ISBN : 978-81-951800-8-0

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ysf[kdk
MkW- lqjs[kk tokns

Aditi Publication
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
 HkkoukRed cqf)eÙkk
¼Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ; ksa dh
laosxkRed cqf) dk rqyukRed v/;;u½

ys f [kdk
MkW- lqjs[kk tokns
fHkykbZ] ftyk&nwxZ] NRrhlx<+] Hkkjr

Publisher
Aditi Publication, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, INDIA
 HkkoukRed cqf)eÙkk
¼Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh
laosxkRed cqf) dk rqyukRed v/;;u½
2021
Edition - 01
Date of Publication : 27/07/2021

ysf[kdk
MkW- lqjs[kk tokns
fHkykbZ] ftyk&nwxZ] NRrhlx<+] Hkkjr
ISBN : 978-81-951800-8-0
Copyright© All Rights Reserved
No parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior
written permission of original publisher.
Price : Rs. 180/-

Printed by
Yash Offest,
Lily Chowk, Purani Basti Raipur
Tahasil & District Raipur Chhattisgarh, India

Publisher :
Aditi Publication,
Near Ice factory, Opp Sakti Sound Service Gali,
Kushalpur, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, INDIA
+91 9425210308
 vuqØef.kdk
CH. Title Page
01- 1-0 çLrkouk 01
1-1 v/;;u dk egRo 03
1-1-1 laosx 04
1-1-2 cqf) 07
1-1-3 laosxkRed cqf) dh vo/kkj.kk 11
1-2 leL;k dFku18
1-3 lafØ;kRed ifjHkk"kk 18
1-3-1 Nk=koklh 18
1-3-2 xSj Nk=oklh 18
1-3-3 laosxkRed cqf) 18
1-4 v/;;u dh lkFkZdrk 19
1-5 v/;;u dk mís'; 19
1-6 v/;;u dh ifjdYiuk 19
1-7 v/;;u dk ifjlhek 20
02- 2-0 lacaf/kr 'kks/k dk;ksaZ dk v/;;u 21
2-1 lacaf/kr 'kks/k v/;;u Hkwfedk 21
2-2 Hkkjrh; i`"BHkwfe ls lacfa /kr 'kks/k v/;;u 21
2-3 fons'kh i`"BHkwfe ls lacfa /kr 'kks/k v/;;u 26
03- 3-0 'kks/k i)fr 29
3-1 Hkwfedk 29
3-1-1 vuqla/kku ds çdkj 30
3-2 'kks/k çk#i 31
3-3 'kks/k çfof/k 31
 3-4 tula[;k 32
3-5 çfrn'kZ 33
3-5-1 çfrn'kZ fof/k 35
3-6 midj.k 36
3-6-1 midj.k dh O;k[;k 37
3-6-2 midj.k dk ç'kklu 39
3-6-3 ijh{k.k dk Qykadu 39
3-6-4 ijh{k.k p;u dk ekinaM 39
3-7 vkadM+ksa dk lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k 40
04- 4-0 çnÙkkas dh çkfIr] O;k[;k ,oa fo'ys"k.k 43
4-1 Hkwfedk 43
4-2 çnÙkkasa dh O;k[;k ,oa fo'ys"k.k 44
4-3 ifjdYiukvksa dh iqf"V 45
05- fu"d"kZ] lq>ko ,oa vuqdj.kh; v/;;u
5-1 Hkwfedk 52
5-2 fu"d"kZ 52
5-3 lq>ko 53
5-4 Hkkoh v/;;u gsrq çLrkfor leL;k, 54
06- lkjka' k
6-1 Hkwfedk 56
6-2 v/;;u dk egRo 56
6-3 laosx 57
6-4 cqf) 58
6-5 laosxkRed cqf) dh vo/kkj.kk 59
6-5-1 laosxkRed cqf) ds rRo 59
 6-5-2 laosxkRed cqf) dk ç;ksx 60
6-5-3 laosxkRed cqf) dk vHkko 60
6-5-4 laosxkRed cqf) vf/kxe 60
6-6 leL;k dFku 60
6-7 lafØ;kRed ifjHkk"kk 61
6-7-1 Nk=koklh 61
6-7-2 xSj Nk=koklh 61
6-7-3 laosxkRed cqf) 61
6-8 v/;;u dk mís'; 61
6-9 v/;;u dh ifjdYiuk 62
6-10 v/;;u dh ifjlhek 63
6-11 tula[;k 63
6-12 çfrn'kZ 63
6-13 'kks/k çk:i 64
6-14 'kks/k çfof/k 64
6-15 midj.k 64
6-16 fu"d"kZ 65

lanHkZ xzaFk lwph (Annexure-I) 67

'kCnkoyh (Annexure-II) 70
ifjf'k"V laosxkRed cqf) ekiuh 74
 lkj.kh lwph
Ø lkj.kh fooj.k i` " B
Øeka d la[ ;k
1- 3-1 fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr Nk=koklh 32
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k
2- 3-2 fo|ky; esa v/;;ujr xSj Nk=koklh 33
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k
3- 3-3 fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr p;fur 36
Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k
4- 3-4 fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr p;fur xSj 36
Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k
5- 4-1 Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh laosxkRed cqf) ds e/;eku] 46
çekf.kd fopyu ,oa Vh eku
6- 4-2 Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=ksa dh
laosxkRed cqf) ds e/;eku] çekf.kd 47
fopyu ,oa Vh eku
7- 4-3 Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=kvksa
dh laosxkRed cqf) ds e/;eku] 48
çekf.kd fopyu ,oa Vh eku
8- 4-4 Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh
laosxkRed cqf) ds e/;eku] 49
çekf.kd fopyu ,oa Vh eku
9- 4-5 xSj Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh
laosxkRed cqf) ds e/;eku] 49
çekf.kd fopyu ,oa Vh eku
 v/;k; 01
1-0 çLrkouk
,d jk"Vª vFkok lekt ds fy, lcls egRoiw.kZ lk/ku
ekuo gSA f'k{kk ekuo fodkl dk ewy vk/kkj gSaSA blds }kjk
euq"; dh tUetkr 'kfä;ksa dk fodkl] mlds Kku ,oa
dyk&dkS'ky esa o`f) ,oa O;ogkj esa ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gS
vkSj mls lH;] lqlaL—r ,oa ;ksX; ukxfjd cuk;k tkrk gSA
vkSj ;g dk;Z euq"; ds tUe ls çkjEHk gks tkrk gSA cPps ds
tUe ds dqN fnu ckn gh mlds ekrk&firk ,oa ifjokj ds
vU; lnL; mls lquuk vkSj cksyuk fl[kkus yxrs gSAa ijEijkxr
:i esa ekrk&firk gh iw.kZ:i ls ckyd ds thou ds çkjfEHkd
o"kksZ esa mlds fodkl ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSA to cPpk
dqN cM+k gksrk gSA rks mls mBus&cSBus] pyus&fQjus] [kkus&ihus
rFkk lkekftd vkpj.k dh fof/k;k¡ fl[kkbZ tkus yxrh gSaA
fo|ky; esa mldh f'k{kk cM+s lqfu;ksftr <+ax ls pyrh gSA
fo|ky; ds lkFk&lkFk mls ifjokj ,oa leqnk; esa Hkh dqN u
dqN fl[k;k tkrk jgrk gS vkSj lh[kus&fl[kkus dk ;g Øe
fo|ky; NksM+us ds ckn Hkh pyrk jgrk gS rFkk ;g çfØ;k
thou Hkj pyrh jgrh gSA lekt esa lnSo pyus okyk ;g
ç;kstu f'k{kk gSA f'k{kk tgka ,d vksj O;fä dk lexz fodkl
djrh gS] rks nwljh vksj og mls çR;sd ifjfLFkfr esa dk;Z
djus ,oa lek;kstu djus ds Hkh ;ksX; cukrh gSA f'k{kk ds ek/
;e ls gh O;fä dk 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] vkfFkZd] uSfrd vkSj
vk/;kfRed fodkl laHko gSA
f'k{kk ds }kjk gh mlds pfj= dk fuekZ.k laHko gSA
ftlls yxHkx lHkh f'kf{kr ,oa vius thou esa fodkl fd
1
vksj vxzlj jgrs gSA orZeku esa gesa ml f'k{kk dh vko';drk
gS ftlds }kjk pfj= dk fuekZ.k gks ] efLr"d dh 'kfä c<+s]
cqf) dk fodkl gks vkSj euq"; vius iSjksa ij [kM+k gks ldsA
;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd f'k{kk ckyd ds uSfrd] 'kkjhfjd]
lsosxkRed] ckSf)d ,oa vkUrfjd Kku dks ckgj ykus esa ;ksx
nsus okyh ,d fØ;k gSA pfj= fuekZ.k esa ekuoh; laosxksa dh
Hkwfedk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA f'k{kk txr ls tqM+s
fo|kFkhZ dk;ksaZ dks Lo;a ds laosxks ls çsfjr gksdj gh djrs gSaA
bl çdkj ds laosx fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds laosxkRed fodkl vkSj
O;ogkj ds vk/kkj gSA tc ckyd dk"'kkjhfjd fodkl gks jgk
gksrk gS] mlds laosxkRed rFkk lkeftd fodkl dh uhao j[kh
tk jgh gksrh gS] ml le; ekrk firk dk çHkko gh lcls
egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA
çkphu Hkkjr ds euh"kh bl rF; ls HkyhHkkafr voxr Fks
fd f'k{kk O;fä ds lokaZxh.k fodkl] lekt dh prqZeq[kh
mUufr vkSj lH;rk dh cgqeq[kh çxfr dh vk/kkjf'kyk gSA vr%
mUgksaus f'k{kk dh ,slh ç'kaluh; ç.kkyh dk çfriknu fd;k
ftlus u dsoy fo'kky oSfnd lkfgR; j[kk] oju Kku ds fof/
k {ks=ksa esa ekSfyd fopkjdksa dks Hkh tUe fn;k] ftuls Hkkjr dk
HkkX; vkt Hkh xkSjo ls mUur gSA f'k{kk ds }kjk fu#ik; vkSj
ijk/khu O;fä lc çdkj ls fodflr gksdj lekt esa mi;qä
LFkku xzg.k djrk gSA f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls gh ekuo tkfr }kjk
vftZr lgL=ksa o"kksaZ ds vuqHko ckyd dks gLrkarfjr dj fn,
tkrs gSA f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls gh og vius lekt dh laL—fr
dks xzg.k djrk gSA f'k{kk ds }kjk gh mlds pfj= dk fuekZ.k
gksrk gS vkSj og vkRe fodkl ds iFk ij vxzlj gksrk gSA
çkphudky ls ysdj vk/kqfud dky rd le;kuqlkj
2
v/;;ujr fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, O;oLFkk,a cukbZ xbZA tgka
çkphudky esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks xgu v/;;u ds fy, xq#dqy
tSlh O;oLFkk,a Hkh nh xbZ Fkh] ftlds rgr xq#dqy esa jgdj
v/;;ujr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] pkfjf=d] uSfrd
vkSj vk/;kfRed fodkl vis{kk—r csgrj gqvk gSA blh ijEijk
dks viukrs gq, vkt vk/kqfud #i ls bl O;oLFkk dks
Nk=kokl dk uke fn;k x;k gSA
f'k{kk ekrk ds leku ikyu&iks"k.k djrh gSA firk ds
leku mfpr ekxZ n'kZu }kjk vius dk;ksaZ esa yxkrh gS rFkk
iRuh dh Hkkafr lkalkfjd fparkvksa dks nwj djds çlUurk çnku
djrh gSA f'k{kk ds }kjk gh gekjh dhfrZ dk çdk'k pkjks vksj
QSyrk gS rFkk f'k{kk gh gekjh leL;kvksa dks lqy>krh gS ,oa
gekjs thou dks lqlaL—r cukrh gSA

Hkkjrh; –f"Vdks.k esa f'k{kk dk vFkZ gS vkRe lk{kkRdkj]

