like
RabbitMQ, Apache Kafka, and JMS (Java Message Service). Messaging enables
asynchronous communication, event-driven processing, and microservice decoupling.

18.1 RabbitMQ
RabbitMQ is a message broker that supports AMQP for reliable, asynchronous message
delivery.

✅ Add Dependency
<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-amqp</artifactId>

</dependency>

✅ Configuration (application.properties)
spring.rabbitmq.host=localhost

spring.rabbitmq.port=5672

spring.rabbitmq.username=guest

spring.rabbitmq.password=guest

✅ Producer Example
@Service

public class MessageProducer {

​ @Autowired

​ private RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;

​ public void send(String message) {

​ rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend("myQueue", message);

​ }

✅ Consumer Example
@Component

public class MessageConsumer {

​ @RabbitListener(queues = "myQueue")

​ public void receive(String message) {

​ System.out.println("Received: " + message);

​ }

18.2 Apache Kafka

Kafka is a distributed event streaming platform used for high-throughput and fault-tolerant
messaging.

✅ Add Dependency
<dependency>
 <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-kafka</artifactId>

</dependency>

✅ Configuration (application.properties)
spring.kafka.bootstrap-servers=localhost:9092

spring.kafka.consumer.group-id=my-group

spring.kafka.consumer.auto-offset-reset=earliest

✅ Producer Example
@Service

public class KafkaProducer {

​ @Autowired

​ private KafkaTemplate<String, String> kafkaTemplate;

​ public void send(String message) {

​ kafkaTemplate.send("myTopic", message);

​ }

✅ Consumer Example
@Component

public class KafkaConsumer {

​ @KafkaListener(topics = "myTopic", groupId = "my-group")

​ public void listen(String message) {

​ System.out.println("Received from Kafka: " + message);

​ }

18.3 JMS Integration

JMS (Java Message Service) is a Java API for messaging, often used with ActiveMQ.

✅ Add Dependency
<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-artemis</artifactId>

</dependency>

✅ Configuration
spring.artemis.broker-url=tcp://localhost:61616

spring.artemis.user=admin

spring.artemis.password=admin

✅ Producer Example
@Service

public class JmsProducer {

​ @Autowired

​ private JmsTemplate jmsTemplate;

​ public void send(String msg) {

​ jmsTemplate.convertAndSend("queue.sample", msg);

​ }

✅ Consumer Example
@Component

public class JmsConsumer {

​ @JmsListener(destination = "queue.sample")

​ public void receive(String msg) {

​ System.out.println("Received from JMS: " + msg);

​ }

19. File Upload & Download in Spring Boot

Overview

Spring Boot provides built-in support for handling file uploads using MultipartFile, and
allows secure file storage and download through REST APIs. These features are essential for
applications like user portals, document systems, and image uploads.

19.1 Multipart File Upload

✅ Controller for File Upload
@RestController

@RequestMapping("/files")

public class FileUploadController {

​ @PostMapping("/upload")

​ public ResponseEntity<String> handleFileUpload(@RequestParam("file") MultipartFile

file) throws IOException {

​ String uploadDir = "uploads/";

​ Path path = Paths.get(uploadDir + file.getOriginalFilename());

​ Files.createDirectories(path.getParent());

​ Files.write(path, file.getBytes());

​ return ResponseEntity.ok("File uploaded successfully: " + file.getOriginalFilename());

​ }

✅ Frontend / Postman Test

●​ Set POST method to /files/upload​

●​ Use form-data with key file and select a file​

19.2 File Storage and Download Handling

✅ Download File Endpoint
@GetMapping("/download/{filename}")
public ResponseEntity<Resource> downloadFile(@PathVariable String filename) throws
IOException {

​ Path path = Paths.get("uploads/" + filename);

​ Resource resource = new UrlResource(path.toUri());

​ if (!resource.exists()) {

​ return ResponseEntity.notFound().build();

​ }

​ return ResponseEntity.ok()

​ .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM)

​ .header(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_DISPOSITION, "attachment; filename=\"" + filename +

"\"")

​ .body(resource);

●​ Files are stored in a local uploads/ directory.​

●​ Files are downloaded with correct headers for browser compatibility.​

✅ Security Tip
Always validate:

●​ File type (e.g., .jpg, .pdf)​

●​ File size limits​

●​ Filename/path sanitization to avoid directory traversal

spring.servlet.multipart.max-file-size=5MB

spring.servlet.multipart.max-request-size=10MB

20. Frontend Integration in Spring Boot

Overview

Spring Boot simplifies frontend integration by allowing you to serve static content, use
server-side templating engines like Thymeleaf, and enable CORS for cross-origin requests from
frontend frameworks like Angular, React, or Vue.

