Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

MODULE -1

ENERGY:
Energy is a fundamental concept in physics and refers to the capacity to do work or produce heat.
It exists in various forms and can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred or converted
from one form to another. The SI unit of energy is the joule (J).

Here are some key forms of energy:

Kinetic Energy: This is the energy of an object in motion. The kinetic energy of an object depends
on its mass (m) and its velocity (v) and is given by the formula KE = 0.5 * m * v^2.

Potential Energy: This is the energy an object possesses due to its position or state. There are
various types of potential energy, including gravitational potential energy (related to an object's
height in a gravitational field), elastic potential energy (related to the compression or stretching
of materials), and chemical potential energy (related to chemical bonds within molecules).

Thermal Energy: This is the internal energy of a system due to the motion of its atoms and
molecules. It is commonly associated with temperature and can be transferred as heat between
objects with different temperatures.

Chemical Energy: This energy is stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules in chemical
substances. When chemical reactions occur, this energy can be released or absorbed.

Nuclear Energy: This is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom. It is released through nuclear
reactions, such as nuclear fission (splitting of atomic nuclei) and nuclear fusion (combining of
atomic nuclei). Nuclear reactions are the basis for both nuclear power and nuclear weapons.

Electrical Energy: This is the energy associated with the movement of electrons through a
conductor, such as a wire. It is a form of kinetic energy at the atomic and subatomic level.

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Electromagnetic Energy: This includes various forms of energy associated with electromagnetic
waves, such as visible light, radio waves, microwaves, and X-rays. These waves carry energy
through space.

Gravitational Energy: This is the potential energy associated with an object's position in a
gravitational field. The higher an object is lifted, the more gravitational potential energy it
possesses.

Sound Energy: This is the energy associated with the vibration of particles in a medium, such as
air or water. It travels in the form of pressure waves.

Wind Energy: This is the kinetic energy of moving air. It can be harnessed to generate electricity
using wind turbines.

Solar Energy: This is the energy from the sun in the form of sunlight. It can be converted into
electricity using solar panels or used for heating.

Hydroelectric Energy: This is the energy derived from the flow of water, typically from rivers or
dams. It is converted into electricity using hydroelectric power plants.

Tidal Energy: This is the energy generated by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on
Earth's oceans. It can be harnessed using tidal power systems.

Geothermal Energy: This is the heat energy that comes from the sub-surface of the earth. It can
be used for heating buildings or generating electricity.

Energy plays a crucial role in our daily lives and is essential for various industrial, technological,
and natural processes. The efficient use and generation of energy are central to addressing
environmental and sustainability challenges.
Global energy consumption patterns
Global energy consumption patterns vary significantly across regions and countries due to
differences in population, economic development, industrialization, natural resource availability,
and energy policies. As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, here are some key trends
and patterns in global energy consumption:
Fossil Fuels Dominate: Fossil fuels, including oil, coal, and natural gas, have historically been
the dominant sources of energy worldwide. They have been used for transportation, electricity
generation, heating, and industrial processes.
Electricity Demand Growth: The demand for electricity has been steadily increasing due to the
electrification of various sectors, such as transportation and heating. This trend is expected to
continue, driven by factors like urbanization and the digitalization of economies.
Renewable Energy Growth: There has been a significant increase in the consumption of
renewable energy sources, including wind, solar, hydropower, and geothermal energy. These
sources have been growing faster than fossil fuels in recent years, driven by environmental
concerns and falling renewable energy costs.

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Shift Toward Natural Gas: Natural gas has become a transitional fuel of choice in some regions
due to its lower carbon emissions compared to coal and oil. It is often used for electricity
generation and heating.
Energy Access: Many developing countries are working to expand access to modern energy
services, which has led to increased energy consumption. In some cases, this has involved a mix
of fossil fuels and renewables to meet growing energy demand.
Energy Efficiency: Efforts to improve energy efficiency have led to reduced energy consumption
in some countries and sectors. Energy-efficient technologies and practices are being adopted to
mitigate the environmental impact of energy consumption.
Transportation Sector: The transportation sector is a major consumer of energy, primarily in the
form of oil for gasoline and diesel. The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and alternative fuels
is gradually changing this landscape.

Industrial Sector: The industrial sector is a significant consumer of energy for manufacturing
processes. Improvements in energy efficiency and the adoption of cleaner technologies have been
reducing energy intensity in some industries.
Policy and Climate Goals: Many countries have implemented policies and set climate goals to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to cleaner energy sources. These policies have
influenced energy consumption patterns, favoring renewables and energy efficiency.
Regional Variations: Energy consumption patterns vary widely by region. Developed countries
tend to have higher energy consumption per capita, while emerging economies are experiencing
rapid growth in energy demand.
Emerging Energy Technologies: Emerging technologies such as advanced nuclear reactors,
carbon capture and storage (CCS), and hydrogen are being explored as potential solutions to
address energy challenges and reduce emissions.
Energy Security: Ensuring a stable and secure energy supply remains a priority for many nations.
Diversification of energy sources and supply routes is a key consideration.
It's important to note that these patterns may have evolved since my last knowledge update in
September 2021. Energy consumption trends are dynamic and subject to changes influenced by
economic, technological, and policy developments. Tracking these trends is crucial for
understanding the global energy landscape and addressing environmental and sustainability
challenges
Table 1: Different Sources of Energy
Energy Source Percentageof total Subtotal
energy percentage
Non- renewable Source
Oil 32
Coal 21
Natural gas 23

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Nuclear 82

Renewable Sources
Bio mass (mainly wood) 11
Solar, wind, hydro and 7 18
Geothermal power
Total 100

Energy Status of India

As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, the energy landscape in India has been
dynamic, with efforts to address energy security, increase access to electricity, and transition
towards cleaner and more sustainable sources. Please note that the situation may have evolved
since then, and it's advisable to refer to the latest sources for the most up-to-date information.
Here are some key aspects of India's energy status:

Energy Mix: India has traditionally relied heavily on fossil fuels for its energy needs. Coal has
been a dominant source of energy for electricity generation, but there has been a concerted effort
to diversify the energy mix. Renewables, particularly solar and wind energy, have seen significant
growth.

Renewable Energy Growth: India has made substantial progress in the deployment of renewable
energy. The country has set ambitious targets for increasing the share of renewables in its energy
mix. Solar power capacity, in particular, has witnessed rapid expansion, supported by government
incentives and falling solar equipment prices.

Solar Power: India has become one of the world's fastest-growing solar markets. The country has
implemented various solar power projects, including large-scale solar parks and rooftop
installations. Policies like the International Solar Alliance aim to promote solar energy at the
global level.

Wind Power: Wind energy is another important component of India's renewable energy portfolio.
Wind farms and projects contribute significantly to the country's electricity generation.

