ANDROID

Android is an open source and Linux-based operating system for mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet computers.
Android was developed by the open Handset Alliance, led by Google and other companies.

 XML (Extensible Markup Language) and JAVA Code:

An XML file is used to build layouts in Android. Layouts are static pages (Screen) which can be manipulated using Java code
(Programmatically).
SDK:
 APK (Android Application Package or Android Package Kit): The Android SDK (Software Development Kit) is a set of
An APK is a collection of different files (like code, audio, development tools used to develop applications for the Android
video etc.) compiled and bundled into a single file. platform .
The Android SDK includes the following:
 It is a file format that allows users to download and install Required libraries.
Apps on Android devices. Debugger.
An emulator. (virtual Android phone)
Relevant documentation for the Android application program
interfaces (APIs).
 AVD: AVD stands for Android Virtual Device. AVD is an Sample source code.
Emulator Configuration that simulates a physical Android device.Tutorials for the Android OS.
 Features of Android
The important features of android are given below:
1) It is open-source.
2) Anyone can customize the Android Platform.
4) It provides many interesting features like weather details, opening screen etc.
5) It provides support for messaging services (SMS and MMS), web browser, storage (SQLite), connectivity ( Blue Tooth,
Wi-Fi etc.), media, handset layout etc.

The first beta version of the Android Software

Development Kit (SDK) was released by Google in 2007
where as the first commercial version, Android 1.0, was
released in September 2008.

On June 27, 2012, at the Google I/O conference, Google

announced the next Android version, 4.1 Jelly Bean.
Jelly Bean is an incremental update, with the primary aim
of improving the user interface, both in terms of
functionality and performance.
 History of Android

The history and versions of android are interesting to know. The code names of android ranges from A to J currently, such as
Aestro, Blender, Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwitch, Jelly Bean, KitKat and Lollipop.
Let's understand the android history in a sequence.
1) Initially, Andy Rubin founded Android Incorporation in Palo Alto, California, United States in October, 2003.
2) In 17th August 2005, Google acquired android Incorporation. Since then, it is in the subsidiary of Google Incorporation.
3) The key employees of Android Incorporation are Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Chris White and Nick Sears.
4)Originally intended for camera but shifted to smart phones later because of low market for camera only.
5) Android is the nick name of Andy Rubin given by coworkers because of his love to robots.
6) In 2007, Google announces the development of android OS.
7) In 2008, HTC launched the first android mobile.
 Android Architecture

Android architecture or Android software stack is categorized into five parts:

1. linux kernel
2. native libraries (middleware),
3. Android Runtime
4. Application Framework
5. Applications

1. Linux kernel
It is the heart of android architecture that exists at the root of android architecture. Linux kernel is responsible for device
drivers, power management, memory management, device management and resource access.

2. Native Libraries
On the top of linux kernel, their are Native libraries such as WebKit, OpenGL, FreeType, SQLite, Media, C runtime library (libc) etc
The WebKit library is responsible for browser support, SQLite is for database, FreeType for font support,
Media for playing and recording audio and video formats, OpenGL for 2D and 3D graphics development in Android applications.

3. Android Runtime
In android runtime, there are core libraries and DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine) which is responsible to run android application.
DVM is like JVM but it is optimized for mobile devices. It consumes less memory and provides fast performance.
Fig: Architecture of Android
4. Android Framework
On the top of Native libraries and android runtime, there is android framework. Android framework includes Android API's
(Application Programming Interfaces) such as UI (User Interface), telephony, resources, locations, Content Providers (data) and
package managers. It provides a lot of classes and interfaces for android application development.

5. Applications
On the top of android framework, there are applications. All applications such as home, contact, settings, games, browsers are
using android framework that uses android runtime and libraries. Android runtime and native libraries are using linux kernel.
  Android Core Building Blocks or components:
An android component is simply a piece of code that has a well defined life cycle e.g. Activity, Receiver, Service etc.
The core building blocks or fundamental components of android are activities, views, intents, services, content providers,
fragments and AndroidManifest.xml.
 Activity:
An activity is a class that represents a single screen. In that way the activity is very similar to a window in the Windows
operating system. An Android app contains activities, meaning one or more screens.
 View
A view is the UI element such as button, label, text field (TextView, EditText) etc. anything that you see is a view.
 Intent
Intent is used to invoke components. It is mainly used to:
Start the service
Launch an activity
Display a web page
Display a list of contacts
Broadcast a message
Dial a phone call etc.
For example, you may write the following code to view the webpage.

Intent intent=new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW);

intent.setData(Uri.parse("http://www.javatpoint.com"));
startActivity(intent);
 Service
Service is a background process that can run for a long time.
There are two types of services local and remote. Local service is accessed from within the application whereas remote service
is accessed remotely from other applications running on the same device.

 Content Provider
Content Providers are used to share data between the applications.

 Fragment
Fragments are like parts of activity. An activity can display one or more fragments on the screen at the same time.

 AndroidManifest.xml
It contains information about activities, content providers, permissions etc.
 Android Virtual Device (AVD)
It is used to test the android application without the need for mobile or tablet etc. It can be created in different configurations
to emulate different types of real devices.
 Android Emulator
The Android emulator is an Android Virtual Device (AVD), which represents a specific Android device. We can use the Android
emulator as a target device to execute and test our Android application on our PC. The Android emulator provides almost all
the functionality of a real device. We can get the incoming phone calls and text messages. It also gives the location of the
device and simulates different network speeds. Android emulator simulates rotation and other hardware sensors. It accesses
the Google Play store, and much more
 Kotlin JAVA is an Object Oriented Programming Language
KOTLIN is a cross platform, statically types, general developed by JAMES GOSLING and colleagues at SUN
purpose programming language with type inference. MICRO SYSTEMS in 1991.The language was initially called
KOTLIN is designed to interoperate fully with java but type OAK. It was developed as a full fledged programming
inference allows its syntax to be more concise. KOTLIN is language in which one can accomplish the same sorts of
sponsored by JetBrains and Google through the Kotlin tasks and solve the similar problems that one can do in
Foundation. other programming languages such as BASIC,C++ etc.
 There are many differences in both these languages according to their features
Features Kotlin Java

It is already available in In java, we need to create

1. Extension Functions
Kotlin class

2. Null Safety It is available in Kotlin It is not available in Java

Kotlin doesn’t have a static

3. Static Members It is available in Java
member for a class

It is available in Java too but

Yes, there are two types of
4. String Templates it doesn’t support expression
string literals in Kotlin
like Kotlin

5. Wildcard Types It is not available in Kotlin Available in Java