vkRe[kkst ca/kuksa ls eqfä] ln~xq.kksa dk fodkl o euq"; ds
vanj fn, nsoRo fd çkfIrA f'k{kk euq"; dks nsoRo ds Lrj
rd ys tkus okyh çfØ;k gSA blesa f'k{kk ds vk/;kfRed
fopkjksa] pfj= fuekZ.k rFkk Kku dk çHkko >ydrk gSA f'k{kk
euq"; ds thou dk #ikUrj.k dj mls mnkr xq.kksa ls eafMr
djrh gSA
1-1 v/;;u dk egRo
vkt vk/kqfud ih<+h esa ckydksa esa vusd çdkj dh
3
leL;k,a gS] tSls dqlek;kstu ço`fÙk] vijk/kh ço`fÙk vkfn
bldk dkj.k gS fd os HkkokRed #i ls fLFkj ugha gSA D;ksafd
mUgsa ikydksa] f'k{kdksa dk lgh funsZ'ku ugha feyrkA ;g muds
dSfj;j dks çHkkfor djrk gS rFkk os thou esa lQy ugha gksrs
fdUrq ;fn ckyd dks ,d LoLFk okrkoj.k fn;k tk, rks og
vklkuh ls lg;ksxkRed O;ogkj] vuq'kkflr thou] lQyrk
fy, çsfjr O;ogkj viuk ysxkA vkt fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds
varxZr f'k{kk ds {ks= esa Økafr vk pwfd gSA leL;kvksa ds ckjs
esa vkt gesa iw.kZ vkSj lE;d~ tkudkjh dh vko';drk gS rFkk
mu leL;kvksa ds funku fd Hkh vko';drk gSA ;fn ckyd
dks ,d LoLFk okrkoj.k u fn;k tk, tks mlds O;ogkj esa
ruko] Øks/k] i<+kbZ esa v#fp o fdlh pht dks ikus esa
dfBukbZ gksus yxrh gSA
ckydksa ds 'kkjhfjd fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk mldk laox s kRed]
lkekftd ,oa ekufld fodkl Hkh gksrk jgrk gSA laosxkRed
cqf) dk fodkl ekuo thou ds fodkl ,oa mUufr ds fy,
viuk fo'ks"k egRo j[krk gSA ;g fodkl ekuo ds lEiw.kZ
thou dks çHkkfor djrk gSA buds lgh fodkl ds vHkko esa
O;fä dk lEiw.kZ O;fäRo fu/kkZfjr gks tkrk gSA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) dks le>us ds mís'; ls
gekjk ;g v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA laosx ds dkj.k dHkh&dHkh
O;fä bruk çsfjr gks tkrk gS fd tkfr] /keZ] ns'k vkSj ekuork
ds fy, cM+s&cM+s dk;Z djus ds fy, rRij gks tkrk gS vkSj
,sls dk;Z Hkh dj tkrk gSA
1-1-1 laosx
cPps dh f'k{kk rFkk fodkl esa ço`fÙk;ksa dh Hkk¡fr laosx
Hkh çeq[k 'kfä gSA laosxksa dks deksZ dk Jksr dgk tkrk gSA
4
ftl çdkj Qwy esa lqxa/k gksrh gS mlh rjg gj ekuoh; fØ;k
esa laosx gksrs gSaA laosx dk vFkZ gS fgykuk] mÙksftr djuk]
dkSrwgy iSnk djuk ;k míhIr djukA laosx Hkko ;k vuqHkwfr
ds vfr fudV gksus ds dkj.k tc Hkko dh ek=k c<+rh gS rc
'kjhj míhIr gks tkrk gSA bl míhIr voLFkk dks gh laosx
¼Hk;] Øks/k] çse] fpark] bZ";kZ] ftKklk½ dgrs gSaA euq"; viuh
jkstkuk dh ftUnxh esa lq[k] nq%[k] Hk;] Øks/k] çse bZ";kZ ]?k`.kk
vkfn dk vuqHko djrk gSA ekuo thou esa laosxksa dk vR;f/
kd egRo gSA ;fn laosxksa dk fodkl larqfyr #i ls ugha
gksrk gS rks O;fä dk laiw.kZ O;fäRo fo?kfVr gks tkrk gSA
laosx ekuo O;ogkj dk vlkekU; vax gS ftldk vFkZ mÙksftr
djuk gSA tc Hkh laosxkRed O;ogkj çdV gksrk gS] dqN u
dqN fo'ks"krk,a çdV gksrh gSA laosxks esa 'kkjhfjd ifjorZu gksrs
gS vFkkZr~ tc ge laosxksa ds çHkkok/khu gksrs gSa rks gekjs Hkhrj
'kkjhfjd ifjorZu vk tkrk gSa] ;Fkk fny dh /kM+du esa] ukM+h
dh xfr esa cYM çS'kj esa] ikpu laLFkku esa] xzafFk;ksa rFkk ukM+h
laLFkku dh çfrfØ;k esa rcknhyh vk tkrh gSA
laosx çHkko'kkyh vuqfØ;k ds leku gksrk gSA ;g
'kjhj ds lekU; ,oa 'kkjhfjd çfrfØ;kvksa ds #i esa O;ä gksrk
gSA
xsV~l ds vuqlkj
^laosx os ?kVuk;sa gSa ftuesa euq"; v'kkUr ;k mÙksftr
gksrk gSA*
j‚l ds vuqlkj
^laosx psruk gh og voLFkk gS ftlesa laosxkRed rRo
dh ç/kkurk jgrh gSA*
5
 jkWl ds vuqlkj
^laosx lEiw.kZ O;fä dk rhoz miæo gSA bldh mRifÙk
euksoSKkfud dkj.kksa ls gksrh gS rFkk blesa O;ogkj] psruk]
vuqHko rFkk varjko;u fØ;k,a lfEefyr gSA
fxyQksMZ us laosxks dks nks oxksaZ esa oxhZ—r fd;k gS%
la o s x
iz k Fkfed f}rh;d
1- vkuUn 1- izse
2- Hk; 2- Hk;] foLe;
3- vk”p;Z 3- i”pkrki
4- Øks/k 4- frjLdkj
5- ?k`.kk 5- vk”kkokn
6- nq[k ¼”kksd½ 6- fujk”kk
7- Lohd`fr 7- vkKkdkfjrk
8- iwokZHkkl 8- vkØkedrk
9- iwokZuqeku
mijksä laosxks ds vfrfjä budk oxhZdj.k bl çdkj
ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
v - ldkjkRed laosx
ldkjkRed laosxksa esa Lusg] g"kZ] çse] çlUurk tSlh
çfrfØ;k,a vkrh gSA bl laoksxksa esa 'kkjhfjd fØ;kvksa ,oa
O;ogkj ls lq[k dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gS] ftlls O;fäxr rFkk
lkekftd dY;k.k dh n'kk esa çxfr gksrh gSA
c- udkjkRed laosx
udkjkRed laosxksa esa uQjr] Hk;] Øks/k tSls çfrfØ;k,a
6
lfEefyr gS ftuesa 'kkjhfjd fØ;k,a vkSj O;ogkj O;fä dks
yM+us ;k Hkxkus ds fy, rRij djrh gSA
Øksy ,oa czwl ds vuqlkj
^bl laosaxks esa Lo;a ;k nwljk vFkok lekt dh {kfr ;k
fouk'k dh lEHkkouk gks ldrh gSA fd'kksjkoLFkk dk eq[;
fpUg laosxkRed fodkl esa rhoz ifjorZu gS*A
1-1-2 cq f )
cqf ) 'kCn çkphu dky ls O;fä dh rRijrk]
rkRdkfydrk] lek;kstu rFkk leL;k lek/kku dh {kerkvksa
ds lanHkZ esa ç;ksx gksrk jgk gSA nSfud thou esa cqf) ,d
lkekU; 'kCn gS ftldk ç;ksx dbZ vFkksaZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA
lHkh O;fä leku ugha gksrs gSa] muesa cqf) dk çHkko iM+rk gSA
ekufld fodkl ds fy, mldh ekufld {kerk rFkk ckSf)d
{kerk dks tkuuk vko';d gSA vr,o bl cqf) O;fä dh og
{kerk gS ftlds }kjk O;fä vius okrkoj.k ds çfr vuqfØ;k
djrk gSA og okrkoj.k rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Lo;a dks lek;ksftr
djrk gS ;k Lo;a okrkoj.k ds vuqdwy cu tkrk gSA bl –
f"V ls bu ç'uksa ij fopkj djuk pkfg, fd cqf) D;k gS\
cqf) 'kCn dk ç;ksx lkekU; ckrphr esa cgqrk;r ls fd;k
tkrk gS A lkekU; ckrphr ds nkSjku ge dgrs gS fd veqd
dh cqf) rhoz gS tcfd veqd ckyd lk/kkj.k cqf) ;k eUn
cqf???) dk gSA O;fä leku #i ls ;ksX; ugha gksrs gSaA
ekufld ;ksX;rk buds vleku gksus dk çeq[k dkj.k gSA cqf)
fofHkUu {kerkvksa dk lEiw.kZ ;ksx gksrk gSA cqf) ds lgkjs O;fä
fdlh leL;k ds lek/kku esa lw> dk lgkjk ysrk gSA og
O;fä dks okrkoj.k ds lkFk çHkkodkjh <ax ls lek;kstu
7
djus esa enn djrk gSA
cqf) dh fo'ks"krk,a
cqf) ,d lkekU; ;ksX;rk gSA bl ;ksX;rk ls foHkwf"kr
O;fä Lo;a dks rFkk nwljs dks le>us dk lkeFkZ j[krk gSA
lp ;g gS fd lkekftd rFkk oS;fäd ifjos'k esa fØ;kRed
xfr'khyrk rFkk {kerk dk uke cqf) gSA
1- cqf) O;fä dh tUetkr 'kfä gSA
2- cqf) O;fä dks vewrZ fparu dh ;ksX;rk çnku djrh gSA
3- cqf) O;fä dks fofHkUu ckrksa dks lh[kus esa lgk;rk çnku
djrh gSA
4- cqf) O;fä dh dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj tfVy leL;kvksa
dks ljy cukrh gSA
5- cqf) O;fä dks uohu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lkeatL; LFkkfir
djus dk xq.k çnku djrh gSA
6- cqf) O;fä dks Hkys] cqjs] lR;] vlR; vkSj uSfrd]
vuSfrd dk;ksZ esa varj djus dh ;ksX;rk çnku djrh gSA
7- cqf) ij oa'kkuqØe vkSj okrkoj.k dk çHkko iM+rk gSA
8- fçaVj ds vuqlkj% *cqf) dk fodkl tUe ls ysdj
fd'kksjoLFkk ds e/;dky rd gksrk gSA*
9- cqf) O;fä dks vius xr vuqHkoksa ls ykHk mBkus dh
{kerk nsrh gSA
10- dksy ,oa czwl ds vuqlkj% fyax Hksn ds dkj.k ckydksa
vkSj ckfydkvksa dh cqf) esa cgqr gh de vUrj gksrk gSA

8
 fofHkUu fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj cqf) dk oxhZdj.k bl
çdkj gS%
cq f )
xSjsV ds vqulkj FkkuZMkbd ds vuqlkj

ewrZ vewrZ lkekftd vewrZ lkekftd ;kaf=d cqf)

vk/kqfud le; esa cqf) ds çdkjksa esa laosxkRed cqf)
rFkk vk/;kfRed cqf) dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

xksjV ds vuqlkj
1- ewrZ cqf)
bl çdkj dh cqf) dks xked cf) ;k ;kaf=dh cqf)
Hkh dgrs gSaA bldk laca/k ;a=ks vkSj e'khuksa ls gksrk gSA ftl
O;fä esa ;g cqf) gksrh gS og ;a=ksa vkSj e'khuksa ds dk;Z esa
fo'ks"k #fp ysrk gSA vr% bl cqf) ds O;fä vPNs dkjhxj]
9
eSdsfud] bathfu;j] vkS|ksfxd dk;ZdrkZ gksrs gSaA
2- vewrZ cqf)
bl cqf) dk laca/k iqLrdh; Kku ls gksrk gSA ftl
O;fä esa ;g cqf) gksrh gS og Kku dk vtZu djus esa fo'ks"k
#fp ysrk gSA vr% bl cqf) ds yksx 'kCnksa] çrhdks] leL;k
lek/kku vkfn ds #i esa vewrZ cqf) dk ç;ksx djrs gS ,oa
vPNs MkDVj] odhy] nk'kZfud] fp=dkj] lkfgR;dkj vkfn
gksrs gSaA
3- lkekftd cqf)
bl cqf) dk laca/k O;fäxr vkSj lkekftd dk;ksaZ ls
gksrk gS] ftl O;fä esa ;g cqf) gksrh gS og feyulkj]
lkekftd dk;ksaZ esa #fp ysusokyk vkSj ekuo laca/k ds Kku ls
ifjiw.kZ gksrk gSA vr% bl cqf) ds O;fä vPNs ea=h] O;olk;h]
dwVuhfrK vkSj lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ gksrs gSaA
FkkuZMkbd ds vuqlkj
1- vewrZ cqf)
iqLrdh; Kku ds çfr vius dks O;ofLFkr djus dh
;ksX;rk vewrZ cqf) dgykrh gSA vewrZ cqf) Lo;a vius dks
KkuksiktZy ds çfr :>ku] i<+us fy[kus vkSj "'kCnksa ,oa
çrhdksa ds :i esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds }kjk
vius dks vfHkO;ä djrh gSA
2- lkekftd cqf)
vius lekt ds vuqdwy O;ofLFkr djus dh ;ksX;rk
gh lkekftd cqf?) gSA ;g nwljs yksxksa ds lkFk çHkkiiw.kZ
O;ogkj djus dh {kerk gSA thou esa lQyrk çkIr djus ds
fy, lkekftd cqf) furkUr vko';d gksrh gSA
10
 3- ;kfU=d cqf)
;g cqf) ;U=ksa rFkk e'khuksa ds lkFk vuqdwyu dh
;ksX;rk gSA buds gksus ls O;fä ,d dq'ky dkjhxj] pkyd
vFkok n{k bathfu;j gks ldrk gSA
4- laosxkRed cqf)
bl cqf) dks çdk'k esa ykus dk Js; xksyesu dks tkrk
gSA muds vuqlkj fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vko';drkuqlkj
mfpr ek=k esa laosx dk çn'kZu djus dh ;ksX;rk gh bl cqf)
ds varxZr vkrh gSA blds vfrfjä bl çdkj dh cqf) okyk
O;fä vuko';d laosxksa ij ljyrk ls fu;a=.k Hkh dj ysrk
gSA bl cqf) dks /kkfjr O;fä ,d vPNk usrk] vfHkusrk]
dykdkj] ç'kkld gks ldrk gSA
5- vk/;kfRed cq f )
vk/;kRe dk Kku rFkk n'kZu vR;ar xgjk ,oa lw{e
gSA budks le>us ,oa le>kus ds fy, ftl cqf) dh vko';drk
gksrk gS mls vk/;kfRed cqf) dgrs gSaA bl cqf) esa fuiq.k
O;fä vPNk nk'kZfud] /keZ mins'kd rFkk ekxZn'kZd cu tkrk
gSA
1-1-3- laosxkRed cq f) dh vo/kkj.kk
Msfu;y xksyesu }kjk fodflr dh xbZ laosxkRed
cqf) ,d ubZ vo/kkj.kk gS ;g O;fä dh og {kerk gksrh gS tks
laosxksa dk cks/k djk, rFkk fopkjksa ds vuqlkj mls lapkfyr
djs rFkk laosxkRed Kku çnku djsa ftlls laosxkRed o
ckSf)d cqf) dh mUufr dj ldsA laox s kRed cqf) nks egRoiw.kZ
?kVdksa ls feydj cuk gSA
laosxkRed cqf) ¾ laosx $ cqf)
11
 laosx ,d çdkj dk vuqHko gS tks 'kkjhfjd ?kVd o
KkukRed rRoksa }kjk O;ogkj esa çnf'kZr gksrk gSA
v - laosxkRed cqf) dk {ks=
O;fä vius KkukRed fodkl esa tks lksprk gS ;k
fopkj djrk gS mls 'kkjhfjd fodkl esa eglwl djrk gS o
O;ogkjkRed fodkl esa fØ;k ds #i esa O¸kä djrk gSA
laosxkRed cqf) okyk O;fä vius thou dks lgh rjhds ls
fu;af=r djrk gS rFkk nwljs dh Hkkoukvksa dks Hkh çHkkoh #i
ls le>rk gSA laosxkRed cqf) lkekftd cqf) dk gh ,d
çdkj gS ftlesa O;fä viuh Hkkoukvksa ij lgh çdkj ls
fu;a=.k dj vius laca/kksa dks cuk, j[krk gSA
c- laosxkRed cqf) ds rRo

1- vfHkçsj .kk
y{; dks çkIr djus ds fy, Lo;a çsfjr gksus dh {kerk
vfHkçsj.kk esa 'kkfey gSA
2- lekuq Hkwf r
nwljs dh Hkkoukvksa dks le>uk] nwljs ds –f"Vdks.k]
fHkUurkvks] xq.k&nks"k ds fo"k; esa lkspuk lekuqHkwfr ds varZxr
vkrk gSA
12
 3- Lo tkx#drk
Lo;a dh Hkkoukvksa dk fujh{k.k ,oa igpku] fopkjks]
Hkkouk rFkk çfrfØ;k ds chp laca/kks dh igpkuA
4- Lo&çdVhdj.k
laca/kks esa fo'okl o ewY; cuk, j[kukA
5- fu'p;rk
fcuk fdlh ukjktxh ds viuh Hkkoukvksa ds fo"k; esa
fu'p;iwoZd dgukA
6- laca/kksa esa dq'ky
lkekftd laca/kks dks fuHkkus esa dq'ky o çHkkoh gksrs gSaA
laosxkRed cqf) gekjs O;fäRo dk ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkkx
gSA ;g lkekftd var%fØ;k ds çHkko o ç—fr dk fu/kkZj.k
djrk gSA
l- la o sx kRed cq f ) dk mi;ksx fuEu #iks a esa
gksrk gS%
1- LoLFk laca/kksa dk fuekZ.k
vkReh; o LoLFk laca/k gekjs ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dh
iwfrZ djrs gSaA laosxkRed cqf) LoLFk laca/kksa ds fuekZ.k esa
lgk;rk djrh gS] blds }kjk ge vius Hkkoksa dks ldkjkRed
#i ls Li"V dj ldrs gSaA
2- dk;Z LFky ij laosxkRed cqf)
laosxkRed cqf) dk;ZLFky ij ncko ;k ruko de
djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA

13
 3- laosxkRed cqf) vkSj 'kkjhfjd leL;k
udkjkRed Hkko gekjs LoLF; ds fy, gkfudkjd gksrs
gSa] ftlls gesa vLFkek] fljnnZ] ân; dh chekfj;ka vkfn jksx
gksus dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA vr% laosxkRed cqf) udkjkRed
Hkkoksa dks nwj dj gekjs 'kkjhfjd LokLF; dks cuk, j[krh gSA
4- vfHkHkkodksa esa laosxkRed cqf)
vfHkHkkodksa dh laosxkRed cqf) muds cPpksa ds fy,
LoLFk laosxkRed okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrh gS rFkk muesa
ldkjkRed xq.kksa ds fodkl esa lgk;rk djrh gS&tSls
vkRefo'okl] lkeatL;] lg;ksx] vkRe fu;a=.k] vFkkZr lEiw.kZ
fodkl djrh gSA
5- y{; fu/kkZ j.k
laosxkRed cqf) y{; çkIr djus esa fn'kk funsZ'k djrh
gSA
6- laosxkRed cqf) o fd'kksjkoLFkk
laosxkRed cqf) dk ç;ksx 1990 esa fd;k x;k A tkWu
Mh- es;j ,oa ihVj lsyksfo dh fl)karks ls çHkkfor gksdj
xksyesu us laosxkRed cqf) uked iqLrd 1995 es fy[khA
laosxkRed cqf) o fd'kksjkoLFkk esa dbZ ckrs gekjs le{k
mifLFkr gks tkrh gSA d'kksj laoxs kRed #i ls i;kZIr fodflr
gks tkrs gSA muesa fpUrk] Hk;] çse] bZ";kZ vkSj Øks/k vkfn lHkh
laosx vius fodkl ds f'k[kj ij igq¡p tkrs gSaA laosxkRed
fodkl ds rhoz nkSj esa fd'kksj ,d ckj fQj f'k'kq dh rjg gh
laosxkRed vfLFkjrk vksj rhozrk dk vuqHko djrs gSA bl
vk;q esa 'kkjhfjd o`f) vkSj fodkl ds vius pje lhek ij
igq¡p tkus ds dkj.k fd'kksj xR;kRed dk;ksZ dks djus ds fy,
14
i;kZIr 'kfä nsus eas leFkZ cu tkrk gSA fd'kksjksa dh laosxkRed
vfHkO;fä çk;% ç[kj vkSj lfØ; <+ax ls gksrh gS fdlh vkSj
voLFkk esa cPpk mruk vf/kd cspkSu ]mxz] Hkkoqd] laosnu'khy
ugha gksrk ftruk fd fd'kksjkoLFkk esa gksrk gSaA
jkWl ds 'kCnksa esa% fd'kksj dk thou cgqr vf/kd
laosxkRed gksrk gS ftlesa gesa ,d ckj fQj mlds vR;f/kd
mxz vkSj fujk'kk dh xgjkb;ksa ds chp >wyrs gq;s O;ogkj ds
ek/;e ls ekuo O;ogkj ds vuqdwy vkSj çfrdwy nksuksa i{kksa
dk gh feyk&tqyk #i ns[kus dks feyrk gS A blh dkj.k çk;%
fd'kksoLFkk dks ruko vkSj ncko dh voLFkk dk uke fn;k
tkrk gS A tSlk fd jkWl us ladsr fd;k gS fd fd'kksjksa dh
laosxkRed vfHkO;fä esa LFkkf;Ro ugha gksrk A muds laosx
vf/kd LFkk;h vkSj ifjorZu'khy gksrs gS] ijarq mudh xfr cgqr
çcy gksrh gS A blfy;s ,d fd'kksj dks vius laosxksa dks iwjh
rjg fu;U=.k j[kuk cgqr dfBu gksrk gS A okLro esa fd'kksjkoLFkk
rd igq¡prs& igq¡prs ckyd esa laosx] LFkk;h Hkkoksa ds #i eas
viuh xgjh tM+ tek ysrs gS A mldh vkRe&psruk] vkRe
lEeku vkSkj LokfHkeku esa vR;f/kd o`f) gks tkrh gS A lewg
Hkfä vkSj çse ds LFkk;h Hkko vf/kd fodflr gksdj mls cgqr
vf/kd Hkkoqd cuk nsrs gS A og tks Hkh vuqHko djrk gS A mls
] cgqr xgjkbZ ls vuqHko djrk gSa A vkSj fQj viuh çfrfØ;k
Hkh cgqr mxz <+ax ls O;ä djrk gS A laosxkRed cqf)
;qokoLFkk dh vusd leL;kvksa dk funku djus esa lgk;d
gksrh gS tSls vdsykiu] ,dkxzrk dh deh] ftíhiu vkfnA

15
laosxkRed cq f) vkSj “kkjhfjd leL;k
n- laosxkRed cqf) dk vHkko
laosxkRed cqf) esa deh ds dkj.k orZeku le; esa
cPpksa dks vusd leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS tSls
fgalk] vijk/k vkSj vkRegR;k vkfnA
1- lkekftd leL;k
ihNs gVuk] vdsykiu] ÅtkZ ;k mRlkg esa deh]
mnkl gksuk] nwljksa ij iw.kZr;k fuHkZj vkfnA
2- fpark ;k ghu Hkkouk
vusd çdkj ds Hk; o fparkvksa ls f?kjk gksuk] vdsykiu]
çse esa deh] nq[kh jguk] ruko vkfnA
3- fopkjksa dh leL;k
,dkxzrk esa deh] fLFkj u cSBuk] fnok LoIu] fcuk
fopkjksa ds dk;Z djuk] Ldwy dk;Z esa v;ksX; vkfnA
4- vijk/kh ;k vkØed
>wB cksyuk] /kks[kk nsuk] ijs'kkfu;ksa ls f?kjs jguk] nwljs
dh phtksa dks uqdlku igqpa kuk] Ldwy o ?kj esa vuq'kklughurk
vkfnA
bZ - laosxkRed cq f) vf/kxe
xksyesu ds vuqlkj% lgh ç;klksa }kjk laosxkRed cqf)
dks lh[kk rFkk mlesa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ikfjokfjd
thou laosxkRed vf/kxe dh çFke ikB'kkyk gSA mUgksaus
crk;k fd vius fookfgr laca/kksa esa tks ;qxy HkkokRed #i ls
tqM+s gksrs gSa os vius cPpksa dks laosxks ;k thou ds mrkj&p<+ko
16
ls mcjus esa çHkko'kkyh #i ls f'k{kk çnku djrs gSa rFkk os
viuh leL;k dk funku djus esa lQy gksrs gSaA
laosxkRed cqqf) esa lq/kkj ds fy, fuEu ç;kl gksus pkfg,%
1- Lo;a dh igpku
Lo;a dh igpku gksuk vko';d gSA gesa viuh 'kfä;ksa
dh igpku gksuh pkfg,A gesa nwljksa ls okrkZyki dj viuh
dfe;ksa dks tkudj mls nwj djuk pkfg,A
2- Hkkoksa ds dkj.kksa dh igpku
Hkkoksa ds dkj.kksa dks tkuuk igpkuuk t:jh gSA gesa
vkus okys leL;kvksa ls grk'k u gksdj igys ls lrdZ jguk
pkfg,A
3- vkRe fu;a=.k
;fn gesa fdlh vknr ls ijs'kkuh gks rks ml ij
fu;a=.k dj leL;k ls funku dj ysuk pkfg,A vkRe fu;a=.k
ds fy, ;g vko';d gSA
4- Øks/k vkSj Hk; esa O;ogkj
Øks/k vkSj Hk; gekjs laosx dk gh çdkj gSA ;s laosx
thou esa leL;k mRiUu djrs gSa vr% buls cpuk pkfg,A
5- ldkjkRed lksp dk fodkl
ldkjkRed lksp dk fodkl gksuk t:jh gSA ges'kk
ldkjkRed çfrfØ;k j[kuh pkfg,A
1-2 leL;k dFku
^Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed
cqf) dk rqyukRed v/;;uA^

17
1-3 laf Ø;kRed ifjHkk"kk
1-3-1 Nk=koklh
os fo|kFkhZ tks v/;;u xzg.k djus gsrq ifjokj ls nwj
fo|ky; çkax.k esa fuokl djrs gSa] ,sls fo|kFkhZ bl laKk esa
lfEefyr gSSaA
1-3-2 xSj Nk=koklh
os fo|kFkhZ tks v/;;u xzg.k djus gsrq loZlqfo/kk;qä
vkoklh; O;oLFkk esa ifjtuksa ds lkFk jgdj 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa
esa f'k{kk xzg.k djrs gSa] ,sls fo|kFkhZ bl laKk esa lfEefyr gSaSA
1-3-3 laosxkRed cqf)
laosxkRed cqf) }kjk O;fä laosxksa ij fu;a=.k j[kdj
ekuoh; laca/kksa dks cqf)ekuh ls fØ;kUo;u djrk gSA
çLrqr v/;;u esa laosxkRed cqf) dk rkRiZ; eaxy }kjk
fufeZr ,ebZvkbZvkbZ laosxkRed cqf) ijh{k.k ekiuh }kjk çkIr
çkIrkadksa ds e/;eku ls gSA
1-4 v/;;u dh lkFkZ drk
Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds dk;ksaZ dks
mldh laosxkRed cqf) gh çsfjr djrh gSA ckY;koLFkk esa
ços'k djrs gh ckyd ds laosxks esa rhozrk ,oa mxzrk ugha jgrh
gSA laosxksa esa lkekftdrk dk Hkko vk tkrk gSA ckyd ;g
le>us yxrs gSa fd lekt esa fdl le; fdl çdkj dk
laox
s kRed O;ogkj djuk mi;qä gSA fd'kksjokLFkk esa laox
s kRed
fodkl esa rhoz ifjorZu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA blds vfrfjä
fofHkUu çdkj dh leL;k,a Hkh vkrh gSA lHkh leL;ksa dk mÙkj
Kkr djus gsrq 'kks/kdrkZ us bl leL;k dk p;u fd;k gSA

18
1-5 leL;k dk mís' ;
çLrqr leL;k ds mís'; fuEu çdkj ds gSa%
1- Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed
cqf) esa varj Kkr djukA
2- Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa
varj Kkr djukA
3- Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf)
esa varj Kkr djukA
4- Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa varj
Kkr djukA
5- xSj Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa
varj Kkr djukA
1-6 v/;;u dh ifjdYiuk
H-1 Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed
cqf) esa lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k tkrkA
H-2 Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=ksa dh laox
s kRed cqf) esa
dksbZ varj ugha ik;k tkrkA
H-3 Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf)
esa dksbZ varj ugha ik;k tkrkA
H-4 Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa dksbZ
varj ugha ik;k tkrkA
H-5 xSj Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa
dksbZ varj ugha ik;k tkrkA
1-7 v/;;u dh ifjlhek
19
 1- çLrqr v/;;u dsoy nqxZ ,oa jktukanxkao ftys rd gh
lhfer gSA
2- çLrqr v/;;u esa Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh laosxkRed cqf) dk gh v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA
3- çLrqr v/;;u dsoy 5 fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa rd gh
lhfer gSA
U;kn'kZ ds varxZr 320 fo|kFkhZ ftlesa Nk=koklh 160 Nk=
,oa Nk=kvksa o xSj Nk=koklh 160 Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dk p;u
fd;k x;k gSA laosxkRed cqf) dk ekiu eaxy }kjk fufeZr
laosxkRed cqf) ekiuh }kjk fd;k x;k gSA

_____XXXX_____

20
 v/;k; 02
2-0 lacaf/kr 'kks/k dk;ksaZ dk v/;;u
cksxZ ds vuqlkj
*lacaf/kr v/;;u ml uho ds iRFkj ds leku gS ftl
ij Hkfo"; dh bekjr [kM+h jgrh gSA lacaf/kr v/;;u o
losZ{k.k }kjk ge v/;;u dks vf/kd çHkkoh cuk ldrs gSaA*
2-1 lacaf/kr 'kks/k v/;;u Hkwfedk
lacaf/kr 'kks/k lkfgR; dk v/;;u vuqla/kku dk;Z dks
vko';d lS)kafrd i`"BHkwfe çnku djuk gS rFkk çR;sd
/kkj.kkvksa dks Li"V djuk gSA blls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd
bl leL;k ds {ks= esa vuqla/kku dh fLFkfr D;k gSA bl fo"k;
ij D;k dk;Z gq,\ rFkk fdl rjhds ls vuqla/kku dk;Z dks iwjk
fd;k gSA
fdlh Hkh {ks= dk lkfgR; ml vk/kkj f'kyk ds leku
gS ftl ij Hkfo"; dk lkjk dk;Z vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA ;fn
fdlh lacaf/kr lkfgR; dks leh{kk }kjk ge bl uhao dks –<+
ugha dj ysrs rks gekjk dk;Z çHkkoghu o egRoghu gksus dh
laHkkouk gS vFkok iqujko`fÙk Hkh gks ldrh gSA
laox
s kRed cqf) ;qä ckyd lQyrkiwoZd thou ;kiu]
çlUurk] dfBukbZ;ksa dk lkeuk djus esa l{ke gksrk gS rFkk
lekt esa larqfyr lkekftd O;oLFkk dks cuk, j[kus esa lQy
gksrk gSA
2-2 Hkkjrh; i`"BHkwfe esa lacaf/kr 'kks/k v/;;u
ewjtkuh] tSu ,oa tktZuh ¼2002½ us *egkfo|ky;hu
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) o O;fäRo çdkj* ij v/;;u
21
fd;kA ftlds fy, mUgksaus fofHkUu ladk;ksa ls 120 yM+fd;ksa
dks çfrn'kZ ds :i esa fy;k bldk ekiu pUæk ¼1198½ }kjk
fodflr laosxkRed cqf) ijh{k.k ,oa eqgkj ¼1192½ }kjk
fodflr U;wjksfVZTe baVjksolZu & ,DlVjksolZu baVosUVjh ijh{k.k
}kjk fd;k x;kA
bl v/;;u esa ;g fu"d"kZ ik;k x;k fd laosxkRed
cqf) O;fäRo ds çdkj }kjk la;r ugha gksrh ysfdu U;wjksfVTe
ls _.kkRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSA laosxkRed cqf) dk Lrj
vkSlr gS tcfd cqf)erk dk Lrj mPp gS blfy, ijke'kZ o
çf'k{k.k }kjk laox
s kRed cqf) ds Lrj dks c<+kus dh vko';drk
gSA
,ye.M ¼2002½ us çca/kdksa ds dk;Z thou esa fu.kZ;
ysus dh {kerk o O;fäxr laca/kksa ij laosxkRed cqf) ds çHkko
ij v/;;u fd;kA blds fy, bUgksaus 150 e/; Lrjh; çca/
kdksa dks fofHkUu foHkkxksa ls fy;kA
bl v/;;u esa ;g fu"d"kZ ik;k x;k fd fuEu dh
vis{kk mPp laosxkRed cqf) okys çca/kd vius dk;ksZa dks vf/
kd çHkkoh <ax ls lEiUu djrs gSaA
xk[kj ¼2003½ us xf.krh; vo/kkj.kk ds vf/kxzg.k ij
laosxkRed cqf) o lkekftd MsuksxzkQhd pjksa ds çHkko dk
v/;;u fd;kA blds fy, 10oha d{kk ds 300 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
çfrn'kZ ds :i esa fy;kA blds fy, lkjkthr bZ-vkbZ- Ldsy
VsLV] dqyJs"B }kjk lksf'k;ks&bWdksukWfed LVsVl Ldsy ,oa
Lo;a }kjk fufeZr xf.kr esa miyfC/k ijh{k.k midj.k ç;ksx esa
yk;k x;kA