Hydropower: India has a significant hydropower capacity, and hydroelectric projects contribute
to its renewable energy mix. However, concerns related to environmental impacts and
displacement have led to careful consideration in the planning of new hydropower projects.

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Nuclear Energy: Nuclear power has been a part of India's energy strategy. The country has nuclear
power plants contributing to its electricity generation. There have been efforts to expand nuclear
capacity while addressing safety and regulatory considerations.

Electricity Access: India has made progress in improving electricity access, with efforts to
electrify rural areas and provide power to all households. Initiatives like the Saubhagya scheme
have aimed to enhance electricity access across the country.

Energy Efficiency: Energy efficiency has been a focus area for India to optimize energy use
across various sectors. Initiatives such as the Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) scheme have
targeted energy efficiency improvements in industries.

Challenges: India faces challenges such as a growing energy demand, air pollution from fossil
fuel use, and the need to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability. Balancing
the energy transition with the country's developmental goals remains a complex task.

Government Initiatives: The Indian government has introduced several initiatives to promote
sustainable energy development, including the National Solar Mission, the Pradhan Mantri
Ujjwala Yojana for clean cooking, and various programs to promote energy efficiency.

Energy Storage: As the share of renewable energy increases, there is a growing focus on energy
storage solutions to address intermittency and enhance grid stability. Storage technologies are
being explored to support the integration of renewable energy into the grid.

Electric Vehicles (EVs): India has shown interest in promoting electric mobility as a means to
reduce the environmental impact of transportation. Policies and incentives are being introduced
to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles.

India's energy landscape is likely to continue evolving as it seeks to meet its developmental
objectives while addressing environmental concerns. For the latest information and
developments, it's recommended to refer to recent reports from government agencies, energy
organizations, and reputable news sources.
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
An electromagnetic radiation is energy in the form of a wave due to changing electric and
magnetic fields. There are different forms of electromagnetic radiation, each with different
wavelengths (i.e., Distance between successive peaks or troughs in the wave) and energy
content. Such radiation travels through space at the speed of light, which is about 3, 00 000
kilometers/sec. Cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-rays and ultra violet radiation are known as

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Ionizing radiation because they have energy to knock electrons from atoms and change them
to positively charged ions. The resulting highly reactive electrons and ions can disrupt living
cells, interfere with body processes and cause many types of sickness, including various
cancers. The other forms of electromagnetic radiation do not contain enough energy to form
ions and are known as non-ionizing radiation.
The visible light that can be detected by our eyes is a form of non- ionizing radiation that
occupies only a small portion of full range or spectrum of different types of electromagnetic
radiation.

HYDRO ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Hydroelectric energy, also known as hydropower, is a form of renewable energy that harnesses
the energy of flowing or falling water to generate electricity. It is one of the oldest and most
widely used sources of renewable energy globally. Here are key aspects of hydroelectric
energy:

Basic Principle: Hydropower systems convert the potential energy stored in the gravitational
field of water into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy. This is achieved by
allowing falling or flowing water to turn turbines connected to generators.

Components of a Hydroelectric System:

Dam or Diversion Structure: In many hydroelectric plants, a dam is built to create a reservoir,
increasing the potential energy of water. In run-of-river systems, a diversion structure directs a
portion of a river's flow through the plant.

Penstock: A pipeline or channel that directs water from the reservoir or diversion structure to
the turbines.

Turbines: Machines with blades that are turned by the force of water. The kinetic energy of the
moving water is converted into mechanical energy.

Generators: Mechanical energy from the turbines is used to turn a generator, converting it into
electrical energy.

Powerhouse: A building that contains the turbines, generators, and other necessary equipment.

Tailrace: The water that has passed through the turbines is returned to the river or a lower part
of the reservoir.

Types of Hydropower Plants:

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Conventional Hydropower: Involves the construction of dams and reservoirs, providing

significant control over water flow. Examples include the Hoover Dam in the United States.

Run-of-River Hydropower: Does not require a dam or a large reservoir. Instead, it diverts a
portion of a river's flow through turbines. Run-of-river systems typically have a smaller
environmental footprint.

Pumped Storage Hydropower: Involves two reservoirs positioned at different elevations.

During periods of low electricity demand, excess electricity is used to pump water to the upper
reservoir. During high-demand periods, the stored water is released to generate electricity.

Advantages:

Renewable: Hydropower is a renewable energy source as it relies on the natural water cycle.

Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Hydropower produces minimal greenhouse gas emissions
compared to fossil fuels.

Base Load Power: Many large hydropower plants can provide a constant and reliable source of
electricity, serving as base load power.

Long Lifespan: Hydropower plants can have a long operational life with proper maintenance.

Challenges and Considerations:

Environmental Impact: The construction of large dams can have environmental and social
impacts, including habitat disruption and displacement of communities.

Ecosystem Changes: Altering natural river flows can affect ecosystems downstream of dams.

Weather Dependency: Hydroelectric power generation is dependent on water availability, which

can be influenced by weather patterns and seasonal changes.

Infrastructure Costs: The construction of dams and associated infrastructure can be capital-
intensive.

Global Significance: Hydropower is a significant contributor to global electricity generation.

Many countries, including China, Brazil, the United States, and Canada, rely on hydropower for
a substantial portion of their electricity needs.

Small-Scale Hydropower: In addition to large-scale hydropower plants, there is a growing

interest in small-scale or micro hydropower projects, especially in remote or rural areas where
grid access is limited.

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Hydropower remains an important and versatile source of renewable energy, providing

electricity for various purposes globally. Balancing its benefits with environmental and social
considerations is crucial for sustainable hydropower development.
Advantages Disadvantages
Moderate to high net energy. High construction cost
High efficiency (80%) High environmental impact
Low cost electricity emission from biomass High carbon dioxide
decay in shallow tropical reservoirs

Long life span Floods natural areas.

No carbon dioxide emission during operation Coverts land habitat to lake habitat.
May provide flood control below dam. Danger of collapse
Provides water for year-round Irrigation. Uproots People
Reservoir is useful for fishing and recreation Decreases fish harvest Below dam

Above are the advantages of and disadvantages of using large-scale hydropower plants to
generate electricity
According to the United Nations, only about 13% of the World”s exploitable potential for
hydropower has been developed. Much its un trapped potential is in South Asia, (China), South
America and parts of Russia.

FOSSILS FUELS
Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil, or natural gas, formed from the
remains of dead plants and animals. These fuels are called fossil fuels because they are formed
from the fossils of ancient plants and animals. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources,
meaning that they are finite and cannot be replaced on a human timescale. Here are the three
main types of fossil fuels:

Coal: Formation: Coal is formed from the remains of plants that lived and died millions of
years ago. The process involves the accumulation of plant material in swampy environments,
which, over time, undergoes geological processes such as burial and heat to form coal.
Types of Coal: There are several types of coal, ranging from lignite (lowest energy content) to
bituminous and anthracite (highest energy content).