20.1 Serving Static Files

Spring Boot automatically serves static content (HTML, CSS, JS, images) placed in specific
directories:

✅ Default Static Locations

Place your files in:

src/main/resources/static/

src/main/resources/public/

src/main/resources/resources/

✅ Example
src/main/resources/static/index.html​
Accessible via: http://localhost:8080/index.html

Add JS/CSS/images in the same folder:

/static/js/app.js
/static/css/style.css

20.2 Using Thymeleaf

Thymeleaf is a server-side Java template engine for rendering dynamic HTML.

✅ Add Dependency
<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId>

</dependency>

✅ Controller
@Controller

public class HomeController {

​ @GetMapping("/home")

​ public String home(Model model) {

​ model.addAttribute("message", "Welcome to Spring Boot + Thymeleaf!");

​ return "home";

​ }

✅ Template: src/main/resources/templates/home.html
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head><title>Home</title></head>

<body>

​ <h1 th:text="${message}"></h1>

</body>

</html>

Access via: http://localhost:8080/home

20.3 Enabling CORS

CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) allows frontend apps (like React
or Angular) to call Spring Boot APIs hosted on another domain or port.

✅ Enable CORS Globally

@Configuration

public class WebConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {

​ @Override

​ public void addCorsMappings(CorsRegistry registry) {

​ registry.addMapping("/api/**")

​ .allowedOrigins("http://localhost:4200")

​ .allowedMethods("GET", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE");

​ }

}
✅ Enable CORS at Controller Level
@CrossOrigin(origins = "http://localhost:4200")

@RestController

@RequestMapping("/api")

public class ProductController {

​ @GetMapping("/products")

​ public List<String> getProducts() {

​ return List.of("Pen", "Notebook", "Pencil");

​ }

21. Build & Deployment in Spring Boot

Overview

Spring Boot simplifies application deployment with flexible options such as executable
JARs/WARs, Docker containers, cloud deployment, and CI/CD integration for automated
delivery.

21.1 Building JAR/WAR

✅ JAR Packaging (Default)
Add to pom.xml:

<packaging>jar</packaging>

Build the JAR:

mvn clean package

Run the JAR:

java -jar target/myapp-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar

✅ WAR Packaging (Optional)

<packaging>war</packaging>

Extend SpringBootServletInitializer

@SpringBootApplication

public class MyApp extends SpringBootServletInitializer {

​ @Override

​ protected SpringApplicationBuilder
configure(SpringApplicationBuilder builder) {

​ return builder.sources(MyApp.class);

​ }

Deploy to external servers (Tomcat, JBoss, etc.)

21.2 Dockerizing Spring Boot Application

✅ Create Dockerfile
FROM openjdk:21
COPY target/myapp.jar app.jar

ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "/app.jar"]

✅ Build Docker Image

docker build -t myapp .

✅ Run Container
docker run -p 8080:8080 myapp

21.3 Deploying to Cloud

Spring Boot can be deployed on AWS, Azure, GCP, and others.

✅ AWS (Elastic Beanstalk)

●​ Package as JAR/WAR​

●​ Use AWS CLI or Management Console​

●​ Example:

eb init

eb create my-spring-env

eb deploy

✅ Azure App Service

 ●​ Create app using Azure CLI or portal​

●​ Deploy using:

az webapp up --name myapp --resource-group mygroup

✅ GCP App Engine

●​ Create app.yaml:

runtime: java

env: standard

Deploy:

gcloud app deploy

21.4 CI/CD Integration

Automate builds, tests, and deployments using CI/CD tools.