22
 bl v/;;u esa ;g fu"d’kZ ik;k x;k fd%
1- futh Ldwyksa esa ç/kkukpk;Z çca/kd rFkk f'k{kdksa }kjk dM+h
fuxjkuh esa ijh{k.k djus ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa us leL;k gy
djus ds fy, vfrfjä le; fy;kA
2- ljdkjh Ldwyksa ls vPNs f'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh deh gS rFkk
f'k{kd Lo;a fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds v/;;u esa :fp de ysrs gSaA
oekZ vkSj vydk ¼2003½ us egkfo|ky;h fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh laosxkRed cqf) o lkekU; dq'kyrk ij v/;;u fd;k
ftlds fy, 120 egkfo|ky;hu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks çfrn'kZ ds
:i esa fy;kA
bl v/;;u esa ;g fu"d"kZ ik;k x;k fd%
1- laosxkRed cqf) ;qä O;fä vf/kd lQy~ gksrs gSa rFkk
muesa ekufld LokLF; leL;k Hkh de gksrh gSA os laosx
dks vPNs ls lapkfyr djrs gSaAA
2- mPp laosxkRed cqf) okys O;fä fuEu laosxkRed cqf)
okys O;fä vis{kk vius oSokfgd thou ls larq"V jgrs
gSAa
3- mPp laosxkRed cqf) okys fo|kFkhZ fuEu laosxkRed cqf)
okys fo|kFkhZ dh vis{kk dk;ksaZ dks vPNs ls laikfnr djrs
gSAa
'kkuoky ¼2003½ esa çkFkfed Ldwy ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa
laosxkRed cqf) dks c<+kus o lg laca/k ij v/;;u fd;kA
blds fy, mUgksaus E;wfufliy dkiksZjs'ku v‚Q nsygh
Ldwy ds d{kk 4 ds 200 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, es;j ,oa lkWykos
¼1997½ }kjk fodflr ,e-bZ-vkbZ-,e- rFkk VsLV ¼eaxy beks'kuy
bUVsyhtsUl Ldsy½ rFkk ijh{k.k ds fy, dk ç;ksx fd;kA
23
 bl v/;;u esa ;g fu"d"kZ ik;k x;k fd%
1- laosxkRed cqf) ij lkekftd&lkaL—frd dkjdksa dk
,d mR—"V çHkko iM+rk gSA
2- yM+fd;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) yM+dksa ls vPNh gSA
3- laosxkRed cqf) dks mlds rRoksa ;k ?kVdksa ds vf/kxe
rFkk fodflr fof/k;ksa }kjk c<+kdj vklkuh ls fodlfr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ç/kku] caly vkSj fcloky ¼2005½ us ^LukrdksÙkjksa ij
laox
s kRed cqf) vkSj O;fäxr çHkko'khyrk dk v/;;u fd;kA^
ijh{k.k blds fy, 50 LukrdksÙkjksa dks çfrn'kZ ds :i esa
fy;k blds fy, beks'kuy baVsyhtsal Ldsy ¼Ldsy dwij ,oa
LokbQ 1997½ ,oa ilZuy bQsfDVo Ldsy ¼mn; ikjhd
1989½ dk ç;ksx fd;kA
bl v/;;u esa ;g fu"d"kZ ik;k x;k fd laosxkRed
cqf) o O;fäxr çHkko 'khyrk ds chp ldkjkRed laca/k gSA
meknsoh ¼2005½ esa fd'kksjksa dh laosxkRed cqf) ds
Lrj ij v/;;u fd;kA
vfHkHkkodksa dh f'k{kk] O;kikj dk laosxkRed cqf) ds
lkFk egRoiw.kZ o /kukRed laca/k FkkA tSls & lkekftd
lEeku] ftEesnkjh] laox
s ] fu;a=.k] vk'kkoknh –f"Vdks.k vkfnA
xqIrk dkSj ¼2006½ us Hkkoh f'k{kdksa ds ckjs esa laosxkRed
cqf) dk v/;;u fd;k ftlds fy, çfrn'kZ ds :i esa
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fy;k x;kA blesa midj.k ds :i esa lqjfHk
iqjksfgr }kjk fodflr ilZuy çksQkby losZ dks fy;kA

24
 bl v/;;u esa ;g fu"d"kZ ik;k x;k fd%
1- 9 çfr'kr iq:"k o 22 çfr'kr efgyk ch-,M çf'k{kkFkhZ
mPp laosxkRed cqf) okys gSaA
2- 6 çfr'kr iq:"k o 12 çfr'kr efgyk ch-,M çf'k{kkFkhZ
fuEu laosxkRed cqf) okys gSaA
ikfVy ¼2006½ us fyax] ladk; o 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds
laca/k esa f'k{kd fo|kFkhZ ds ckjs esa laosxkRed cqf) dk v/;;u
fd;kA ftlesa 302 f'k{kd fo|kFkhZ dks çfrn'kZ ds :i esa
fy;kA blds ekiu ds fy, ejkBh Hkk"kk esa xksyesu laosx
{kerk çk:i ij vk/kkfjr 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk fufeZr bZ- vkbZ-
ijh{k.k fy;kA
bl v/;;u esa ;g fu"d"kZ ik;k x;k fd%
1- iq:"k o efgyk çf'k{kkFkhZ ds laosxkRed cqf) ds chp
egRoiw.kZ varj ugha gSA
2- dyk o foKku ladk; ds çf'k{kkFkhZ ds laosxkRed cqf) esa
egRoiw.kZ varj ugh gSA
3- çf'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds bZ- vkbZ- o 'kSf{kd miyfC/k esa egRoiw.kZ
laca/k ugha gSA
dkfn,ou ¼2006½ us f'k{kdksa dh laosxkRed cqf) ij
O;fäRo ds çHkko dk v/;;u fd;kA blds fy, 207 f'k{kdksa
dks çfrn'kZ ds :i esa fy;kA
bl v/;;u esa ;g fu"d’kZ ik;k x;k fd%
1- laosxkRed cqf) ij f'k{kd ds O;fäRo dk egRoiw.kZ
çHkko iM+rk gSA
2- f'k{kd dh vis{kk] f'kf{kdk var% çsj.kk dk fu;eu djrs
gSAa
25
 3- ;qok f'k{kd dh vis{kk çkS<+ f'k{kd nwljs dh Hkkoukvksa dks
vPNs ls le>rs gSaA
4- LukrdksÙkj f'k{kdksa dh leL;k lek/kku {kerk T;knk
vPNh gS tcfd Lukrd f'k{kdksa dh Lo&tkx:drk
laosx {kerk vPNh gSA
5- f'k{kd fopkjksa dks T;knk ç/kkurk nsrs gSa tcfd f'kf{kdk;sa
O;fäRo vuqHko dks ç/kkurk nsrs gSaA
6- 'kkldh; Ldwy dh vis{kk futh Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa esa
vf/kd yphykiu gksrk gSA
xqIrk ¼2006½ us Hkkoh f'k{kdksa ds ckjs esa Vªkalftluy
LVkby ij fyax Hksn o vkbZ-bZ- ds çHkko dks ns[kkA blds fy,
20 ch,M fo|kFkhZ çfrn'kZ :i esa fy;kA
blds ekiu ds fy,%
 Vªkalftluy LVkby bUosUVjh
 beks'kuy baVsyhtsUl Ldsy ¼2001½ ckbZ vuqdwy gkbM
,aM latksr nkars
bl v/;;u ls ;g fu"d’kZ ik;k x;k fd Hkkoh f'k{kd
lkekU;r% lg;ksx iw.kZ O;ogkj j[krs gSa ysfdu dHkh&dHkh
blls cpus dk Hkh ç;kl djrs gSaA
2-3 fons'kh i`"BHkwfe esa lacaf/kr 'kks/k v/;;u
xksyesu ¼1995½ us laosxkRed cqf) o iw.kZrkoknh ij
v/;;u fd;kA tSls & usr`Ro dh Hkfo";ok.kh]
bl v/;;u ls ;g fu"d’kZ ik;k x;k fd%
1- fuEu laosxkRed usrk dh vis{kk mPp laosxkRed cqf)
okys O;fä vPNs usrk gksrs gSaA
26
 2- vuqdqfyr {kerk okys laiw.kZ O;fä vPNs usrk gksrs gSaA
3- iw.kZrk o laosxkRed cqf) ds Lrj ds lkFk usr`Ro dk Lrj
Hkh cnyrk gSA
xksyesu ¼2002½ us ^laosxkRed cqf) ij f'k{k.k o
vf/kxe çk;ksfxd çfof/k esa v/;;u fd;kA^
bl v/;;u esa ;g fu"d'kZ ik;k x;k fd mPp dh
vis{kk fuEu okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lewg de fo"k; oLrq gksrs gq,
Hkh thou esa lQy gksrs gSaA
vczkge ¼2003½ us laosxkRed cqf) o dk;Z vfHko`fÙk
O;ogkj o ifj.kke ds chp laca/kksa ij v/;;u fd;kA blesa
ofj"B lapkydksa ij ijh{k.k fd;kA
bl v/;;u esa ;g fu'd’kZ ik;k x;k fd%
1- laosxkRed cqf) dk dk;Z vfHko`fÙk] ijksidkjh O;ogkj o
dk;Z ifj.kke ds lkFk /kukRed laca/k jgkA
2- dSfj;j laca/kh çfØ;k ij ifjokj fojks/k dk;ksaZ dk çHkko
çM+rk gS ij dk;Z larqf"V ij çHkko ugha iM+rkA
vczkge ¼2006½ us laosxkRed cqf) dfBu dk;Z esa
çn'kZu o laxBukRed ukxfjdrk O;ogkj laca/kksa ds ckjs esa v/
;;u fd;kA
bl v/;;u esa ;g fu'd'kZ ik;k x;k fd laosxkRed
cqf) o deZpkfj;ksa ds dk;Z ifj.kkeksa ds chp /kukRed laca/k
ik;kA
uVkfyvksa] vksf Dlfy,Mjk vkS j ykmMsl ¼2007½ us
laoxs kRed cqf) rFkk vk'kkoknh fujk'kkoknh O;oLFkk dks le>kus
ds fy, v/;;u fd;kA blls fd'kksjksa ds euksoK S kfud lek;kstu
27
dh Hkfo";ok.kh dhA
bl v/;;u esa ;g fu"d"kZ ik;k x;k fd ftu fd'kksjksa
esa laosxkRed cqf) {kerk dk mPp Kku FkkA os lkekU;r%
thou esa vf/kd larq"V gksrs gSa rFkk de ruko dk vuqHko
djrs gSaA

_____XXXX_____

28
 v/;k; 03
3-0 'kks/k i)fr
'kks/k dk;Z dk vk;kstu leL;k&lek/kku vFkok ç'u
ds mÙkj Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA "'kks/k &çfØ;k dk
çFke lksiku leL;k dks igpkuuk gksrk gSA euq"; ,d
ftKklq çk.kh gSA euq"; esa okrkoj.k dks le>us vkSj leL;kvksa
dks gy djus dh ço`fÙk gksrh gS] ftlds ek/;e ls og viuh
ftKklq ço`fÙk dks 'kkar djrk gSA euq"; }kjk okrkoj.k
le>us rFkk leL;kvksa dks gy djus dk ç;kl HkyhHkkafr
fu;af=r vkSj lqO;ofLFkr gksrk gS rks mls vuqla/kku dgrs gSaA
Kku ds d.kksa dks b/kj&m/kj ls vkdfLed <ax ls pqu ysuk
;k fdlh leL;k dk gy mYVs&lh/ks ijh{k.kksa ;k ç;kl o
=qfV;ksa }kjk fudky ysuk Hkys gh Kkuo/kZu vuqHko gks] vuqla/
kku ugha dgk tk ldrkA D;ksafd ;g ,d ,slk O;ofLFkr rFkk
fu;af=r v/;;u gS] ftlds varxZr lacaf/kr ?kVukvksa ds
ikjLifjd lac/a kksa dk vUos'k.k rFkk fo'ys"k.k mi;qä lkaf[;dh
fof/k rFkk oSKkfud fof/k ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA 'kks/kdrkZ
}kjk çkstsDV ds varxZr bls 'kks/k çfof/k uke fn;k x;k gSA
3-1 Hkw f edk
fdlh Hkh 'kks/k fof/k esa tc leL;k dk p;u dj fy;k
tkrk gS] rc ifjdYiukvksa ,oa mís';ksa dk fuekZ.k djus ds
ckn vuqla/kkudrkZ ds le{k ;g leL;k vkrh gS fd og
viuh ifjdYiukvksa ds ijh{k.k ds fy, vkadM+ksa dk laxzg
fdl fof/k ls djs rFkk fdu midj.kksa ds }kjk djsA 'kks/k ,d
oSKkfud vUos"k.k i)fr gSA blds vk/kkj ij 'kks/k ,d O;ofLFkr]
fu;af=r fujis{k] oLrqfu"B] xgu rFkk vuqHkkfod v/;;u gSA
29
bldk mís'; nh xbZ Li"V rFkk lhfer leL;k ls lacaf/kr
uohu rF;ksa rFkk lkekU; fu;eksa dh [kkst djuk gksrk gSA
bldk /;s; oSKkfud Kku dh ifjf/k dks vf/kd ls vf/kd
foLr`r djuk rFkk miyc/k uohure oSKkfud midj.kksa ,oa
LFkkfir rF;ksa] fu;eksa o fl)karks dh fo'oluh;rk] ifj'kq)rk
,oa oS/krk iquZijh{k.k o iqf"Vdj.k djuk gksrk gSA
bl çdkj vuqla/kku dks Li"V djrs gq, dksikMZ us
dgk gS%
vuqla/kku fparu dh ,d ,slh Øec) vkSj fo'kq)
çfof/k gS ftlesa fof'k"V ;a=ks] midj.kksa rFkk çfØ;kvksa dk
mi;ksx bl mís'; ls fd;k tkrk gS rkfd ,d leL;k dk
vf/kd o leqfpr lek/kku miyC/k gks ldsA
v/;;u dh çfØ;k dks OghVuh us fuEu çdkj ls
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS%
^f'k{kk vuqla/kku f'k{kk {ks= dh leL;kvksa ds lek/kku
[kkstus dk ç;kl djrk gS rFkk bl dk;Z dh iwfrZ gsrq blesa
oSKkfud] nk'kZfud ,oa lekykspukRed dYiuk fparu fof/k;ksa
dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA^
dq d ds vuq lkj% ^oSKkfud vuqla/kku ,d ,slk
O;ofLFkr] fu;af=r] vuqHkkfod rFkk lw{e vUos"k.k gS] ftlls
çk—frd ?kVukvksa esa O;kIr vuqekfur laca/kks dk v/;;u
ifjdYiukRed rdZ&okD;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA^
3-1-1 vuqla/kku ds çdkj
1- ,sfrgkfld vuqla/kku
2- fooj.kkRed vuqla/kku]
3- çk;ksfxd vuqla/kku
30
 1- ,sfrgkfld vuqla/kku% bl çdkj ds vuqla/kku ds
varxZr vfrr dh ?kVukvksa] laLFkkvksa] lewgksa] laxBuks]
ijEijkvksa vkfn dk foospu] vUos"k.k rFkk fo'ys"k.k fd;k
tkrk gSA
2- fooj.kkRed vuqla/kku% bl çdkj ds vuqla/kku ds
varxZr orZeku dh ?kVukvksa] rF;ksa rFkk fuca/kksa ds
v/;;u dks vf/kd cy rFkk egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
3- çk;ksfxd vuqla/kku% çk;ksfxd vuqla/kku esa pjksa ds
çdk;kZRed laca/kksa dk v/;;u dBksj oSKkfud ekinaM
ij fu;af=r fLFkfr;ksa ds varxZr fd;k tkrk gSA
3-2 'kks/k çk#i
pj
Lora= pj ijra= pj
1- Nk=kokl@xSj Nk=kokl 1- laosxkRed cqf)
2- fyax&Nk= ,oa Nk=k,a
3-3 'kks/k çfof/k
çLrqr 'kks/k esa lkexzh çkIr djus gsrq losZ{k.k i)fr
dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA losZ{k.k ls rkRi;Z ,sls v/;;uksa ls gS
ftlesa fd vuqla/kkudrkZ fdlh fo'ks"k LFkku ij tkdj dqN
voLFkkvksa ;k ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lacfa /kr lgh lwpukvksa dk ladyu
djrk gSA eaxy fd laosxkRed cqf) ekiuh }kjk Nk=koklh
,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) ds vkadM+s
çkIr fd, x, gSaA Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh lewgksa ds
e/; Vh&ewY; }kjk varj Kkr fd;k x;k gSA fyax dk çHkko
ns[kus gsrq Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds e/; Vh&ewY; dh x.kuk dh
xbZ gSA
31
3-4 tula [ ;k
tula[;k ls rkRi;Z 'kks/k dk;Z ds fy, miyC/k fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh la[;k ls gSA çLrqr v/;;u esa tula[;k ds varxZr d{kk
10oha ls 12oha esa v/;;ujr leLr Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh
fo|kFkhZ gSaA
y?kq Hkkjr ds #i esa çfl) NÙkhlx<+ dh vkRek ds
uke ls fo[;kr bLikr uxjh fHkykbZ&nqxZ ftys esa vofLFkr
gSA lu 1964 esa ia- tokgj yky usg# ds djdeyksa ls
mn~?kkfVr fHkykbZ bLikr la;a= bl uxjh dh /kM+du gSA ;gka
dh vkcknh yxHkx 8 yk[k gSA fHkykbZ uxj NÙkhlx<+ dh
jkt/kkuh jk;iqj ls 29 fd-eh- if'pe esa fLFkr gSA ;g nqxZ ls
10 fd-eh- iwoZ esa fLFkr gSA fHkykbZ dks 11 o`Ùk[kaMks esa ckaVk
x;k gSA bl uxjh ds vklikl dk {ks= Hkh rsth ls bLikr
uxjh dh rjg çxfr ij gSA
lkj.kh Øekad 3-1 % fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr Nk=koklh
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ¼10$12½ dh la[;k