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Use: Historically, coal has been a major source of energy for electricity generation and
industrial processes.
Oil (Petroleum):Formation: Oil is formed from the remains of marine microorganisms that
lived in ancient oceans. Over millions of years, these organisms accumulated at the bottom of
the ocean and were subjected to heat and pressure, transforming into crude oil.
Processing: Crude oil is refined to produce various petroleum products, including gasoline,
diesel, jet fuel, and various petrochemicals.
Use: Petroleum products are used for transportation (gasoline and diesel), heating, and as raw
materials in the production of plastics and chemicals.
Natural Gas:Formation: Natural gas is formed in a manner similar to oil, through the
decomposition of organic matter over millions of years. It consists mainly of methane (CH₄)
along with other hydrocarbons.
Extraction: Natural gas is typically extracted from underground reservoirs and can be found in
association with oil deposits or in independent natural gas fields.
Use: Natural gas is used for heating, electricity generation, and as a fuel for various industrial
processes. It is also increasingly used as a cleaner-burning alternative to coal and oil.
Key Characteristics and Considerations:
Non-Renewable: Fossil fuels are finite resources, and their extraction and consumption lead to
environmental impacts.
Environmental Impact: The combustion of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other
pollutants, contributing to air pollution and climate change. Extraction and transport can also
have environmental consequences, such as habitat disruption and oil spills.
Energy Density: Fossil fuels have high energy density, making them convenient and efficient
sources of energy.
Global Dependence: Many economies heavily rely on fossil fuels for energy, but there is a
growing emphasis on diversifying energy sources for sustainability.
Transition to Renewables: Due to environmental concerns and the finite nature of fossil fuels,
there is a global push towards renewable energy sources as alternatives to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions and mitigate climate change.
Energy Security: The availability and accessibility of fossil fuels play a crucial role in the
energy security of nations.As the world grapples with climate change and environmental
sustainability, there is increasing emphasis on transitioning away from a heavy reliance on

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

fossil fuels to more sustainable and cleaner energy sources such as renewables (solar, wind,
hydropower) and exploring new technologies like hydrogen and advanced nuclear power.

Petroleum,
commonly known as crude oil, is a naturally occurring, complex mixture of hydrocarbons
found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface. It is a major source of energy and
a raw material for various industrial products. Here are key aspects of petroleum:

Formation of Petroleum:

Petroleum is formed from the remains of marine microorganisms, such as plankton, that lived
millions of years ago. These organisms accumulated on the ocean floor and, over time, were
buried by layers of sediment.
Heat and pressure transformed these organic materials into hydrocarbons, the primary
components of crude oil.
Extraction and Production:

Crude oil is extracted from underground reservoirs using drilling techniques. Once extracted,
it undergoes various refining processes to separate and purify the different components.
Refining processes yield a range of products, including gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil,
lubricants, and petrochemical feedstocks.
Uses of Petroleum Products:

Transportation Fuels: Gasoline and diesel are major fuels for automobiles, trucks, ships, and
airplanes.
Heating and Power Generation: Heating oil is used for residential and commercial heating, and
petroleum products are used in some power plants.
Petrochemicals: Many chemicals and materials, such as plastics, synthetic rubber, and various
industrial chemicals, are derived from petrochemical feedstocks.
Lubricants: Petroleum-based lubricants are used in engines, machinery, and various industrial
applications.
Environmental Impact:

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The combustion of petroleum products releases carbon dioxide
(CO₂) and other greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change.
Air Pollution: Burning fossil fuels, including petroleum products, emits pollutants such as
sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), and particulate matter, contributing to air pollution
and health issues.
Oil Spills: Accidental releases of crude oil into water bodies, either from oil exploration or
transportation, can have severe environmental consequences.
Global Reserves and Distribution:

Significant petroleum reserves are found in various regions, with major producers including
the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq), Russia, the United States, and others.
Global oil markets are influenced by geopolitical factors, supply and demand dynamics, and
economic conditions.
Market Dynamics and Prices:

The price of crude oil is influenced by factors such as geopolitical events, OPEC (Organization
of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) decisions, global economic conditions, and supply and
demand dynamics.
Fluctuations in oil prices have significant economic implications for both oil-producing and
oil-consuming countries.
Transition to Cleaner Energy:

The petroleum industry faces challenges related to concerns about climate change, air
pollution, and the finite nature of fossil fuel resources.
Many countries and industries are exploring and investing in cleaner and more sustainable
energy sources, including renewables and electric vehicles.
Environmental Regulations and Technologies:
Governments and international bodies have introduced regulations and initiatives to reduce the
environmental impact of petroleum use.
Advancements in technology, such as more fuel-efficient vehicles and cleaner refining
processes, aim to minimize environmental emissions.
Energy Security and Geopolitics:

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Petroleum is a critical component of global energy security, and its production and distribution
are often influenced by geopolitical considerations.
As the world addresses environmental challenges and seeks to transition to more sustainable
energy sources, the role of petroleum in the energy mix is evolving. Efforts to reduce
dependence on fossil fuels and promote cleaner alternatives are gaining momentum globally
Coal is a black or brownish-black sedimentary rock primarily composed of carbon, along with
various other elements such as hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. It is a fossil fuel, formed
from the remains of plants that lived and died millions of years ago. Coal has been a significant
source of energy for centuries and has played a crucial role in the industrialization and
economic development of many countries. Here are key points about coal:
Formation of Coal:

Coal is formed from the remains of plants that accumulated in swampy environments. Over
time, these plant materials undergo geological processes, including burial and heat,
transforming into peat, lignite, bituminous coal, and, in some cases, anthracite.
Types of Coal:

Lignite: Also known as brown coal, lignite has the lowest carbon content among coal types and
a high moisture content. It is considered the "youngest" form of coal.
Bituminous Coal: This coal has a higher carbon content than lignite and is commonly used for
electricity generation and industrial processes.
Anthracite: Anthracite is the highest rank of coal, with the highest carbon content. It is shiny
and has a relatively low moisture and volatile matter content.
Uses of Coal:
Electricity Generation: Historically, coal has been a major fuel for electricity generation. Coal-
fired power plants burn coal to produce steam, which drives turbines connected to generators.
Industrial Processes: Coal is used as a fuel in various industrial processes, such as steel
manufacturing, cement production, and chemical manufacturing.
Residential Heating: In the past, coal was commonly used for residential heating, but this has
diminished over time due to environmental and health concerns.
Environmental Impact:

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Air Pollution: Burning coal releases pollutants, including sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides
(NOₓ), particulate matter, and carbon dioxide (CO₂). These contribute to air pollution and can
have health and environmental impacts.
Water Pollution: Coal mining and the disposal of coal ash can lead to water pollution, affecting
aquatic ecosystems.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Coal combustion is a significant source of CO₂ emissions,
contributing to climate change.
Environmental Regulations and Technologies:

Governments and environmental organizations have introduced regulations to mitigate the

environmental impact of coal use. Technologies such as flue gas desulfurization (FGD) are
used to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions.
Energy Transition:

Due to environmental concerns, the finite nature of coal reserves, and the global push toward
cleaner energy sources, there is a transition away from coal in some regions.
Many countries are diversifying their energy mix by incorporating renewable energy sources
like solar, wind, and hydropower.
Coal Mining:
Coal mining involves the extraction of coal from underground or open-pit mines. It can have
environmental and social impacts, including habitat disruption, land subsidence, and
displacement of communities.
Economic and Social Impacts:

Coal has historically been a major economic driver in regions with abundant coal reserves,
supporting jobs and local economies.
The decline of the coal industry in some areas has posed economic challenges, and efforts are
being made to support affected communities through economic diversification and retraining
programs.
Clean Coal Technologies:

Ongoing research focuses on developing technologies such as carbon capture and storage
(CCS) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power plants.

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

As the world confronts climate change and seeks sustainable energy solutions, the role of coal
is evolving. While it continues to be used in some regions, there is a global trend toward cleaner
energy sources to reduce environmental impacts and address climate goals
Nuclear energy is the energy released during nuclear reactions, particularly the fission of
atomic nuclei. It is a powerful and efficient source of energy that has been harnessed for various
applications, most notably electricity generation. Here are key points about nuclear energy:

Nuclear Reactions:
Fission: In nuclear fission, the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei,
releasing a large amount of energy. This process is the basis for nuclear power plants.
Fusion: Nuclear fusion involves the merging of two atomic nuclei to form a larger nucleus.
Fusion is the process that powers the sun, but controlled fusion reactions on Earth are still
under development.
Nuclear Power Plants:
Nuclear power plants use controlled nuclear fission reactions to generate heat, which is then
used to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators.
Most commercial nuclear power plants use uranium-235 or plutonium-239 as fuel.
Uranium Fuel Cycle:

Mining: Uranium is mined from the Earth's crust.

Enrichment: The uranium-235 isotope is separated and concentrated in a process called
enrichment.
Fuel Fabrication: The enriched uranium is fabricated into fuel rods for use in nuclear reactors.
Nuclear Reaction: In the reactor core, nuclear fission reactions release energy.
Advantages of Nuclear Energy:
Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Nuclear power produces electricity with low greenhouse gas
emissions compared to fossil fuels.
High Energy Density: Nuclear energy has a very high energy density, meaning that a small
amount of fuel can produce a large amount of energy.
Reliable and Baseload Power: Nuclear power provides a consistent and reliable source of
electricity, serving as baseload power.
Challenges and Concerns:

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Nuclear Accidents: High-profile accidents, such as Chernobyl (1986) and Fukushima (2011),
have raised concerns about the safety of nuclear power.
Radioactive Waste: The disposal and management of radioactive waste generated by nuclear
power plants pose challenges. Long-term storage solutions are under consideration.
Nuclear Proliferation: The use of nuclear technology raises concerns about the potential for
nuclear weapons proliferation.
Nuclear Fusion:
Nuclear fusion is the process by which stars, including the sun, generate energy. It involves the
merging of light atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.
Fusion reactions have the potential to provide a virtually limitless and clean source of energy.
However, controlled fusion reactions on Earth are technically challenging and are still in the
experimental stage.
Nuclear Energy and Climate Change:
Nuclear power is considered by some as a low-carbon alternative to fossil fuels, helping to
mitigate climate change. However, its role in addressing climate goals is debated.
Global Nuclear Landscape:

Several countries rely significantly on nuclear power for electricity generation, including the
United States, France, China, and Russia.
Some countries are expanding their nuclear energy capacity, while others are phasing out or
reconsidering their nuclear programs.
New Technologies and Innovations:
Ongoing research is focused on developing advanced nuclear reactor designs, such as small
modular reactors (SMRs), and exploring technologies like thorium fuel cycles.
Regulatory Framework:
The nuclear industry is subject to stringent safety regulations and oversight by national and
international regulatory bodies to ensure the safe operation of nuclear facilities.
Nuclear energy plays a role in the global energy mix, and its future trajectory will depend on
technological advancements, safety considerations, public perception, and the evolving energy
landscape. The discussion around nuclear energy often involves weighing its potential benefits
against the challenges and risks associated with its use.
Solar energy

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

It is a renewable and abundant source of power derived from the sun. It is harnessed using
various technologies to generate electricity, heat, and provide lighting. Here are key aspects of
solar energy:

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Technology:

Solar Cells: Solar photovoltaic cells, commonly known as solar cells, convert sunlight directly
into electricity. These cells are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon.
Solar Panels: Multiple solar cells are connected to form solar panels, and these panels can be
grouped together to create solar arrays.
Inverters: Solar inverters convert the direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into
alternating current (AC), which is the form of electricity used in homes and businesses.
Solar Thermal Technology:

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP): CSP systems use mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight
onto a small area, usually to heat a fluid. The heated fluid is then used to produce steam, which
drives turbines connected to generators to produce electricity.
Solar Water Heating: Solar collectors absorb sunlight to heat water or other fluids for residential
and commercial water heating.
Solar Energy for Electricity Generation:

Grid-Tied Systems: Solar power systems can be connected to the electrical grid, allowing
excess electricity to be fed back into the grid. This is common for residential and commercial
solar installations.
Off-Grid Systems: In remote areas or for specific applications, solar power systems can operate
independently of the grid, using energy storage systems such as batteries.
Solar Energy for Heating and Cooling:

Solar Water Heaters: Solar collectors heat water for domestic use, swimming pools, or
industrial processes.
Solar Air Conditioning: Solar energy can be used for air conditioning through systems that use
solar thermal energy or electricity generated by solar panels.
Advantages of Solar Energy:

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Renewable: Solar energy is a virtually limitless and renewable resource, as long as the sun
continues to shine.
Low Environmental Impact: Solar power generation has low environmental impact compared
to fossil fuels, with minimal air and water pollution.
Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Solar power contributes to reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, helping combat climate change.
Decentralized Energy Source: Solar panels can be installed on rooftops and in remote areas,
providing decentralized and distributed power generation.
Challenges and Considerations:

Intermittency: Solar power generation is dependent on sunlight, making it intermittent. Energy

storage solutions and grid integration are important for overcoming this challenge.
Energy Storage: The development of effective energy storage technologies is crucial for storing
excess energy generated during sunny periods for use during cloudy days or nighttime.
Land Use: Large-scale solar installations may require significant land area, potentially leading
to land use concerns in densely populated regions.
Economic Trends and Technological Advancements:

The cost of solar panels has been decreasing, making solar energy more economically
competitive.
Ongoing research focuses on improving solar cell efficiency and developing advanced
materials to enhance the performance of solar technologies.
Global Solar Capacity and Policies:

Many countries have set ambitious targets for increasing their solar capacity as part of their
efforts to transition to clean energy.
Government incentives, subsidies, and policies play a crucial role in promoting the adoption of
solar energy.
Solar energy is a key player in the transition to a more sustainable and clean energy future.
Advances in technology, energy storage, and supportive policies are likely to further enhance
the role of solar energy in the global energy mix.

