Conditions and If Statements

C supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics:

Less than or equal to a <= b

Greater than: a > b

Less than a < b

Greater than or equal to: a >=

b

Equal to a == b

Not Equal to: a != b

C has the following conditional statements:

Conditions and If Statements 1

 Use if to specify a block of code to be executed, if a specified condition is
true

Use else to specify a block of code to be executed, if the same condition is

false

Use else if to specify a new condition to test, if the first condition is false

Use switch to specify many alternative blocks of code to be executed

The if Statement
Use the if statement to specify a block of code to be executed if a condition is
true .

Syntax :

if (condition) {
// block of code to be executed if the condition is true
}

💡 Note that if is in lowercase letters. Uppercase letters (If or IF) will

generate an error.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int x = 20;
int y = 18;
if (x > y)
{
printf("x is greater than y");
}

Conditions and If Statements 2

 return 0;
}

The else Statement

Use the else statement to specify a block of code to be executed if the condition
is false .

Syntax:

if (condition) {
// block of code to be executed if the condition is true
} else {
// block of code to be executed if the condition is false
}

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int time = 20;
if (time < 18)
{
printf("Good day.");
}
else
{
printf("Good evening.");
}
return 0;
}

The else if Statement

Conditions and If Statements 3

 Use the else if statement to specify a new condition if the first condition is false .
Syntax:

if (condition1)
{
// block of code to be executed if condition1 is true
}
else if (condition2)
{
// block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and
}
else
{
// block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and
}

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int time = 22;
if (time < 10)
{
printf("Good morning.");
}
else if (time < 20) {
printf("Good day.");
}
else
{
printf("Good evening.");
}

Conditions and If Statements 4

 return 0;
}

The multiple else if Statement

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int marks = 91;
if (marks <= 100 && marks >= 90)
printf("A+ Grade");
else if (marks < 90 && marks >= 80)
printf("A Grade");
else if (marks < 80 && marks >= 70)
printf("B Grade");
else if (marks < 70 && marks >= 60)
printf("C Grade");
else if (marks < 60 && marks >= 50)
printf("D Grade");
else
printf("F Failed");
return 0;
}

C Switch Statement:
Instead of writing many if..else statements, you can use the switch statement.

The switch statement selects one of many code blocks to be executed:

Syntax:

switch(expression)
{
case x:

Conditions and If Statements 5

 // code block
break;
case y:
// code block
break;
default:
// code block
}

This is how it works:

The switch expression is evaluated once

The value of the expression is compared with the values of each case

If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed

The break statement breaks out of the switch block and stops the execution

The default statement is optional, and specifies some code to run if there is
no case match

Example

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int day = 4;
switch (day) {
case 1:
printf("Monday");
break;
case 2:
printf("Tuesday");
break;
case 3:
printf("Wednesday");
break;

Conditions and If Statements 6

 case 4:
printf("Thursday");
break;
case 5:
printf("Friday");
break;
case 6:
printf("Saturday");
break;
case 7:
printf("Sunday");
break;
}

return 0;
}

The break Keyword

When C reaches a break keyword, it breaks out of the switch block.

This will stop the execution of more code and case testing inside the block.
When a match is found, and the job is done, it's time for a break. There is no need
for more testing.

The default Keyword

The default keyword specifies some code to run if there is no case match:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int day = 4;

switch (day) {

Conditions and If Statements 7

 case 6:
printf("Today is Saturday");
break;
case 7:
printf("Today is Sunday");
break;
default:
printf("Looking forward to the Weekend");
}

return 0;
}

Example 1: Simple Calculator

// Program to create a simple calculator
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
char operation;
double n1, n2;

printf("Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): ");

scanf("%c", &operation);
printf("Enter two operands: ");
scanf("%lf %lf",&n1, &n2);

switch(operation)
{
case '+':
printf("%f + %f = %f",n1, n2, n1+n2);
break;

Conditions and If Statements 8

 case '-':
printf("%f - %f = %f",n1, n2, n1-n2);
break;

case '*':
printf("%f * %f = %f",n1, n2, n1*n2);
break;

case '/':
printf("%f / %f = %f",n1, n2, n1/n2);
break;

// operator doesn't match any case constant +, -, *, /

default:
printf("Error! operator is not correct");
}

return 0;
}

Output:

Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): -

Enter two operands: 32.5
12.4
32.5 - 12.4 = 20.1

Example 2:Program to check vowel or

consonant using switch case

Conditions and If Statements 9

 #include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
char ch;

/* Input an alphabet from user */

printf("Enter any alphabet: ");
scanf("%c", &ch);

/* Switch value of ch */
switch(ch)
{
case 'a':
printf("Vowel %c",ch);
break;
case 'e':
printf("Vowel %c",ch);
break;
case 'i':
printf("Vowel %c",ch);
break;
case 'o':
printf("Vowel %c",ch);
break;
case 'u':
printf("Vowel %c",ch);
break;
case 'A':
printf("Vowel %c",ch);
break;
case 'E':
printf("Vowel %c",ch);
break;
case 'I':

Conditions and If Statements 10

 printf("Vowel %c",ch);
break;
case 'O':
printf("Vowel %c",ch);
break;
case 'U':
printf("Vowel %c",ch);
break;
default:
printf("Vowel %c",ch);
}

return 0;
}

Conditions and If Statements 11