✅ GitHub Actions (Sample Workflow)

name: Build Spring Boot App

on: [push]

jobs:

build:

​ runs-on: ubuntu-latest

​ steps:
 ​ - uses: actions/checkout@v3

​ - name: Set up JDK

​ uses: actions/setup-java@v3

​ with:

​ java-version: '21'

​ - name: Build

​ run: mvn clean package

✅ Other CI/CD Options

●​ Jenkins – Create pipelines to build and deploy automatically.​

●​ GitLab CI – .gitlab-ci.yml for stages.​

●​ CircleCI, Bitbucket Pipelines, Azure DevOps – Full cloud-based

CI/CD support.

22. Advanced Topics in Spring Boot

Overview

Advanced Spring Boot features enable the development of resilient, scalable, and modular
applications using microservices, event-driven architecture, and custom starters.

22.1 Microservices with Spring Boot

Spring Boot combined with Spring Cloud offers comprehensive tools for building distributed
systems.
22.1.1 Spring Cloud

A set of tools to support microservice patterns: configuration, discovery, routing, load balancing,
and resilience.

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>

<version>2023.0.0</version>

<type>pom</type>

<scope>import</scope>

</dependency>

22.1.2 Eureka (Service Discovery)

●​ Eureka Server:

@EnableEurekaServer

@SpringBootApplication

public class EurekaServerApp { ... }

Eureka Client:

@EnableEurekaClient

@SpringBootApplication

public class ProductServiceApp { ... }

Add dependency:

<dependency>
 <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId>

</dependency>

22.1.3 Spring Cloud Gateway / Zuul

●​ Spring Cloud Gateway is the modern replacement for Zuul.

@SpringBootApplication

public class GatewayApp { ... }

Config in application.yml:

spring:
cloud:
​ gateway:
​ routes:
​ - id: product_route
​ uri: http://localhost:8081
​ predicates:
​ - Path=/products/**

22.1.4 Circuit Breaker (Resilience4j, Hystrix)

●​ Use Resilience4j for fault tolerance.

<dependency>
<groupId>io.github.resilience4j</groupId>
<artifactId>resilience4j-spring-boot3</artifactId>
</dependency>

@CircuitBreaker(name = "productService", fallbackMethod = "fallback")

public String getProduct() {
return restTemplate.getForObject("http://product-service/api", String.class);
}

public String fallback(Throwable t) {

return "Fallback response";
}

22.1.5 Config Server

●​ Centralized external configuration management for microservices.​

Config Server:

@EnableConfigServer
@SpringBootApplication
public class ConfigServerApp { ... }

application.yml:
spring:
cloud:
​ config:
​ server:
​ git:
​ uri: https://github.com/my-org/config-repo

Client:
spring:
config:
​ import: optional:configserver:http://localhost:8888

22.2 ApplicationEventPublisher & Event Listeners

✅ Define Custom Event
public class UserCreatedEvent extends ApplicationEvent {
​ private String email;
​ public UserCreatedEvent(Object source, String email) {
​ super(source);
​ this.email = email;
​ }
}

✅ Publish Event
@Autowired
private ApplicationEventPublisher publisher;

public void createUser(String email) {

​ // Save user logic
​ publisher.publishEvent(new UserCreatedEvent(this, email));
}

✅ Listen to Event
@Component
public class UserEventListener {
​ @EventListener
​ public void handleUserCreated(UserCreatedEvent event) {
​ System.out.println("User created: " + event.getEmail());
​ }
}

22.3 Creating Custom Starters

Creating your own Spring Boot starter allows packaging reusable logic.

✅ Steps:
1.​ Create a separate module (e.g., my-spring-boot-starter)​

2.​ Include spring-boot-autoconfigure​

3.​ Add META-INF/spring.factories (or

spring/org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.AutoConfiguration.i
mports for Spring Boot 3)

org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration=\
com.example.autoconfig.MyAutoConfiguration

4. Example Auto-Configuration:
@Configuration
public class MyAutoConfiguration {
​ @Bean
​ public MyService myService() {
​ return new MyService();
​ }
}

Then include your custom starter as a dependency in another project.