32
lkj.kh Øekad 3-2% fo|ky; esa v/;;ujr xSj Nk=koklh
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ¼10$12½ dh la[;k

3-5 çfrn'kZ
HkkSfrd lalkj ds lekt dh rjg lkekftd rFkk
euksoKS kfud lalkj Hkh O;ofLFkr gSA mlesa fujarjrk gS] Øec)rk
gS] fLFkjrk gS] lkaf[;dh fujarjrk ds fu;e ds vuqlkj ;fn
,d O;kid tula[;k esa ls dqN u dqN bdkbZ;ksa dk la;ksfxd
vk/kkj ij p;u fd;k tk, rks bl çdkj p;u dh xbZ
bdkbZ;ksa dk v/;;u fo'oluh;] i;kZIr ek=k esa mi;qä rFkk
oSKkfud jgrk gSA bu bdkbZ;ksa dks U;kn'kZ ;k çfrn'kZ dgk
tkrk gSA
U;kn'kZ fdlh vuqla/kku dk;Z dh vk/kkjf'kyk gSA ;g
vk/kkjf'kyk ftruh 'kq) gksxh] vuqla/kku ds ifj.kke mrus gh
fo'oluh; rFkk ifj'kq) gksaxsA
xqM ,oa gSM ds vuqlkj% ^leLr tula[;k dk v/
;;u ,d Jelk/; dk;Z gS] blfy, mldh dqN bdkbZ;ksa dk
pquko djds mudk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS] bls gh U;kn'kZ
djrs gSaA^
ih-oh-;ax ds vuqlkj% ^,d çfrn'kZ vius leLr
lewg dk ,d y?kq fp= gksrk gSA^

33
 çfrn'kZ }kjk v/;;u ds fofHkUu mís'; gS%
 v/;;u ds mís';ksa dks Li"V djukA
 lkFkZd rFkk vko';d vkadM+ksa dk ladyu
 ifj.kkeksa dh vko';d ifj'kq)rk dh ek=k dks iw.kZ
fu/kkZfjr djukA
 ekiu fof/k fu/kkZfjr djukA
 funssZ'k lwph dh jpuk djukA
 v/;;u {ks= dk ldy #i ls laxBu djukA
 vkadM+ks dk lkjak'k rFkk fo'ys"k.k djuk gksrk gSA
çfrn'kZ ds çdkj%
1- çlaHkO;rk çfrn'kZu
1- lkekU; ;k–fPNdh çfrn'kZu
2- iqatkuqlkj çfrn'kZu
3- Lrjh—r çfrn'kZu
4- Øekuqlkj çfrn'kZu
5- cgqLrjh; çfrn'kZu
2- vçlaHkkO;rk çfrn'kZu
1- vkdfLed çfrn'kZu
2- mís';iw.kZ çfrn'kZu
3- var çfrn'kZu
4- fuf.kZr çfrn'kZu
mijksä çdkjksa esa ls 'kks/kdrkZ us vius 'kks/k dk;Z ds fy,
mís';iw.kZ çfrn'kZ p;u fof/k }kjk çfrn'kZ dk p;u fd;kA
34
3-5-1 çfrn'kZ fof/k%
çLrqr y?kq 'kks/k dk;Z esa çfrn'kZ dk pquko mís'; iw.kZ
çfrn'kZu ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA bl çfrn'kZ dh
lgk;rk ls 'kks/kdrkZ us viuk /;ku lexz esa u"V u djds
dqN ij gh dsUæhr fd;k gS] ftlesa fo"k; dk xgu v/;;u
vkSj le; dh cpr gksrh gSA blds vfrfjä çfrn'kZ dh
ekud =qfV Hkh de gks tkrh gSA
çLrqr v/;;u esa 'kks/kdrkZ us Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) ij v/;;u dk mYys[k fd;k
gSA 'kks/kdrkZ us nqxZ&fHkykbZ ,oa jktukanxkao esa fLFkr fo|ky;ksa
ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk p;u fd;k gSA
nqxZ&fHkykbZ ,oa jktukanxkao dh çxfr esa 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa
dk ;ksxnku gS tgka ij dbZ Nk=koklh o xSj Nk=koklh
'kkyk,a gSA çLrqr 'kks/k esa 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk 5 fo|ky;ksa dk p;u
;k–fPNd fof/k }kjk fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa Nk=koklh ,oa xSj
Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
'kks/kdrkZ us nqxZ&fHkykbZ ,oa jktukanxkao {ks= ds Nk=koklh
,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|ky;ksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k dh
tkudkjh djds muesa ls 320 Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dks vius
'kks/k dk;Z djus ds fy, ;k–fPNd fof/k }kjk p;fur fd;kA
buesa 160 Nk=koklh fo|kFkhZ gS rFkk 160 xSj Nk=koklh
fo|kFkhZ gSA

35
 lkj.kh Øekad 3-3% fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr p;fur
Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k

lkj.kh Øekad 3-4% fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr p;fur xSj

Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k

3-6 midj.k
ekuo ds orZeku thou esa midj.k 'kCn vR;f/kd
egRoiw.kZ gS] D;ksafd ;gh og ek/;e gS] ftldh lgk;rk ls
ekuo vius leLr y{;ksa dh çkfIr lqxerk ds lkFk djrk gSA
tgka ekuo ds y{; lk/; gSA rks midj.k mlds lk/kuk
vuqla/kku esa midj.k dk ogha egRo gS] tks ;q) esa gfFk;kjksa
dk ifjogu esa okguksa dk] Hkkstu esa yo.k dk rFkk v/;;u esa
iqLrd dk vFkkZr ekuo dk y{; pkgs og NksVk y{; gks
36
vFkok cM+k lHkh dks midj.kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blh
çdkj ls vuqla/kku dk;Z ls Hkh ekuo dks fofo/k midj.k rFkk
rduhfd;ksa fd vko';drk gksrh gSA
vuqla/kku ds varxZr leL;k fu/kkZj.k] ifjdYiuk djus]
U;kn'kZ pquus ds i'pkr~ fofHkUu leadks] midj.k dh vko';drk
iM+rh gSA ,d vuql/a kkudrkZ dks vius vuql/a kku dh vko';drk
gksrh gS] ftls og fofHkUu #i ls iw.kZ djrk gSA
3-6-1 midj.k dh O;k[;k
'kks/kdrkZ dk çkstDs V fo"k; ^Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) dk rqyukRed v/;;u djuk
gSA
laosxkRed cqf) Lrj O;fä ds ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk
lek;kstu djus dh {kerk rFkk fparu euu djus ds ekiu
djus dk ,d vk/kqfud ,oa fo'oluh; #i gS] ftldk ç;ksx
fofHkUu p;u ,oa vuqla/kku ds {ks= esa cgqr fd;k tk jgk gSA
laoxs kRed cqf) Lrj ekiu ds fy, eaxy }kjk fufeZr laox
s kRed
cqf) ekiuh dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
ç'ukoyh dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k ,oa leL;k ds v/
;;u fo"k; ds dkj.k gh ç'ukoyh bl y?kq 'kks/k v/;;u ds
fy, mi;qä midj.k gSA
midj.k ds p;u ds dqN egRoiw.kZ vk/kkj%
vuql/a kku lac/a kh vkadM+kas dks çkIr djus ds fy, midj.kksa
dk p;u djrs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dh vksj /;ku nsuk
vR;ar vko';d gSA

37
1- midj.k }kjk mís'; dks iwjk djuk% midj.k ,slk
gks tks mís'; dh iwfrZ djs] rFkk mlds okafNr vkadM+s
miyC/k gks ldsA
2- midj.k dh fo'olfu;rk% v/;;u midj.k ,slk
gksuk pkfg, ftlls nh xbZ leL;k ds çfr fofHkUu
voljksa ij nh xbZ ijh{k.k çkIrkadks ds fLFkfr;ksa ds
varxZr leku ifj.kke miyC/k gks ldsA okLro esa çkIr
ifj.kkeksa dh fo'olfu;rk oSKkfud vuqla/kku dh ,d
çeq[k dlkSVh gSA
3- midj.k dh oS/krk% ,d vPNs midj.k dh fo'ks"krk
gksrh gS fd og oS/k gks o mlh ckr dk ekiu djrk gks
tks ge çkIr djuk pkgrs gSaA
4- blds }kjk oLrqfu"B ifj.kke miyC/k gksus pkfg,%
leL;k ds v/;;u ds fy, ,sls midj.kksa dks p;uh—r
djuk pkfg, ftlls oLrqfu"B ifj.kke miyC/k gks]
oLrqfu"Brk ls rkRi;Z midj.k dks vad nsus ,oa vadks
dk fo'ys"k.k i{kikr foghurk ls gSA
5- O;kidrk% vuqla/kku ds fy, pquk x;k midj.k ml
{ks= ls lacaf/kr gks ftl ij ge dk;Z djuk pkgrs gSaA
6- çekihdj.k% tgka rd laHko gks lnSo çek.kh—r midj.kksa
dk ç;ksx djuk pkfg,A
7- ferO;;h% ,d v/;;u ls lacaf/kr ogh midj.k vf/kd
mi;qä jgrk gS tks fd le; o /ku laca/kh –f"Vdks.kksa
ls ferO;;h jgsA mä ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, çLrqr
y?kq 'kks/k ds fy, vkadM+ksa ds ladyu gsrq ç'ukoyh dk
p;u midj.k ds #i esa mi;qä gSA
38
3-6-2 midj.k dk ç'kklu
bl v/;;u gsrq vkadM+ksa ds laxzg.k gsrq laosxkRed
cqf) Lrj ekiuh midj.k dk ç;ksx fd;k x;kA çfrn'kZ ls
ijh{kk ysus esa loZçFke ;g /;ku j[kk fd%
1- p;u çfØ;k esa çfrn'kZ Nk=&Nk=kvksa ls vkReh; laca/k
cukus dk ç;kl fd;kA
2- mUgsa bl ijh{k.k ds fo"k; esa laf{kIr tkudkjh nhA
3- ç'ui= forjhr djds mUgsa Åij çFke i`"B ij viuk
uke] vk;q fyax] fo|ky; dk uke vkfn fy[kus dks dgk
x;k] rRi'pkr mUgsa funsZ'k /;kuiwoZd i<+us dks dgk
x;kA
4- Nk=ksa ds }kjk bl ijh{kk dk mís'; iwNus ij mUgsa bldk
mís'; crk;k x;k] bl dk;Z ds fy, çR;sd 'kkyk ds
çkpk;Z ,oa f'k{kdx.k dh lgk;rk mYys[kuh; fl) gqbZA
laosxkRed cqf) Lrj ekiuh esa dqy ç'uksa dh la[;k 100
gSA
3-6-3 ijh{k.k dk Qykadu
bl ekiuh esa dqy 100 ç'u fn, x, gSa] tks fd
Loçsj.kk] Lo tkx#drk laosxkRed fLFkjrk vkfn ls lacaf/kr
gSA çR;sd dks Bhd ls i<+dj fn, x, fodYi esa ls fdlh
,d ij lgh dk fpUg yxkuk gSA iw.kZ rFkk lger ds fy, 1
vad fn, x, gSa o çR;sd dks fxudj dqy ;ksx Kkr djuk
gSA ;g ;ksx gh mldh laosxkRed cqf) gksxhA
3-6-4 p;u dk ekin.M
'kks/kdrkZ }kjk laosxkRed cqf) ds ekiu gsrq eaxy }kjk
fufeZr ,e-bZ-vkbZ-vkbZ- ekiuh dk ç;ksx fuEu dkj.kksa ls fd;k
39
x;k gSA
1- ;g ,d çkjafHkd ijh{k.k gSA
2- budh Hkk"kk ljy gSA
3- fo'oluh; ,oa oS/k gSA
4- ijh{k.k }kjk le; dh cpr gksrh gSA vr% gekjs ijh{k.k
dk fo"k; Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh
laosxkRed cqf) dk rqyukRed v/;;u djuk gSA
3-7 vkadM+k s dk lkaf [;dh; fo'ys" k.k
ijh{k.k ls çkIr çkIrkadks ds vk/kkj ij lkFkZdrk eku
Kkr djus ds fy, lkaf[kdh; ekuks dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS]
ftlesa ek/;eku] ekud fopyu rFkk Vh eku dh x.kuk dh
xbZ gSA
1- e/;eku ;k lekurj ek/; (Mean)

tgka M = ek/;
x = çkIrkadks dk ;ksx
N = dqy la[;k
2- çekf.kd fopyu (Standard Deviation)

tgka  = çekf.kd fopyu

d2 = lekUrj ek/; ls Kkr fd, x, fopyuksa dk oxZ
N = dqy in
40
tgka  = çekf.kd fopyu
N = dqy la[;k dk in
x = çkIrkdksa dk ;ksx
x2 = in ewY;ksa ds oxksaZ dk ;ksx