17
By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Biomass refers to organic materials derived from living or recently living organisms, which
can be used as a source of energy. Biomass can be utilized for various purposes, including heat
and power generation, as well as the production of biofuels. Here are key aspects of biomass:

Types of Biomass:
Wood and Agricultural Residues: This includes wood chips, sawdust, crop residues, and other
byproducts from forestry and agriculture.
Bioenergy Crops: Certain crops, like switchgrass and miscanthus, are grown specifically for
bioenergy purposes.
Animal Manure and Wastes: Livestock and poultry manure can be used for biogas production
through anaerobic digestion.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): Organic components of household waste can be used for
energy generation.
Bioenergy Conversion Processes:

Combustion: Biomass can be burned directly to produce heat or generate electricity. This is a
common practice in residential heating and some power plants.
Biogas Production: Anaerobic digestion of organic materials, such as manure or crop residues,
produces biogas, which can be used for heat or electricity generation.
Biochemical Conversion: This includes processes like fermentation to produce biofuels such
as ethanol.
Thermochemical Conversion: Processes like pyrolysis and gasification can convert biomass
into biofuels, biochar, or syngas.
Advantages of Biomass:
Renewable: Biomass is considered renewable because it is derived from organic materials that
can be replenished.
Carbon Neutral: While burning biomass releases carbon dioxide, the carbon emitted is part of
the natural carbon cycle. Growing new biomass absorbs an equivalent amount of carbon
dioxide, making it a carbon-neutral energy source when managed sustainably.
Waste Reduction: Utilizing agricultural residues and organic waste for energy can help reduce
waste disposal problems.
Challenges and Considerations:

18
By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Land Use and Competition with Food Crops: The cultivation of bioenergy crops may compete
with land used for food production, raising concerns about food security.
Sustainability: Biomass must be harvested and managed sustainably to prevent environmental
degradation and ensure a long-term supply.
Energy Density: The energy density of biomass can be lower than that of fossil fuels, requiring
larger quantities for equivalent energy output.
Applications of Biomass:

Heat and Power Generation: Biomass is commonly used for residential heating and in power
plants to generate electricity.
Transportation Fuels: Biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, can be derived from biomass and
used as alternatives to conventional fossil fuels.
Bioproducts: Biomass can be used to produce various bioproducts, including biochar for soil
improvement and biochemicals for industrial applications.
Global Biomass Production and Policies:

Many countries have policies and incentives to promote the use of biomass for energy
production as part of their efforts to transition to renewable energy sources.
The availability and types of biomass vary by region, influencing the prominence of biomass
in the energy mix.
Research and Development:

Ongoing research focuses on improving the efficiency of biomass conversion processes,

developing new bioenergy crops, and exploring advanced technologies such as algae-based
biofuels.
Biomass plays a role in the diversification of energy sources and contributes to a more
sustainable energy future. The responsible and sustainable management of biomass resources
is critical to realizing the environmental and energy benefits associated with this renewable
energy source.

Key Energy Trends In India:

As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, several key energy trends were shaping
India's energy landscape. Keep in mind that the situation may have evolved, and it's

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

recommended to refer to the latest sources for the most up-to-date information. Here are some
key energy trends in India:

Renewable Energy Growth:

India has been making significant strides in renewable energy, particularly solar and wind
power. The country has set ambitious targets to increase the share of renewables in its energy
mix.
Solar Power Expansion:

India has become one of the world's fastest-growing solar markets. Large-scale solar projects,
including solar parks, and distributed solar installations have seen substantial growth.
Wind Power Development:

Wind energy continues to be a key component of India's renewable energy portfolio. Both
onshore and offshore wind projects have been implemented to harness wind resources.
Ambitious Renewable Energy Targets:

The Indian government has set ambitious targets for renewable energy capacity, including the
goal of achieving 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 and 450 GW by 2030.
Energy Storage Solutions:

With the increasing share of intermittent renewable energy sources, there is a growing emphasis
on energy storage solutions, including batteries, to address issues of grid stability and
reliability.
Electric Vehicles (EVs):

India has been showing interest in promoting electric mobility to reduce pollution and
dependence on fossil fuels. Policies and incentives are being introduced to encourage the
adoption of electric vehicles.
Energy Efficiency Initiatives:

20
By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

The government has been implementing various energy efficiency initiatives across sectors,
including industries and households. Programs like the Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT)
scheme aim to improve energy efficiency in industries.
Natural Gas Expansion:
There has been an emphasis on increasing the share of natural gas in the energy mix. Initiatives
such as the Pradhan Mantri Urja Ganga pipeline project aim to expand the natural gas
infrastructure.
Nuclear Power Contribution:
Nuclear power has been a part of India's energy mix, and there have been efforts to expand
nuclear capacity. The country has been working on collaborations with other nations to enhance
its nuclear capabilities.
Rural Electrification and Access:
India has been working towards achieving universal access to electricity. Programs like the
Saubhagya scheme aim to electrify all households, including those in rural and remote areas.
Energy Transition and Climate Goals:
India has been actively participating in global efforts to address climate change. The country's
energy policies are aligned with its commitments under international agreements, including the
Paris Agreement.
Green Finance and Investments:

There is an increasing focus on attracting green investments and financing for sustainable
energy projects. This includes funding from both domestic and international sources.
Hydropower and Biomass:

While the focus has been on solar and wind, hydropower and biomass continue to contribute
to India's energy mix. Small-scale hydropower projects and biomass-based energy projects are
being developed.
It's important to note that India's energy landscape is dynamic, and the government continues
to introduce new policies and initiatives to address energy security, sustainability, and
environmental concerns. For the latest information, it's recommended to refer to reports from
government agencies, energy organizations, and reputable news sources.

21
By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Access to modern energy: is a critical aspect of human development, impacting various

aspects of daily life, including health, education, economic productivity, and overall well-
being. However, a significant portion of the global population still lacks access to modern
energy services. Here are key points related to access to modern energy:

Definition of Modern Energy Services:

Modern energy services typically refer to electricity and clean cooking facilities. Access to
electricity enables lighting, communication, and the use of electric appliances, while clean
cooking facilities involve using modern and cleaner technologies for cooking, as opposed to
traditional methods like open fires and solid fuels.
Global Energy Access Challenges:

As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, around 770 million people worldwide
lacked access to electricity, and approximately 2.6 billion people still relied on traditional
biomass for cooking. The majority of these individuals are in sub-Saharan Africa and South
Asia.
Impact on Health:

Lack of access to clean cooking facilities, such as reliance on traditional biomass like wood
and animal dung, contributes to indoor air pollution. This can lead to respiratory diseases,
particularly affecting women and children who spend significant time in the household.
Economic Implications:

Access to modern energy can enhance economic opportunities. For instance, reliable electricity
enables the operation of businesses, facilitates technology adoption, and supports income-
generating activities.
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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Education and Connectivity:

Access to electricity is crucial for education. It allows for lighting in schools, making it possible
for students to study in the evening. Additionally, electricity supports connectivity, enabling
access to information and communication technologies (ICT).
Renewable Energy Solutions for Rural Areas:

In many cases, off-grid and decentralized renewable energy solutions, such as solar home
systems and mini-grids, play a vital role in providing electricity to rural and remote areas where
grid extension may be challenging.
Government Initiatives and Programs:

Many governments and international organizations have launched initiatives to address energy
poverty. These initiatives often focus on rural electrification, promoting clean cooking
solutions, and deploying renewable energy technologies.
Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7):

SDG 7 of the United Nations aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and
modern energy for all by 2030. This includes targets for universal access to electricity and
substantial increases in the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.
Challenges and Barriers:

Challenges to expanding energy access include financial constraints, lack of infrastructure,

policy and regulatory hurdles, and the remoteness of certain communities. Overcoming these
barriers requires a multi-stakeholder approach involving governments, the private sector, and
civil society.
Role of Technology and Innovation:

Advances in technology, particularly in the field of renewable energy and energy storage, are
contributing to more cost-effective and scalable solutions for energy access.
Gender Dimensions:

23
By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Lack of access to modern energy disproportionately affects women and girls. Women often
bear the responsibility for household energy tasks, and addressing energy poverty can have
positive implications for gender equality.
Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Transitions:

Addressing energy access is closely linked to broader efforts toward sustainable energy
transitions. Balancing the goals of expanding access, reducing emissions, and ensuring energy
security is crucial for long-term sustainability.
Improving access to modern energy is a multifaceted challenge that requires coordinated efforts
at the local, national, and international levels. Sustainable and inclusive solutions need to
consider the specific needs of communities and individuals while promoting clean and resilient
energy systems.

Population without access (million) Share of population without

access
Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
Uttar 80 5 85 54% 10% 44%
Pradesh

Bihar 62 2 64 69% 19% 64%

West Bengal 17 2 19 30% 7% 22%
Assam 11 0 12 45% 9% 40%
Rajasthan 10 0 11 22% 2% 17%
Odisha 10 0 11 32% 4% 27%
Jharkhand 8 1 9 35% 4% 27%
Madhya 7 1 8 16% 3% 12%
Pradesh
Maharashtra 6 2 6 11% 2% 7%

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Gujarat 2 0 3 7% 6% 6%
Chattisgarh 2 0 3 14% 6% 12%
Karnataka 1 2 1 5% 1% 3%
Other states 3 16 6 2% 2% 2%
Total 221 16 237 26% 4% 19%

Energy production and trade: are critical components of the global economy,
influencing geopolitical relationships, economic development, and environmental
sustainability. The production and trade of energy involve various sources, including fossil
fuels, renewables, and electricity. Here are key aspects related to energy production and trade:

Energy Production Sources:

Fossil Fuels: Coal, oil, and natural gas have traditionally been major sources of energy
production. They are used for electricity generation, transportation, and industrial processes.

Renewable Energy: Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass are examples of renewable
energy sources. The production of renewable energy has been growing globally as countries
seek cleaner and more sustainable alternatives.

Nuclear Energy: Nuclear power plants harness the energy released during nuclear fission
reactions to generate electricity. Nuclear energy contributes to the global energy mix but is
subject to safety and proliferation concerns.

Global Energy Trade:

Oil and Gas Trade: Oil and natural gas are globally traded commodities. Countries with
significant oil and gas reserves often export these resources to countries with high energy
demand.

25
By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Trade: The liquefaction of natural gas allows it to be transported
over long distances. LNG trade has been growing, with the development of liquefaction and
regasification infrastructure.

Coal Trade: Coal is traded internationally, with major exporters including Australia, Indonesia,
and Russia. Importing countries use coal for electricity generation and industrial purposes.

Renewable Energy Trade: There is a growing interest in the international trade of renewable
energy technologies and components. For example, solar panels and wind turbines are
manufactured in one country and exported to others.

Electricity Trade: Cross-border electricity trade occurs between neighboring countries or

regions. Interconnected grids and power lines enable the transmission of electricity across
borders.

Key Players in Energy Production and Trade:

OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries): OPEC is a group of oil-producing

countries that coordinate policies to stabilize oil markets and ensure a steady income for
member countries.

Major Energy Exporters: Countries like Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United States, and Canada
are major exporters of oil, natural gas, and coal.

Energy-Intensive Industries: Certain countries, such as China and Germany, are known for their
energy-intensive industries and are both consumers and producers of energy.

Geopolitical Implications:

Energy Security: Access to reliable and affordable energy resources is a key aspect of national
security for many countries.

26
By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Dependency on Energy Imports: Some countries heavily rely on energy imports, making them
vulnerable to geopolitical events that could disrupt the supply chain.

Geopolitical Tensions: Control over energy resources and transportation routes can lead to
geopolitical tensions and conflicts.

Transition to Clean Energy:

Renewable Energy Transition: Many countries are transitioning to cleaner energy sources to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address climate change. This transition impacts the
production and trade dynamics of energy.

Global Cooperation: International efforts and agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, aim to
facilitate global cooperation in transitioning to a more sustainable energy future.

Technological Innovations:

Advancements in Energy Technologies: Technological innovations, such as improvements in

solar and wind technologies, energy storage, and smart grids, influence the dynamics of energy
production and trade.

Digitalization and Smart Technologies: Digital technologies play a role in optimizing energy
production, improving efficiency, and enabling smarter management of energy grids.

Energy Access and Equity:

Global Disparities: There are significant disparities in energy access and consumption between
developed and developing countries. Addressing these disparities requires international
collaboration and investment.

Energy Transition Challenges: Developing countries often face challenges in transitioning to

cleaner energy sources while meeting the growing energy demands of their populations.

27
By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Energy production and trade are integral to the functioning of modern economies, and the
global energy landscape is undergoing significant changes due to the transition to cleaner and
more sustainable energy sources. Balancing economic development, energy security, and
environmental concerns is a complex challenge that requires international cooperation and
innovative solutions.