3-

tgka SDp = çekf.kd fopyu ¼iwYM½

x12 = çFke Js.kh esa çkIr fopyuksa dk oxZ
x22 = f}rh; Js.kh esa çkIr fopyuksa dk oxZ
N1 = çFke Js.kh esa dqy la[;k
N2 = f}rh; Js.kh esa dqy la[;k
4- çkekf.kd fopyu =qfV

tgka N1 = çFke Js.kh dh dqy la[;k

N2 = f}rh; Js.kh dh dqy la[;k
SED = çkekf.kd fopyu dh =qfV

41
 5- ^Vh* ewY; (T Value)

tgka M1 = çFke Js.kh dk e/;eku

M2 = f}rh; Js.kh dk e/;eku
T = Vh ewY;
SED = çkekf.kd fopyu dh =qfV
6- Lora=;ka'k (Degree of Freedom)
Df = (N1 – 1) + (N2 – 1)
tgka df = Lora=;ka'k
N1 = çFke Js.kh dk ;ksx
N2 = f}rh; Js.kh dk ;ksx
Lora=;ka'k dks df ls O;ä djrs gSaA laosxkRed cqf)
“T” Value fudkyrs gS tgka çfrn'kZ dh la[;k 320 gSA

_____XXXX_____

42
 v/;k; 04
4-0 çnÙkksa dh çkfIr] O;k[;k ,oa fo'ys'k.k
4-1 Hkw f edk
LVfoyi ds vuqlkj% ^lkaf[;dh; ,d ,slk midj.k
gS ftldk laca/k vkafdd rF;ksa ds laxzg ,oa O;k[;k dh
fof/k;kas ls gS*A
lkaf[;dh dk vFkZ ,d ,sls foKku ls gksrk gS ftlds
}kjk la[;kRed rF;ksa dk ladyu foospu] fo'ys"k.k ,oa
O;k[;k dh tkrh gSA lkaf[;dh dk ç;ksx orZeku oLrqfLFkfr
ds ckjs esa fo'oluh; x.kuk djus esa rks gksrk gSA blds
lkFk&lkFk Hkfo"; dh fLFkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa iwokZuqeku djus ds
fy, Hkh gksrk gSA vkofrZd ifjorZuksa dks Bhd #i esa le>kus
ds fy, lkaf[;dh; dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
ykfoV ds vuqlkj% ^lkaf[;dh og foKku gS tks
?kVukvksa dh O;k[;k] fooj.k rFkk rqyuk ds fy, la[;kRed
rF;ksa dk ladyu] oxhZdj.k rFkk lkj.khdj.k djrk gSA*
QX;wZlu ds vuqlkj% ^lkaf[;dh oSKkfud dk;Z ç.kkyh
dh ,d 'kk[kk gS ftlds }kjk ç;ksx rFkk losZ{k.kksa ds vk/kkj
ij* çkIr vkadM+ksa dk ladyu oxhZdj.k] forj.k rFkk foospuk
dh tkrh gSA
vuqla/kku ekuo dh çxfr dh vksj ys tkus esa ,d
vfr vko';d midj.k gSA Øec) vuq'kklu ds vHkko esa
çxfr dk gksuk vlaHko lk gSA
ØkQksMZ ds vuqlkj% ^vuqla/kku fdlh leL;k ds
vPNs lek/kku ds fy, Øec) rFkk fo'kq) fparu ,oa fof'k"V
midj.kksa ds ç;ksx dh ,d fof/k gSA*
43
 lHkh çdkj ds vuqla/kku dk y{; çxfr rFkk Js"B
thou dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA ftl lhek dk O;fä;ksa ds lekt
dk fodkl djus ds fy, vPNh f'k{kk dks ekU;rk çnku dh
tk jgh gS] mlh lhek rd 'kSf{kd ç;klksa vkSj uhfr;ksa dks
leqUur djus ds fy, vktdy f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vuqla/kku
c<+rs tk jgs gSaA
lkaf[;dh; vuqla/kku dk ewy vk/kkj gSA ;g oSKkfud
v/;;u dh og dyk rFkk foKku gS ftlds varxZr çk;% iwoZ
fuf'pr y{; ds vk/kkj ij fu"d"kZ rF;ksa dk ifj.kke ekiu
vFkok vkadM+ksa dk ladyu] oxhZdj.k o fo'ys"k.k bl mís';
ls fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd çk—frd o lkekftd ?kVukvksa ls
fo"k; esa vuqekukRed o rqyukRed Kku o lkekftd ?kVukvksa
ds fo"k; esa vuqekukRed o rqyukRed Kku miyC/k gks ldsA
i;kZIr ek=k esa lacaf/kr ?kVukvksa ds ikjLifjd laca/kksa ds fo"k;
esa oSKkfud Lrj ij Hkfo"; dFku dh {kerk miyC/k gks ldsA
bl çdkj lkaf[;dh; dh vko';drk dsoy vkadM+ksa ds
fo'ys"k.k esa gh ugha cfYd muds ladyu esa Hkh jgrh gSA
4-2 çnÙkksa dh O;k[;k ,oa fo'ys"k.k
fdlh 'kks/k v/;;u esa vafre ifj.khr çnÙkks dh O;k[;k
,oa fo'ys"k.k gSA ;gh lk/ku gS tks 'kks/kdrkZ dks ,d fuf'pr
Lo#i çnku djrk gS ftldh lgk;rk ls vuqla/kkudrkZ
viuh ifjdYiukvksa dh iqf"V rFkk fdlh fu;e ;k ekU;rk dh
lR;rk dks lkFkZd #i ls O;ä djrk gSA
çnÙkksa ds fo'ys"k.k dk vFkZ gS blesa fufgr rF;ksa ;k
vFkksaZ dk fu/kkZfjr djus gsrq lkj.kh c) fo"k; lkexzh dk v/
;;u djukA blds varxZr çLrqr tfVy dkjdksa dks [kafMr
44
djds ljy va'kks esa foHkkftr djuk ,oa O;k[;k ds mís'; ls
mu va'kks dks uohu O;k[;k ds lanHkZ esa la;ksftr djuk gksrk
gSA
lkaf[;dh; jhfr;ka vusd pj.kksa esa iw.kZ gksrh gS] vkadM+ksa
dk laxgz .k] oxhZdj.k] lkj.kh;u] çLrqrhdj.k] fo'ys"k.k] fuoZpu]
iwokZueq ku vkfn çkIr vkadM+kas dks Øec) djrs gSa rFkk lkaf[;dh;
i)fr ls fo'ys"k.k dj çkIr vkadM+ksa dh cukbZ xbZ ifjdYiuk
ls feyku djrs gSa] ftlesa gekjs 'kks/k dks ,d ubZ fn'kk fey
ldsA bu fo'ys"k.kksa ds vk/kkj ij gh vuqla/kku dks fn'kk çkIr
gksrh gSA oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k v/;;u ds rF;ksa] ifj.kkeksa rFkk
oSKkfud Kku ds laca/k dh [kkst djrk gSA vkadM+ksa dk
fo'ys"k.k dj ,d oSKkfud fu"d"kZ ij igqapkuk gS rFkk
ifjdYiuk ds ijh{k.k esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
çLrqr çkstDs V esa 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk p;u dh xbZ leL;k ^Nk=koklh
,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laox s kRed cqf) dk rqyukRed
v/;;u* ls lacaf/kr pj çeq[k gSA bl v/;;u gsrq dqN
ifjdYiukvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k ,oa mlh ifjdYiuk ds
fo'ys"k.k ,oa foospuk fuEufyf[kr iafä;ksa esa n'kkZ;h x;h gSA
4-3 ifjdYiukvksa dh iqf "V
orZeku v/;;u dk fo"k; ^Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) dk rqyukRed v/;;u* gSA
bl v/;;u gsrq dqN ifjdYiukvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k ,oa
mlh ifjdYiuk ds fo'ys"k.k ,oa foospuk fuEufyf[kr iafä;ksa
esa n'kkZ;h xbZ gSA
mä ifjdYiuk dh lkFkZdrk ds fy, nqxZ&fHkykbZ ,oa
jktukanxkao esa fLFkr Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa
45
dh laosxkRed cqf) dk ijh{k.k eaxy }kjk fufeZr laosxkRed
cqf) ijh{k.k }kjk fd;k x;kA
ifjdYiuk H1
^Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed
cqf) esa lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k tkrkA*
fofHkUu lacaf/kr vkadM+s fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh esa n'kkZ,
x, gSa%
lkj.kh Øekad 4-1% Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) ds e/;eku] çekf.kd
fopyu ,oa Vh eku

df= 158, P < 0.05, lkFkZd

lkj.kh Øekad 4-1 ls Li"V gS fd Nk=koklh ,oa xSj
Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) dk e/;eku 58-12 o
61-23 gS o ç.kkfed fopyu 8-30 rFkk 12-45 gS rFkk nksuksa ds
e/; Vh ewY; dk eku 7-42 çkIr gqvk gSA tks Lora=rk dk
va'k 158 ij lkj.kh eku ls vf/kd gSA
blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd Nk=koklh o xSj Nk=koklh
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laox
s kRed cqf) esa lkFkZd varj gSA xSj Nk=koklh
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vis{kk
vf/kd gSA vr% ;g ifjdYiuk fujLr dh tkrh gSA
dkj.k% Nk=koklh fo|kFkhZ vius ifjokj ls nwj jgdj
/ku ds ewY; dks le>rs ugha gSaA ijarq xSj Nk=koklh fo|kFkhZ
ifjtuksa ds lkFk jgdj /ku ds ewY; dks le>rs gSa vkSj O;FkZ
46
[kpZ ugha djrs gSaA
ifjdYiuk H2
^Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed
cqf) esa dkbZ lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k tkrkA*
lkj.kh Øekad 4-2% Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=ksa dh
laosxkRed cqf) ds e/;eku] çekf.kd fopyu ,oa Vh eku

df= 78, P < 0.05, lkFkZd

lkj.kh Øekad 4-2 ls Li"V gS fd Nk=koklh ,oa xSj
Nk=koklh Nk=ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) dk e/;eku 57-90 o 63-
97 gS o ç.kkfed fopyu 11-82 rFkk 12-18 gS rFkk nksuksa ds
e/; Vh ewY; dk eku 7-88 çkIr gqvk gSA tks Lora=rk dk
va'k 78 ij lkj.kh eku ls vf/kd gSA
blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd Nk=koklh o xSj
Nk=koklh Nk=ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa lkFkZd varj gSA xSj
Nk=koklh Nk=ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) Nk=koklh Nk=ksa dh
vis{kk vf/kd gSA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd xSj Nk=koklh
Nk=] Nk=koklh Nk=ksa dh vis{kk Js"B gksrs gSaA
dkj.k% Nk=koklh Nk= vdsys jgdj u'khys inkFkksZ
dk lsou] ekSt&eLrh] okn&fookn esa rYyhu gks tkrs gSaA
tcfd xSj Nk=koklh Nk= vius ifjtuksa ds lkFk cafn'kksa esa
jgdj mxz ugha gks ikrsA

47
ifjdYiuk H3
^Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed
cqf) esa dksbZ varj ugha ik;k tkrkA*
lkj.kh Øekad 4-3% Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=kvksa
dh laosxkRed cqf) ds e/;eku] çekf.kd fopyu ,oa Vh
eku

df= 78, P > 0.05, lkFkZd ugh

lkj.kh Øekad 4-3 ls Li"V gS fd Nk=koklh ,oa xSj
Nk=koklh Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf) dk e/;eku 59-42 o
58-5 gS o ç.kkfed fopyu 11-75 rFkk 11-99 gS rFkk nksuksa ds
e/; Vh ewY; dk eku 1-21 çkIr gqvk gSA tks Lora=rk dk
va'k 78 ij lkj.kh eku ds yxHkx cjkcj gSSA
bldk rkRi;Z ;g fd Nk=koklh o xSj Nk=koklh
Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa dksbZ varj ugha gksrk gSA
dkj.k% Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=k,a Hkkoqd
gksus ds dkj.k vius laosxksa ij fu;a=.k j[krh gSaA
ifjdYiuk H4
^Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa
dksbZ varj ugha ik;k tkrkA

48
 lkj.kh Øekad 4-4% Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh
laosxkRed cqf) ds e/;eku] çekf.kd fopyu ,oa Vh eku

df= 78, P > 0.05, lkFkZd ugh

lkj.kh Øekad 4-4 ls Li"V gS fd Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa
Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf) dk e/;eku 57-90 o 59-42 gS o
ç.kkfed fopyu 12-27 rFkk 11-75 gS rFkk nksuksa ds e/; Vh
ewY; dk eku 1-97 çkIr gqvk gSA tks Lora=rk dk va'k 78 ij
lkj.kh eku ds yxHkx cjkcj gSSA
bldk rkRi;Z ;g fd Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh
laosxkRed cqf) esa dksbZ varj ugha gksrk gSA
dkj.k% Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=k,a ewy fuokl ls nwj
jgdj ,d tSls okrkoj.k esa jgrs gSaA ftlds dkj.k nksuksa dh
gh lkspus&le>us dh 'kfä o Hkkouk,a lkeku gksrh gSA
ifjdYiuk H5
^xSj Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf)
esa dksbZ varj ugha ik;k tk,xkA*
lkj.kh Øekad 4-5% xSj Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh
laosxkRed cqf) ds e/;eku] çekf.kd fopyu ,oa Vh eku

df= 78, P > 0.05, lkFkZd

49
 lkj.kh Øekad 4-5 ls Li"V gS fd xSj Nk=koklh Nk=
,oa Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf) dk e/;eku 63-97 o 58-5 gS
o ç.kkfed fopyu 12-14 rFkk 11-99 gS rFkk nksuksa ds e/; Vh
ewY; dk eku 10-64 çkIr gqvk gSA tks Lora=rk dk va'k 78
ij lkj.kh eku ds vf/kd gSSA
bldk rkRi;Z ;g fd xSj Nk=koklh Nk= dh laox
s kRed
cqf) xSj Nk=koklh Nk=kvksa ls mPp gSA
dkj.k% xSj Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=k,a
vius fuokl esa ifjtuksa ds lkFk lkeku okrkoj.k esa jgrs gSaA
ijarq Nk= oxZ Lofoosd ls viuh Hkkoukvksa dks fu;af=r djrs
gSa tcfd Nk=k,a leku okrkoj.k esa jgus ds ckotwn viuh
Hkkoukvksa dks fu;af=r ugha dj ikrh gSA
Xykscy fu"d"kZ
çLrqr v/;;u dk mnn~'s ; Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) dk v/;;u djuk FkkA ftlds
fy, eaxy }kjk fufeZr ijh{k.k beks'kksuy bUVsyhtsUl bUosaVjh
vkadMksa dks ,df=r fd;k x;kA Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) dk varj Kkr djus ds fy, Vh
eku dh x.kuk dh xbZA ifj.kke ;g çnf'kZr djrk gSa fd
Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa
lkFkZd varj ik;k x;k gSA xSj Nk=koklh fo|kFkhZ Nk=koklh
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vis{kk laosxkRed cqf) esa Js"B gksrs gSaA
xSj Nk=koklh Nk= dh laosxkRed cqf) ij çkIr
ifj.kkeksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd xSj Nk=koklh Nk=] Nk=koklh
Nk=ksa dh vis{kk laosxkRed cqf) esa mPp gksrs gSaA Nk=kvksa ds
laca/k esa çkIr ifj.kke ;g çnf'kZr djrs gSa fd Nk=koklh ,oa
50
xSj Nk=koklh Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa dksbZ varj ugha
gksrkA Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa esa laosxkRed cqf) dh –
f"Vdks.k ls dksbZ varj ugha ik;k tkrkA fdUrq xSj Nk=koklh
Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds laosxkRed cqf) esa lkFkZd varj ik;k tkrk
gSA xSj Nk=koklh Nk=] Nk=kvksa dh vis{kk laosxkRed cqf) esa
Js"B ik, tkrs gSaA

_____XXXX_____

51
 v/;k; 05
fu"d"kZ] lq>ko ,oa vuqdj.kh; v/;;u
5-1 Hkw f edk
ckyd jk"Vª dh /kjksgj gS lekt fd çkjafHkd bdkbZ o
ns'k dk Hkfo"; gSA ckyd gekjh lH;rk&laL—fr dks Hkfo";
esa ifj"—r vkSj mUur djus dk ek/;e gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh jk"Vª
o lekt ml le; mUufr ds iFk ij vxzlj gks ldrk gS]
tc mlesa jgus okys ckyd dks mfpr f'k{kk çkIr gks] ftlls
ns'k o lekt ds vuq:i vius varfufgZr 'kfä dk lEiw.kZ
fodkl dj ldsaA
f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh 'kkjhfjd] ekufld ,oa laox
s kRed {kerkvksa
dk ,slk leUo;kRed la;kstu djuk gS] ftlls lekt vkSj
ç—fr ds lkFk var% fØ;k esa og vius loZrksUeq[kh fodkl ds
lkFk lek;ksftr gks ldsA Hkkjrh; lekt esa HkkoRed vkSj
lkSan;kZRed fodkl djus dh dYiuk f'k{kk us dHkh ugha dh]
;|fi jk"Vªh; ,drk lfefr rFkk HkkokRed ,drk lfefr us
bl ckr dh vko';drk ij cy fn;k gS fd f'k{kk ds }kjk
ckyd ds vanj ldkjkRed laosxksa dk fodkl fd;k tkuk
pkfg, vkSj udkjkRed laosxksa dk neu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
5-2 fu"d"kZ
1- 0-05 fo'oluh; Lrj ij dk Vh eku 7-42 lkFkZd vUrj
vf/kd gSA Lora=rk la[;k 158 ij Vh dk eku 7 ij gS
vr% ifjdYiuk fujLr dh tkrh gSA vFkkZr Nk=koklh
,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa
lkFkZd vUrj gSA
52
 2- 0-05 fo'oluh; Lrj ij dk Vh eku 7-88 vf/kd lkFkZd
vUrj ik;k x;kA Lokra=; la[;k 78 ij Vh dk eku 7-
88 gS vr% ifjdYiuk fujLr dh tkrh gSA vFkkZr
Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa
lkFkZd vUrj gSA
3- x.kuk }kjk Vh dk eku 1-21 çkIr gqvk tks 0-05 fo'oluh;
Lrj ij lkFkZd gSA vr% ifjdYiuk lkFkZd o Loh—r
dh tkrh gS vFkkZr Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=kvksa
dh laosxkRed cqf) esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA
4- 0-05 fo'oluh; Lrj ij Vh dk eku 1-97 lkFkZd ik;k
x;kA Lora=; la[;k 78 ij Vh dk eku 1-95 gS vr%
ifjdYiuk Loh—r dh tkrh gSA vFkkZr Nk=koklh Nk=k
,oa Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa dksbZ vUrj ugha gSA
5- 0-05 fo'oluh; Lrj ij Vh dk eku 10-64 vf/kd
lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;k gSA Lokra=; la[;k 78 ij Vh
dk eku 10-64 gSA vr% ifjdjYiuk fujLr dh tkrh gS]
vFkkZr xSj Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed
cqf) esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA
5-3 lq > ko
1- ckydksa ds fy, 'kSf{kd mís'; dks çkIr djuk vko';d
gSA ifjokj dh vkfFkZd ;k lkekftd fdlh Hkh fLFkfr ds
dkj.k mudh cqf) esa ck/kk,a vkrh gS mUgsa nwj djuk
vko';d gSA
2- lkekU; vH;kl ds lkFk uSfrd ewY;ksa dks Hkh f'k{kk esa
LFkku fn;k tk,xk] ftlesa fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa çse] n;k] lgkuqHkwfr
vkSj lkekftd xq.k dk fodkl gks ldsA
53
 3- Nk=koklh o xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk 'kkys; okrkoj.k
bl çdkj gks fd lHkh ckydksa dks leku volj çkIr
gksA
4- f'k{kdksa dks le;&le; ij uohu rduhfd;ksa ls çf'kf{kr
fd;k tk,] rkfd os fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh fofo/krk ds vuq:i
v/;;u djk ldsA
5- cqf) ijh{k.k ds vk/kkj ij d{kk Lrj dk fu/kkZj.k djus
dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,A
6- 'kSf{kd miyfC/k c<+kus ds fy, fo|ky; esa ;ksX; f'k{kdksa
dh fu;qfä dh tkosA
7- okn] fookn] fopkj] foe'kZ] ç'ueap] Hkk"k.k] Li/kkZ vkfn
dk vk;kstu dj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekufld xq.kksa dk fodkl
djuk pkfg,A
5-4 Hkkoh v/;;u gsrq çLrkfor leL;k,a
1- mPprj ek/;fed fo|ky; ds fofHkUu lewg ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh cqf) ij i<+us okys çHkko dk rqykukRed v/;;uA
2- vuq- tkfr] tutkfr ,oa v-fi-o- dh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh cqf)
ds vUr% lEca/kksa dk fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;uA
3- vkfnetkfr dY;k.k foHkkx }kjk lapkfyr 'kkyk ,oa
Ldwy f'k{kk foHkkx }kjk lapkfyr 'kkyk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh
laosxkRed cqf) dk rqykukRed v/;;u A
4- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) dk
rqykukRed v/;;uA
5- gkbZLdwy Lrj ij uoksn; fo|ky;] dsafæ; fo|ky; ,oa
lkekU; fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) dk
54
 rqykukRed v/;;uA
6- mPprj ek/;fed fo|ky; esa vkoklh; fo|ky; ,oa xSj
vkoklh; fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) dk
rqyukRed v/;;uA
7- mPprj ek/;fed fo|ky; esa vkoklh; fo|ky; ,oa xSj
vkoklh; fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) dk
rqyukRed v/;;uA
8- mPp lkekftd vkfFkZd Lrj ij fuEu lkekftd vkfFkZd
Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) dk v/;;uA
9- f'kf{kr o vf'kf{kr ikydksa ds cPpksa ds laosxkRed cqf)
dk rqykukRed v/;;uA
10-mPprj ek/;fed Lrj ij rFkk iwoZ ek/;fed Lrj ds
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) dk rqyukRed v/;;uA
11- vaxzsth ,oa fgUnh ek/;e ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ds f'k{kdksa dh
laosxkRed cqf) dk rqyukRed v/;;uA

_____XXXX_____

55
 v/;k; 06
6-0 lkjka ” k
6-1 Hkw f edk
f'k{kk lekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk gS ,oa lekthdj.k dk
,d lk/ku gS ftlds }kjk ckyd lekth—r gksrk gSA çkjaHk
esa ckyd dh f'k{kk ifjokj uked laLFkk }kjk vukSipkfjd :i
ls nh tkrh gS tks /keZ ls lacaf/kr ,oa viuh ijaijk fopkj rFkk
laL—fr ds vuqlkj nsrs FksA
lekt ds ftl çdkj dh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk gksxh]
mlh çdkj ls lekt dk fuekZ.k gksxkA f'k{kk gh og ek/;e gS
ftlds }kjk euq"; vPNkbZ;ksa rFkk cqjkbZ;ksa esa ij[k djrk gS
rFkk mfpr rF;ksa dks xzg.k djrk gSA f'k{kk dk eq[; mís';
O;fä dk lokaZfx.k fodkl djds jk"Vª ,oa fo'o dh çxfr esa
lgk;d ,oa dq'ky ukxfjd dh f'k{kk çnku djuk gSA vktdy
gh ugh oju vkus okys çkphu dky ls f'k{kk 'kCn dk ç;ksx
fdlh u fdlh vFkZ esa gksrk pyk vk;k gSA ckydksa dh {kerk
dk fodkl cqf) ds }kjk gksrk gSA f'k{kk ds }kjk gh lkekftd
rFkk HkkSfrd foKku ds {ks= esa cqf) rFkk mldh ekiu çfØ;k
dk vR;kf/kd egRo gSA
6-2 v/;;u dk egRo
f'k{kk ds nks vFkZ gS ,d O;kid rFkk nwljk ladqfpr
O;kid vFkZ esa f'k{kk laiw.kZ thou Hkj pyus okyh çfØ;k gSA
çR;sd vuqHko f'k{kk vkSj çR;sd lewg mudk f'k{kd gSA fdUrq
lkekftd vFkZ esa lekt }kjk fu;ksftr f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa
gekjs iwoZtksa dh lafpr /kujkf'k esa ls tks lh[krk gS og f'k{kk
gSA iqLrds vkSj ikBîØe mldh lhek;sa gS rFkk bldk
56
lkekftd ,oa lkaL—frd ewY;ksa dk çlkj.k rFkk ckyd dk
mlls rknkRE;dj.k LFkkfir djuk gSA
f'k{kk lekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk gSA lekt esa ftl çdkj
dh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk gksxh] mlh çdkj ds lekt dk fuekZ.k
gksxk blh ckr dks /;ku esa j[kdj fofHkUu fopkjdksa ls fofHkUu
dkyksa esa f'k{kk ds fofHkUu mís';ksa ij cy fn;k gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ
çkphu Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk mís'; euq"; dk vk/;kfRed rFkk
uSfrd ewY;ksa dk fodkl djuk gS] eqfLye f'k{kk dk eq[;
mís'; fl)karks] dkuwuksa vkSj eqfLye lkekftd ijaijkvksa dks
vaxzsth tkuus vkSj u tkuus okys nks ,sls oxksZ esa foHkkftr
djuk Fkk] tks lnSo ,d nwljs ls ?k`.kk djrs FksA blh çdkj
vU; ns'kks esa Hkh le;&le; ij f'k{kk ds fofHkUu mís'; jgsA
ifjokj gh lekt dh çkjafHkd bdkbZ gSA ifjokj ckyd
dh çFke ikB'kkyk gSA loZçFke og ifjokj ls gh lh[kusa dh
çfØ;k 'kq: djrk gSA ckyd dh ikfjokfjd ns'kHkky o mlds
'kS{kf.kd Lrj ij ifjokj }kjk çkIr vk; vkSj O;; vkfFkZd
fLFkfr mPp Lrj dh gksrh gS] mu ifjokjksa ds ckydksa esa cqf)
Hkh Åaps Lrj dh ik;h x;h gSA vk; ds lkFk&lkFk jgu&lgu
dk Lrj Åapk ,oa mudh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
euksoSKkfudksa us ns[kk gS fd tks cPps vPNs ifjokjksa ds gksrs gS
os Hkk"kk okD;ksa vkfn ds {ks= esa mPp gksrs gSA
6-3 la o s x
ekuo thou esa laosxksa dk vR;kf/kd egRo gSA ;fn
laosxks dk fodkl larqfyr :i esa ugha gksrk gS rks O;fä dk
laiw.kZ O;fäRo fo?kfVr gks tkrk gSA

57
 fxyQksMZ ds vuqlkj laosxks ds çdkj%
lao sx
izkFkfed f}rh;d
vkuan izes
Hk; Hk;] foLe;
vk”p;Z i”pkrki
Øks/k frjLdkj
?k`.kk vk”kkokn
nq[k ¼”kksd½ fujk”kk
Lohrh vkKkdkjh
iwokZHkkl iwokZuqeku
6-4 cq f )
cqf) O;fä dh og {kerk gS ftlds }kjk O;fä vius
okrkoj.k ds çfr vuqfØ;k djrk gSA og okrkoj.k rFkk
ifjLFkkfr;ksa esa Lo;a dks lek;ksftr djrk gS ;k Lo;a okrkoj.k
ds vuqdwy cu tkrk gSA
fofHkUu fo}kuksa us cqf) dk oxhZdj.k bl çdkj fd;k
gS%
cq f )
xSjsV ds vuqlkj FkkuZMkbd ds vuqlkj
ewrZ vewrZ lkekftd vewrZ lkekftd ;kaf=dh cqf)
vk/kqfud le; esa cqf) ds çdkjksa esa laosxkRed cqf)
rFkk vk/;kfRed cqf) dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

58
6-5 laosxkRed cq f) dh vko/kkj.kk
laosxkRed cqf) ,d ubZ vo/kkj.kk gS tks Msfu;y
xksyeu }kjk fodflr dh xbZ gSA ;g O;fä dh og {kerk
gksrh gS tks laosxksa dk 'kks/k djk;s rFkk fopkjksa ds vuqlkj mls
lapkfyr djsa rFkk laosxkRed Kku çnku djsaA
laosxkRed cqf) ¾ laosx $ cqf)
6-5-1 laosxkRed cqf) ds rRo
1- vfHkçsj.kk
2- lekuqHkwfr
3- Lo&tkx:drk
4- Lo&çdVhdj.k
5- fu'p;rk
6- laca/kksa esa dq'kyrk
59
6-5-2 laosxkRed cqf) dk ç;ksx
1- dk;ZLFky ij laosxkRed cqf)
2- LoLFk laca/kksa dk fuekZ.k
3- vfHkHkkodksa esa laosxkRed cqf)
4- laosxkRed cqf) o fd'kksjkoLFkk
5- vfHkHkkodksa esa laosxkRed cqf)
6- y{; fu/kkZj.k
6-5-3- laosxkRed cqf) dk vHkko
1- lkekftd leL;k
2- fpUrk o ghu Hkkouk
3- vijk/kh ;k vkØked
4- fopkjksa dh leL;k
6-5-4- laosxkRed cqf) vf/kxe
1- Lo;a dh igpku
2- Hkkoksa ds dkj.kksa dh igpku
3- vkRe fu;a=.k
4- Øks/k vkSj Hk; esa O;ogkj
5- ldkjkRed lksp dk fo"k;
6-6 leL;k dFku
^Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed
cqf) dk rqyukRed v/;;u^
leL;k ds p;u ds i'pkr ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS
fd ftu /kkj.kkvksa ij leL;k vk/kkfjr gS] mUgha /kkj.kkvksa ds
vuqlkj ifjdYiukvksa dk fuekZ.k] tks ç;ksx ,oa vuqla/kku ds
60
}kjk lR;rk fLkkfir dj ldsA bl çdkj ls ;s fofHkUu
leL;k ds lek/kku rd igqapus ds fy, mi;qä ekxZ ,oa lk/
ku fl) gksrs gSA
6-7 laf Ø;kRed ifjHkk"kk
6-7-1 Nk=koklh
os fo|kFkhZ tks v/;;u xzg.k djus gsrq ifjokj ls nwj
fo|ky; çkax.k esa fuokl djrs gSa] ,sls fo|kFkhZ bl laKk esa
lfEefyr gSSaA
6-7-2 xSj Nk=koklh
os fo|kFkhZ tks v/;;u xzg.k djus gsrq loZlqfo/kk;qä
vkoklh; O;oLFkk esa ifjtuksa ds lkFk jgdj"'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa
esa f'k{kk xzg.k djrs gSa] ,sls fo|kFkhZ bl laKk esa lfEefyr gSaSA
6-7-3 laosxkRed cqf)
laosxkRed cqf) }kjk O;fä laosxksa ij fu;a=.k j[kdj
ekuoh; laca/kksa dks cqf)ekuh ls fØ;kUo;u djrk gSA
çLrqr v/;;u esa laosxkRed cqf) dk rkRiZ; eaxy
}kjk fufeZr ,ebZvkbZvkbZ laosxkRed cqf) ijh{k.k ekiuh }kjk
çkIr çkIrkadksa ds e/;eku ls gSA
6-8 v/;;u dk mís';
çR;sd dk;Z fdlh u fdlh mís'; ls çsfjr gksrk gSA
ftu dk;ksZ dk mís'; fuf'pr gksrk gSA muesa O;fä dh
lQyrk dh laHkkouk vPNh jgrh gS] fdUrq ;fn fdlh dk;Z
dk mís'; fuf'pr ugha gS rks dk;Z djus okyk mlesa iwjh rjg
:fp ys ldsxk vkSj u gh dk;Z mfpr <ax ls iwjk gks ik;sxkA

61
 çLrqr leL;k ds mís'; fuEu çdkj gS%
1- Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed
cqf) esa varj Kkr djukA
2- Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa
varj Kkr djukA
3- Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf)
esa varj Kkr djukA
4- Nk=oklh Nk= ,oa ,oa Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa
varj Kkr djukA
5- xSj Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa
varj Kkr djukA
6-9 v/;;u dh ifjdYiuk
H1 Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed
cqf) esa lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k tkrkA
H2 Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa
dksbZ varj ugha ik;k tkrkA
H3 Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf)
esa dksbZ varj ugha ik;k tkrkA
H4 Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa dksbZ
varj ugha ik;k tkrkA
H5 xSj Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed cqf) esa
dksbZ varj ugha ik;k tkrkA

62
6-10 v/;;u dh ifjlhek
1- çLrqr v/;;u dsoy nqxZ ,oa jktukanxkao ftys rd gh
lhfer gSA
2- çLrqr v/;;u esa Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh laosxkRed cqf) dk gh v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA
3- çLrqr v/;;u dsoy 5 fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa rd gh
lhfer gSA
U;kn'kZ ds varxZr 320 fo|kFkhZ ?160 Nk= ,oa 160
Nk=k,a? dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA laosxkRed cqf) dk ekiu
eaxy }kjk fufeZr laosxkRed cqf) ekiuh }kjk fd;k x;k gSA
çLrqr v/;;u esa laosxkRed cqf) ekiu gsrq eaxy }kjk fufeZr
laosxkRed cqf) ekiuh ds fy, d{kk 10 oha ls 12oha ds
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
6-11 tula[ ;k
tula[;k ls rkRi;Z 'kks/k dk;Z ds fy, miyC/k fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh la[;k ls gSA çLrqr v/;;u esa tula[;k ds varxZr d{kk
10 oha ls 12oha esa v/;;ujr leLr Nk=koklh ,oa xSj
Nk=koklh fo|kFkhZ gSaA
6-12 çfrn'kZ
çLrqr çkstsDV dk;Z esa çfrn'kZ dk pquko nqxZ&fHkykbZ
,oa jktukanxkao esa fLFkr lHkh Nk=koklh o xSj Nk=koklh
fo|ky;ksa esa ls 5 fo|ky;ksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA dqy 320
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gS ftlesa 160 Nk=koklh o
160 xSj Nk=oklh fo|ky;ksa ds fo|kFkhZ gSA

63
6-13 'kks/k çk#i
pj

Lora= pj ijra= pj
1- Nk=kokl@xSj Nk=kokl 1- laosxkRed cqf+)
2- fyax&Nk= ,oa Nk=k,a
6-14 'kks/k çfof/k
çLrqr 'kks/k esa lkexzh çkIr djus gsrq losZ{k.k i)fr
dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA losZ{k.k ls rkRi;Z ,sls v/;;uksa ls
gS ftlesa fd vuqla/kkudrkZ fdlh fo'ks"k LFkku ij tkdj dqN
voLFkkvksa ;k ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lacfa /kr lgh lwpukvksa dk ladyu
djrk gSA eaxy fd laosxkRed cqf) ekiuh }kjk Nk=koklh
,oa xSj Nk=koklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed cqf) ds vkadM+s
çkIr fd, x, gSaA Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh lewgksa ds e/
; Vh&ewY; }kjk varj Kkr fd;k x;k gSA fyax dk çHkko
ns[kus gsrq Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds e/; Vh&ewY; dh x.kuk dh
xbZ gSA
6-15 midj.k
ekuo ds orZeku thou esa ^midj.k^ 'kCn vR;kf/kd
egRoiw.kZ gS] D;ksafd ;gh og ek/;e gS] ftldh lgk;rk ls
ekuo vius leLr y{;ksa dh çkfIr lqxerk ds lkFk djrk gSA
vuql/a kku ds varxZr leL;k fu/kkZj.k ifjdYiuk djus]
U;kn'kZ pquus ds i'pkR] fofHkUu leadks ¼midj.k½ dh vko';drk
iM+rh gSA ,d vuql/a kkudrkZ dks vius vuql/a kku dh vko';drk
gksrh gS] ftls og fofHkUu :i esa iw.kZ djrk gSA

64
 'kks/kdrkZ ds y?kq 'kks/k fo"k; ^Nk=koklh o xSj Nk=koklh
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks laosxkRed cqf) dk v/;;u djuk gS^A
laosxkRed cqf) Lrj O;fä ds ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk
lek;kstu djus dh {kerk rFkk fparu euu djus ds ekiu
djus dk ,d vk/kqfud ,oa fo'oluh; :i gSa] ftldk ç;ksx
fofHkUu p;u ,oa vuqla/kku ds {ks= esa cgqr fd;k tk jgk gSA
laosxkRed cqf) Lrj ekiu ds fy, eaxy }kjk fufeZr ,e-bZ-
vkbZ-vkbZ- ¼eaxy beks'kuy baVfytsUl bUoksVjh ½ ekiuh dk
ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
6-16 fu"d"kZ
ifjdYiuk H1
fu"d"kZ % df = 158, t = 7.42, p < 0.05, lkFkZd
vFkkZr~ Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=ksa dh laox
s kRed
cqf) es lkFkZd varj ik;k tkrk gSA
ifjdYiuk H2
fu"d"kZ % df = 78, t = 7.88, p < 0.05, lkFkZd
vFkkZr~ Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=ksa dh laox
s kRed
cqf) es lkFkZd varj ik;k tkrk gSA
ifjdYiuk H3
fu"d"kZ % df = 78, t = 1.21, p > 0.05, lkFkZd ugha
vFkkZr~ Nk=koklh ,oa xSj Nk=koklh Nk=kvksa dh
laosxkRed cqf) es dksbZ varj ugha ik;k tkrk gSA

65
ifjdYiuk H4
fu"d"kZ % df = 78, t = 1.97, p > 0.05, lkFkZd ugha
vFkkZr~ Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed
cqf) es dksbZ varj ugha ik;k tkrk gSA
ifjdYiuk H5
fu"d"kZ % df = 78, t = 10.64, p > 0.05, lkFkZd
vFkkZr~ xSj Nk=koklh Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed
cqf) esa lkFkZd varj ik;k tkrk gSA

_____XXXX_____

66
 lanHkZ xzaFk lwph (Annexure-I)
 HkVukxj ,oa HkVukxj ¼2005½ % 'kSf{kd ,oa ekufld ekiu]
vkj yky cqd fMiks] esjB
 dqyJs"B] flag ,oa jke ¼2005½ % vf/kxedrkZ dk fodkl ,oa
f'k{k.k vf/kxe çfØ;k] jk/kk çdk'ku eafnj] vkxjk
 HkVukxj] HkVukxj ,oa HkVukxj % f'k{kk euksfoKku] ¼2005½
vkj yky cqd fMiks] esjB i`-la-& 181]182
 yky ,oa iyksM ¼2006½ % 'kSf{kd fparu ,oa ç;ksx vkj
yky cqd fMiks] esjB i`-la-& 01] 04] 05
 of'k"B % f'k{kk euksfoKku] ¼2007½ vtqZu ifCyf'kax gkÅl] ubZ
fnYyh i`-la-& 70] 71
 Eakxy ,oa ikBd ¼2009½ % vf/kxedrkZ dk fodkl ,oa f'k{k.k
vf/kxe çfØ;k] vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk] i`-la-& 202] 203
 Eakxy ,oa eaxy ¼2011½ % fo|kFkhZ fodkl ,oa f'k{kk vf/kxe
çfØ;k] yk;y cqd fMiks] esjB] i`-la-& 93
 ekFkqj ¼1994½ % f'k{k.k dyk fouksn iqLrd eafnj] vkxjk] i`-
la-& 89] 90] 93] 94
 ipkSjh ¼2007½ % f'k{kk vkSj lekt] yk;y cqd fMiks] esjB]
i`-la-& 1] 3
 lqf[k;k esgjks=k ,oa esgjks=k ¼1970½ % 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ds
ewy rRo] fouksn iqLrd eafnj] vkxjk] i`-la-& 152] 156
 flag] 'kekZ ,oa jkor ¼2009½ % vf/kxedrkZ dk fodkl ,oa
f'k{k.k] vf/kxe çfØ;k] jk/kk çdk'ku eafnj] vkxjk] i`-la-&
174] 175
 'kekZ ¼2003½ % f'k{kk vkSj euksfoKku esa çkjafHkd lkaf[;dh
lw;kZ ifCyds'ku] esjB] i`-la-& 167] 168
67
 'kekZ ¼2012½ % f'k{kk vuqla/kku ds ewy rRo ,oa 'kks/k çfØ;k]
yk;y cqd fMiks] esjB] i`-la-& 23] 173
 xqIrk ,oa xqIrk ¼2014½ % mPprj f'k{kk euksfoKku] 'kjn
iqLrd Hkou] bykgckn] i`-la-& 181]182
 ekFkqj ¼2013&14½ % f'k{kk euksfoKku] vxzoky ifCyds'ku
vkxjk&2
 ikBd ¼2013&14½ % f'k{kk euksfoKku] vxzoky ifCyds'ku
vkxjk&2] i`-la-& 415
 Abraham Carmeli : Halevy, Jacob Weisberg Meyrav
titzhak Journal of Managerial Psychology (2009)]
Volume -24, issue-1 page-66-78
 Aurora.(2012) : Praachi Journal of Psycho-Cultural
Dimensions VoI.42(21), p-59-61
 Bhargava.(2012) : psycho-lingua, VoI.42(21), p-59-
61
 Bhargava.(2012) : Behavioural Scientist (Bi-annual),
VoI.13(2), p-195-197
 Bhargava.(2012) : Behavioural Scientist (Bi-annual),
VoI.13(1), p-150-152
 Bhargava.(2012) : psycho-lingua, VoI.42(2), p-150-
152
 Emmaj. Donaldso: British Journal of guidance &
counseling volume fielder, frank W. Bond 32, issu 2
may 2004, Page 5-187-203
 Goleman d (1995) : E.\. Bantam Book, Publishing
history
 George, J.M.(2000) : Emotions and leadership; The
68
 role of E.I “Human relations, VoI.53(8), p-1027-
1055
 Nicola, John, Wendary, Greta (2001) : E.l.and Inter
personal relation Journal of social Psychology,
Vol(4)P-5:23-36
 Nicola, John, Wendary, Greta (2001) : E.l.and Inter
personal relation Journal of social Psychology,
Vol(4)P-5:23-36
 Ramalingam.(2012) : Journal of the Indian Academy
of Applied Psychology, VoI.42(2), p-51-65
 Sakivey, P. and Mayer J.D. (1990) : Emotional
lnteligence, Imagination, Cognition and personality
Page-185-211
 Singh.(2012) : Indian Journal of Psychometry and
Education, VoI.43(1), p-13-16
 Yadav.(2012) : Journal of Education & Psychological
Research, VoI.42(2), p-87-89

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69
 'kCnkoyh (Annexure-II)
Aim & m)s”;
Address & lacks/ku
Allowable & Lohdk;Z
Average & vkSlr
Analysis & fo”ys”k.k
Administration & iz”kklu
Ambission & egRokdka{kk
Aspiration & vkdka{kk
All Round & lokZxh.k
Conclusion & fu’d’kZ
Curriculum & ikB~;Øe
Coincious & lapsru
Capacity & {kerk
Curiosity & ftKklk
Child & ckyd
Cultural & lkaLd`frd
Data & iznRr
Degree of Freedon & Lora=rk ds ?kVd
Delimitation & ifjlhek
Difference & varj
70
Experience & vuqHko
Education & f”k{kk
Education Experience & “kSf{kd vuqHko
Environment & Ik;kZoj.k
Emotional Tendency & laosxkRed izo‘fRr
Education Interest & “kSf{kd :fp
Emotion & laosx
Erore & =qfV
Factor & dkjd
Frustration & fujk”kk
Hypothesis & ifjdYiuk
Item Analysis & in&fo”ys”k.k
Interest & :fp
Inteligence & cqf)erk
Importance & egRo
Instruments & midj.k
Introducation & izLrkouk
Interpretation & O;k[;k
Investigator & vuqla/kku
Level & Lrj
Mean & e/;eku
71
Methodology & fof/k ra=
Method & fof/k
Measurment & ekiu
Need & vko”;drk
Negative & _.kkRed
Psychology & euksoSKkfud
Positive & /kukRed
Problem & leL;k
Price & ewY;
Reference & lanHkZ
Personal & O;sfDrd
Population & tula[;k
Rank & vuqdze
Research & vuqla/kku
Related Study & lacaf/kr v/;;u
Resulte & ifj.kke
Sample & izfrn”kZ
Scening & Qykadu
Significance & lkFkZdu
Standard Deviation & ekud fopyu
Scope& {ks= foLrkj
72
Statement of Problem & leL;k dk ifjHkk”khdj.k
Summary & lkjka”k
Society & lekt
Social Intelligence & lkekftd cqf)
Scoring Key & Qykadu dqath
Studies Followup & vuqdj.kh; v/;;u
Suggestion & lq>ko
Strategies & Lrjhd‘r
Scientific Method & oSKkfud i)fr
Tools & midj.k
Techniques & izfof/k
Teaching & f”k{k.k
Universe & lkoZHkkSe
Variable & pj
Validity & oS/krk

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73
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83
Dr. SUREKHA JAWADE (born at Nagpur, Maharashtra,
1976) is Head of Department (Hindi), Assistant Professor
& Associate NCC Officer at St. Thomas College, Bhilai (C.G).
She has been contributing in the development of Higher
Education from past 23 years.
She has done M.A.(Hindi), M.A.
(Economics), M.A. (Psychology),
M.Ed and M.Phil (Education). She
was Awarded Ph.D. in Hindi in 2017
for her specialization is on
Mahashewta Devi Ki h Project funded
by UGC.
Kahaniyo Main Samajik Chetna. She has also completed one
Minor Research Project funded by UGC.
She has been awarded Rajyapuraskar (Bharat Scouts and
Guides) in 1991, Exceptional Talent award in NIAP
(Commandant Certificate of Merit) in 2014 and Chief
Minister Award for Best ANO at NCC events in 2019.
She has published more than 20 Research Papers in Various
Journals. She has also published two books and one chapter
in Women's Hindi book. She has conducted two National
Webinars, more than five Community development
programs and one 10 days Certificate Program.

` 180

Near Ice Factory, Opp. Shakti Sound, Service Gali, Kushalpur, Raipur (C.G.)
Mob. 91 94252 10308, E-mail:[email protected], www.shodhsamagam.com