India's energy development is influenced by a multitude of factors, reflecting the

complex interplay of economic, social, environmental, and geopolitical considerations. Several
key factors affect the trajectory of India's energy sector. Here are some of the primary factors:

Population Growth and Urbanization:

India has a large and growing population. The demand for energy is closely linked to population
growth and urbanization. As more people move to urban areas, the demand for energy-intensive
services and infrastructure increases.
Economic Growth and Industrialization:
Rapid economic growth and industrialization drive increased energy demand. The expansion
of manufacturing, construction, and other industries contributes to the growing need for
electricity and other forms of energy.
Energy Access and Electrification:
Ensuring universal access to electricity is a priority for India. Efforts to improve energy access
involve expanding the electricity grid, promoting off-grid solutions, and addressing energy
poverty in rural and remote areas.
Renewable Energy Targets and Climate Commitments:

28
By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

India has set ambitious targets for renewable energy capacity as part of its commitment to
combating climate change. These targets include significant contributions from solar, wind,
and other renewable sources.
Policy and Regulatory Framework:
The policy environment, including regulatory frameworks, plays a crucial role in shaping the
energy sector. Policies related to renewable energy incentives, market structures, and energy
efficiency standards influence investment decisions and the adoption of new technologies.
Technological Advancements:

Advances in energy technologies, such as improvements in solar and wind power, energy
storage, and smart grid systems, impact the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of various energy
options.
Investment Climate and Financing:
Access to finance and the investment climate are critical for implementing large-scale energy
projects. Public and private investments, both domestic and international, are crucial for
meeting the funding requirements of India's energy sector.
Energy Security and Diversification:

Ensuring energy security is a key consideration for India. Diversification of energy sources,
including a mix of fossil fuels and renewables, is important for reducing dependence on any
single energy resource and mitigating supply risks.
Fossil Fuel Dependency and Imports:

India is a significant importer of fossil fuels, particularly oil and natural gas. Global market
dynamics, geopolitical factors, and price fluctuations impact the energy security and economic
stability of the country.
Infrastructure Development:

The development of energy infrastructure, including power generation, transmission, and

distribution systems, is crucial for meeting growing demand and ensuring a reliable and
resilient energy supply.
Energy Efficiency Measures:

29
By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Improving energy efficiency in various sectors, including industry, transportation, and

buildings, is a priority for India. Energy efficiency measures contribute to reducing overall
energy demand and environmental impact.
Social and Environmental Considerations:

Social and environmental factors, including concerns related to air quality, water usage, and
land use, influence decisions regarding energy projects and technologies.
Geopolitical Relations and Energy Trade:

Geopolitical factors, including relationships with energy-producing countries and global

energy trade dynamics, influence the availability and pricing of energy resources.
Community Engagement and Local Impact:

Community engagement and addressing the local impact of energy projects, particularly in
areas where resource extraction or power generation occurs, are essential for sustainable and
socially responsible energy development.
Understanding and managing these factors in a coordinated manner is essential for India to
meet its energy goals, ensure energy security, and contribute to global efforts for a sustainable
and low-carbon energy future. Government policies, technological innovation, investment
strategies, and public awareness all play integral roles in shaping the energy landscape in India.

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Fig.: GDP per capita and total GDP for selected countries, 1990 and 2013

The policy and institutional framework plays a crucial role in shaping and governing
the energy sector of any country. In the case of India, a variety of policies and institutions are
in place to guide and regulate the energy industry. As of my last knowledge update in
September 2021, here are some key aspects of India's policy and institutional framework
related to energy:
Policies:
National Energy Policy:
India has a National Energy Policy that outlines the government's vision and strategies for the
energy sector. This policy covers aspects such as energy security, affordability, and
sustainability.
Renewable Energy Policy:
India has set ambitious targets for the development of renewable energy. The National Solar
Mission and National Wind Mission are examples of policies focused on promoting solar and
wind energy, respectively.
Electricity Policy:
The Electricity Act of 2003 is a landmark legislation that governs the generation, transmission,
distribution, and trading of electricity in India. It encourages competition and private sector
participation in the power sector.
Energy Efficiency Policies:
The Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) scheme and the Standards & Labeling program are
initiatives aimed at improving energy efficiency in industries and appliances, respectively.
Rural Electrification Policies:
Programs like the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) focus on rural
electrification and improving the quality of power supply in rural areas.
Bioenergy Policy:
The National Biofuel Policy aims to promote the production and use of biofuels in India to
reduce dependency on fossil fuels and address environmental concerns.
Energy Conservation Act:

31
By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

The Energy Conservation Act of 2001 provides the legal framework for energy conservation
initiatives and the establishment of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) to implement
energy efficiency programs.
Smart Grid Policy:
The National Smart Grid Mission aims to modernize the electricity distribution network by
incorporating advanced technologies for efficient and reliable power delivery.
Institutional Framework:
Ministry of Power:
The Ministry of Power is responsible for the development of policies and programs related to
power generation, transmission, and distribution. It oversees the Central Electricity Authority
(CEA) and other key institutions.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE):
MNRE is the nodal ministry for the development and deployment of renewable energy in India.
It formulates policies and programs to promote solar, wind, bioenergy, and other renewable
sources.
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC):
CERC is the regulatory body that formulates regulations and policies related to the power
sector. It plays a crucial role in ensuring fair competition, promoting efficiency, and protecting
consumer interests.
State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs):
Each state in India has its own electricity regulatory commission responsible for regulating the
power sector within the state, including setting tariffs and ensuring compliance with
regulations.
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE):
BEE is responsible for implementing energy efficiency programs and standards. It works
towards promoting energy conservation and efficiency across various sectors.
Central Power Sector Utilities:
Organizations like NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) and Power Grid Corporation
of India are key players in power generation and transmission at the national level.
National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog):

NITI Aayog plays a strategic role in formulating energy policies and providing long-term
development plans for the energy sector.

32
By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

National Renewable Energy Development Agency (NREDA):

NREDA plays a crucial role in promoting and implementing renewable energy projects in the
country.
Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL):
EESL is a public energy services company that implements energy efficiency projects and
programs, including the distribution of energy-efficient appliances.
Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA):
IREDA is a financial institution that provides loans and financial assistance for renewable
energy projects.
It's important to note that policies and institutions are dynamic, and changes may have occurred
since my last update. The effectiveness of these policies and institutions is continually
evaluated and adjusted to address evolving challenges and opportunities in the energy sector.

Energy prices and affordability are critical considerations that impact individuals,
businesses, and economies. The cost of energy can influence economic development,
household budgets, and the competitiveness of industries. Here are key factors and
considerations related to energy prices and affordability:
Factors Affecting Energy Prices:
Supply and Demand Dynamics:
The fundamental economic principle of supply and demand plays a central role in determining
energy prices. If demand exceeds supply, prices tend to rise, and vice versa.
Global Oil and Gas Markets:
Oil and gas prices are influenced by global market dynamics, geopolitical events, production
levels, and the policies of major oil-producing countries. Changes in oil prices can have
cascading effects on various energy sectors.
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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Renewable Energy Costs:

The costs of renewable energy technologies, such as solar and wind, have been decreasing over
time. The competitiveness of renewables relative to traditional sources influences energy
pricing.
Infrastructure and Transportation Costs:
The costs associated with transporting and distributing energy, as well as maintaining
infrastructure such as power grids and pipelines, contribute to overall energy prices.
Government Policies and Taxes:
Government policies, including taxation and subsidies, can impact energy prices. Subsidies
may be used to make energy more affordable for consumers, while taxes can contribute to
higher prices.
Exchange Rates:
Energy prices are often denominated in international currencies, and fluctuations in exchange
rates can affect the cost of imported energy resources.
Technological Advances:
Technological advancements can impact the cost of extracting, refining, and generating energy.
Innovations in extraction techniques, renewable energy technologies, and energy storage can
influence prices.
Environmental Regulations:
Regulations aimed at reducing environmental impact, such as emissions standards, can lead to
additional costs for industries, potentially affecting energy prices.
Affordability Considerations:
Household Energy Bills:

Affordable energy is crucial for households. High energy prices can strain household budgets,
especially for low-income families. Governments may implement measures to protect
vulnerable consumers.
Industrial Competitiveness:
Industries require affordable energy to remain competitive. High energy costs can impact
manufacturing costs, affecting the competitiveness of businesses in both domestic and
international markets.
Economic Growth:

34
By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Energy affordability is linked to economic growth. Access to affordable and reliable energy
supports economic activities and job creation.
Energy Poverty:
Energy poverty exists when people are unable to access or afford the energy services needed
for a decent standard of living. This is a concern, particularly in developing countries.
Social Equity:
Ensuring energy affordability contributes to social equity. Governments and policymakers may
implement programs to address energy poverty and provide support to vulnerable populations.
Subsidies and Support Programs:
Governments may implement energy subsidy programs to keep prices affordable for
consumers. These subsidies can target specific energy sources or consumer groups.
Investment in Energy Efficiency:
Improving energy efficiency can contribute to affordability by reducing overall energy
consumption and costs for consumers and businesses.
Diversification of Energy Sources:
Diversifying energy sources, including incorporating renewable energy, can contribute to long-
term affordability and resilience against price volatility in fossil fuel markets.
Global Comparisons:
Affordability is often assessed in comparison to income levels. The ratio of energy expenditures
to income provides insights into the affordability of energy services.
Rural and Remote Areas:
Ensuring energy affordability in rural and remote areas is a specific challenge. Governments
may need to address the unique circumstances of these regions to provide affordable and
reliable energy services.
Efforts to enhance energy affordability often involve a combination of market-based
mechanisms, regulatory policies, subsidies, and targeted support programs. Achieving a
balance between affordability, environmental sustainability, and security of supply is a key
challenge for policymakers and energy stakeholders.

Social and environmental aspects Local air pollution

Local air pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances in the air at levels that can
adversely affect human health, the environment, and the quality of life in a specific

35
By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

geographical area. Various social and environmental aspects are associated with local air
pollution, and addressing these issues is crucial for public health and sustainable development.
Here are key considerations related to social and environmental aspects of local air pollution:

Social Aspects:
Public Health Impact:

Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases: Exposure to air pollutants such as particulate matter
(PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone can contribute to respiratory and cardiovascular
diseases, impacting the health of local communities.
Vulnerable Populations:

Children and the Elderly: Vulnerable populations, such as children and the elderly, are more
susceptible to the health effects of air pollution.
Low-Income Communities: Residents of low-income communities may face higher exposure
to air pollutants due to factors such as proximity to industrial facilities and limited access to
healthcare.

Quality of Life:
High levels of air pollution can reduce the quality of life in affected areas. Factors such as
unpleasant odors, visibility reduction, and outdoor activity restrictions can impact residents'
well-being.
Economic Impacts:
Healthcare Costs: Increased prevalence of health issues related to air pollution can lead to
higher healthcare costs for individuals and communities.
Productivity Losses: Illnesses caused by air pollution can result in productivity losses, affecting
the economy.
Environmental Justice:
Air pollution can exacerbate environmental justice issues, with marginalized communities
often facing a disproportionate burden of pollution from nearby industrial facilities.
Community Awareness and Advocacy:

36
By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

Social aspects also include community awareness and advocacy. Local residents may engage
in efforts to raise awareness, participate in monitoring initiatives, and advocate for policies that
reduce air pollution.
Environmental Aspects:
Impact on Ecosystems:
Air pollution can harm ecosystems, including soil, water bodies, and vegetation. Acid rain,
which results from air pollution, can have detrimental effects on aquatic environments and soil
quality.
Biodiversity Loss:
Exposure to certain air pollutants can contribute to biodiversity loss. Plants, animals, and
microorganisms may be adversely affected by pollutants, impacting ecosystem balance.
Climate Change:
Certain air pollutants, such as black carbon (soot) and methane, contribute to climate change.
Local air pollution is often intertwined with broader environmental issues related to global
warming and climate change.
Agricultural Impacts:
Air pollution can affect crops and agricultural productivity. Ground-level ozone, for example,
can damage crops and reduce yields.
Air Quality Index (AQI):

Monitoring air quality through tools like the Air Quality Index helps assess the environmental
impact of local air pollution. Poor air quality can lead to regulatory actions and public
awareness initiatives.
Emission Sources:
Identifying and regulating sources of emissions, such as industrial facilities, transportation, and
residential sources, are essential for addressing environmental aspects of air pollution.
Air Quality Regulations and Policies:

Implementation of air quality regulations and policies is critical for mitigating environmental
impacts. This includes emission standards for industries, vehicle emission standards, and land-
use planning to reduce pollution.
Technological Solutions:

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Energy and Environment [18ME751] APS College of Engineering, Bangalore

The adoption of cleaner technologies and practices, such as the use of renewable energy,
electric vehicles, and improved industrial processes, contributes to mitigating environmental
impacts.
Air Quality Monitoring and Data Analysis:

Regular monitoring of air quality and data analysis are fundamental for understanding the
environmental aspects of local air pollution and formulating effective strategies for
improvement.
Addressing both social and environmental aspects of local air pollution requires a
comprehensive approach involving collaboration between government authorities, industries,
communities, and other stakeholders. Strategies may include regulatory measures, community
engagement, technological advancements, and the promotion of sustainable practices to reduce
emissions and improve air quality

Fig.17: Power genera on capacity by type of ownership in India

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By: Prof. Satyabodh Raichur Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering