DRRR MODULE 5 slope under the influence of

gravity
LANDSLIDE HAZARDS 5. Mudflow
a. A mass of water and fine
➢ The most common geological grained earth materials that
hazard present almost around the flows down a stream, ravine
archipelago is landslides. and canyon

➢ It is a geological phenomenon LANDSLIDE

wherein a large mass of rocks, ● Can be rain-induced (after
earth, and other materials move continuous raining) or
down the side of an elevation like a earthquake-induced (due to tremors
mountain or hill. It involves a wide of the earthquake)
range of ground movements. ● Landslide or landslip, happens if the
driving force is greater than the
TYPES OF LANDSLIDES resisting force. It usually happens if
the inclinations are steeper or
1. Soil Creep composed of weakened and loose
a. Is the slow imperceptible and rocks rock degradation and incursion
continuous movement of of human activities along the slopes
material down a slope under
the influence of gravity Signs of Impending Landslides
b. Evidence of Soil Creep
i. The bending of Tree Earlier Landslide Event
Trunks - This means that the place already
ii. The Tilting of Utility has a history of having landslides in
poles the same place. It is also termed as
iii. The tilting of Fences a reactivation landslide where a
iv. Terracette (Soil failure reoccurred after a heavy rain
ripples) or after an earthquake.
2. Rock Fall Change of Water Flow
a. The falling of a newly - The sudden arrival of water in a
detached mass of rock from spring or wet ground that is usually
a cliff or down a very steep dry indicates that something has
slope changed. Another factor is the
3. Rockslide sudden disappearance of water like
a. A usually rapid downward in a creek, probably due to upstream
movement of rock fragments obstruction creating a dam, which
that slide over an inclined can trigger a debris flow after a
surface breakage of that dam.
4. Debris Flow Tension Cracks
a. A moving mass of loose - These are manifestations displayed
mud, sand, solid, rock and on man-made structures like roads,
water that travels down a path-ways, and buildings which are
 located near or along the slopes. During
Because of the stress from the 1. Be on alert mode. If at home, assign
moving part of the ground, the crack household members to be awake
is manifested parallel to each other and to monitor surroundings,
after some time depending on the updates, and news reports on a
displacement speed of the slide. rotational basis.
Ground Movement 2. Prepare emergency supplies, Go
- This happens in an immediately Bags, and evacuation protocols.
noticeable very slow movement like 3. Evacuate if there is a high threat or
soil creep at a few centimeters per an order for preemptive evacuation.
year. The manifestations are 4. Be aware of the unusual sounds like
damaged structures, deformed walls rumbling during movement of the
or fences, tilted floors, doors or earth, uneasy movements and
gates no longer closing properly, noises of domestic animals,
broken utilities, or presence of trees knocking sounds of boulders, or
along the angled forest which have cracking of trees.
bent up in a J-curve as the ground 5. Get updates from your local disaster
slips out from under them. response office, news stations
(radio, TV, and online weather
MEASURES BEFORE DURING AND services through social media).
AFTER A LANDSLIDE 6. Get away from the landslide
passageway or debris flow as
Before quickly as possible. Evacuate to
1. Profile your community if it is located elevated, stable areas, or to
along any slopes, whether on top, on assigned secured staging points.
the side, or at the base of any hill or 7. Should you be caught and escape is
mountain. Ask assistance from your not possible, curl into a tight fetal
local disaster response office. position with arms and hands
2. Create a family disaster wrapped around your head.
preparedness plan and discuss it
with the whole family After
3. Prepare a family emergency kit or 1. If you survived the landslide
Go Bag per member. Also, stockpile uninjured while in your house or
essential items such as food, water, school, quickly prepare to move out
and clothing. while there is time.
4. Learn First aid and basic firefighting 2. Check if you are injured, have
5. Consult UP NOAH for hazard inhaled fumes or dust, or trapped
mapping, and you may also inquire (fully or partially). Use a whistle to
from the local government regarding sound an alarm and help responders
ground assessment and history of locate you.
landslide events 3. If you are not injured, check if there
6. Visit the websites of PAGASA and are injured or entrapped people. Do
UP NOAH for typhoon tracking not attempt to perform rescue in
 difficult situations. Instead, guide the northeast Pacific, the tropical system
responders to the location. is a hurricane; and if it is in the
northern Indian Ocean it is called a
MODULE 6 HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL cyclone.

Hydrometeorological hazards are caused by There is also the Date Line at 180° west
extreme meteorological and climate events longitude where a hurricane becomes a
such as storms, tornadoes, droughts, typhoon once it crosses the demarcation.
landslides, typhoons and floods. An example is 2014 Hurricane Genevieve
- (Nathaniel Cruz or Mang Tani) a which became Typhoon Genevieve after
Filipino Meteorologist crossing the said line.

Hydro = Water 2. TORNADO is a mobile, destructive

Meteorological = Branch of Science vortex of violently rotating winds
Concerned with the processes and having the appearance of a
phenomena of the atmosphere, funnel-shaped cloud and advancing
especially as a means of beneath a large storm system.
forecasting the weather. 3. DROUGHT is a period of deficient or
below-average precipitation in a
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS given region resulting in extensive
damage to crops and loss of yield. It
- They account for a dominant fraction is an insidious hazard of nature
of natural hazards and occur in all resulting in prolonged shortages in
portions of the world; its water supply, whether
- However, the frequency, intensity, atmospheric, surface water, or
and vulnerability of certain hazards ground water, which can even last
in some regions differ from the for months or years, or may be
others. declared after 15 days.
- Severe storms, strong winds, floods, 4. LANDSLIDE is the movement of
and droughts develop at different rock, debris, or earth down a slope
scales, but all can become disasters after heavy rains. It results from the
that can cause infrastructure failure of the materials which make
damage and claim thousands of up the hill slope. It is also driven by
lives annually worldwide. the force of gravity depending on the
type of slope. Landslide is also
TYPES OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL known as landslip, slump, or slope
HAZARDS failure.
5. TYPHOON is a type of large storm
1. STORM is a violent disturbance of system having circular or spiral
the atmosphere with strong winds violent winds, with hundreds of
and usually rain, thunder, lightning, kilometers or miles in diameter. It is
or snow. If the storm happens along developed in the western part of the
the northwest Pacific, it is called a North Pacific Ocean, which is
typhoon; if in the Atlantic and referred to as the Northwestern
 Pacific Basin. It is the most active on low-lying coastal areas. The
tropical cyclone basin on Earth and extent or range of coastal flooding
accounts for about one-third of the depends on the topography of the
world's annual tropical cyclones. land like in the Philippines where
6. FLOOD is an inundation of water (or most storms come from the east or
with mud) especially on normal dry the Pacific; which sometimes cause
land, usually caused by high flow or storm surges.
overflow of water in a watercourse 4. Urban Flood - the inability of the soil
such as a river, a stream, or a to absorb water due to lack of
drainage ditch; or ponding of water drainage as land is converted from
at or near the point where the rain agricultural fields or woodlands to
fell. Flood is one of the most roads and parking lots, it loses its
common and costly natural incidents ability to absorb rainfall. Excessive
around the archipelago due to heavy paving and infrastructure
or steady rain for several hours or developments in the metropolis
days that saturates the ground. It decrease the ability of the soil to
can strike anywhere even without a absorb water. During periods of
warning. urban flooding, streets can become
flooded with swift currents and with
TYPES OF FLOODS debris, while basements can
become death traps as they fill with
1. Flash Floods - occur within six water.
hours, mainly due to heavy rainfall 5. ICE JAM is an accumulation of ice
associated with towering cumulus at a natural or man-made
clouds, thunderstorms, tropical obstruction that stops the flow of
storms or during passage of cold water thereby causing floods.
weather fronts, or by dam failure or Flooding, too, can occur when the
other river obstruction. This type of snow melts at a very fast rate.
flood requires a rapid localized
warning system. CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOOD
2. River Floods - caused by 1. Depth of water - Building
precipitation over a large catchment foundations and vegetation have
area, melting of snow or both which different degrees of tolerance
feeds a river or a river system. Built depending on depth.
up slowly or on a regular basis, 2. Duration - Damage to structures and
these floods downriver may continue vegetation; and even spread of
for days or weeks. The major factors water - borne diseases are related to
of these floods are moisture, the duration of flooding.
vegetation cover, depth of snow, size 3. Velocity - High velocities of flow
of the catchment basin, etc. create erosive forces, hydrodynamic
3. COASTAL FLOOD is usually pressure which can cause death,
caused by hurricanes, tropical and also destruction of foundation of
cyclones, etc. (during typhoon structures and may occur on
months), and the changing of tides
 floodplains or in the main river oxygen, slowing the burning
channel. process. This 'incomplete
4. Frequency of occurrence - The combustion' results in toxic gases.
frequency of occurrence measured
over a period of time determines the CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SMOKE
types of construction or agricultural
activities on the flood- plain. PARTICLES
5. Seasonality – is the flooding during a - Unburned, partially burned, and
growing season destroys crops. completely burned substances that
penetrate the respiratory system's
MODULE 7 FIRE HAZARDS protective filters and lodge in the
lungs. Some are actively toxic;
others are irritating to the eyes and
digestive system.
VAPORS
When Oxygen A person
level are at experiences - These are fog-like droplets of liquid
(percent) that can poison if inhaled or
absorbed through the skin.
21 Normal outside air TOXIC GASSES
- The most common of which is
17 Impaired
judgment and carbon monoxide (CO) that can be
coordination deadly even in small quantities as it
replaces oxygen in the bloodstream
12 headache,dizzines (CO has 200x more binding power
s,nausea,fatigue than Oxygen). Hydrogen cyanide
9 unconsciousness (HCN) results from the burning of
plastics such as PVC pipe and
6 Respiratory arrest interferes with cellular respiration.
, cardiac arrest, Phosgene (COCl) is formed when
death household products, such as vinyl
materials, are burned. At low levels,
➢ Fire incidents are one of the worst it can cause itchy eyes and sore
emergencies in the Philippines and throat; at higher levels, it can cause
belongs to the top five accidents and death.
disasters. Heat and smoke from fire
can be more dangerous than the FIRE TETRAHEDRON
flames since inhaling the hot air can
sear your lungs. - For many years the concept of fire
➢ According to the National Fire was symbolized by the Triangle of
Prevention Association (NFPA), Combustion that represented fuel,
most fire deaths are not caused by heat, and oxygen. Further, fire
burns, but by smoke inhalation. As a research determined that a fourth
fire grows inside a building, it often element, a chemical chain reaction,
consumes most of the available was a necessary component of fire.
 Therefore, the fire triangle was - The combustion process is usually
changed to a fire tetrahedron to associated with the oxidation of a
reflect this fourth element. fuel in the presence of oxygen with
- A fire tetrahedron is a solid, the emission of heat and light.
four-plane face pyramid which is Oxidation, in the strict chemical
represented by fuel, heat, oxygen, sense, means "the loss of
and chemical chain reaction. electrons."
- As heat (ignition source) is added,
the fuel and oxygen molecules gain
energy and become active. This
molecular energy is transferred to
other fuel and oxygen molecules
which creates a chain reaction. A
reaction takes place when the fuel
loses electrons while the oxygen
gains electrons. This exothermic
electron transfer emits heat and/or
light.
DEFINITION OF FIRE
THE COMBUSTION MODES
- One generally accepted definition of
combustion or fire is "a process The combustion process occurs in two
involving rapid oxidation at elevated modes
temperatures accompanied by the
evolution of heated gaseous - The flaming
products of combustion. - The nonflaming or smoldering
- Oxidation occurs in the form of rust - Smoldering - the process of
on metal surfaces and in our bodies burning slowly with smoke
through metabolism. but no flame
- However, the key word that sets
combustion apart from other forms FLAMING MODE
of oxidation is the word "rapid." - it is necessary for solid and liquid
OXIDATION fuels to be vaporized. The solid fuel
- Oxidation is a process in which a vapors are thermally driven off or
chemical substance changes distilled and the liquid fuel vapors
because of the addition of evaporated.
oxygen. - It is this vapor from the solid or liquid
fuels that we actually see burning in
the flaming mode. This gas or vapor
production, emitted from the fuel is
referred to as pyrolysis.
- Continued burning in the flaming
mode requires a high burning rate,
and the heat loss associated with
 transfer of heat must be less than
the energy output of the fire. If the
heat loss is greater than the energy
output of the fire, the fire will
extinguish.

Flaming combustion can occur in the

following forms

1. PREMIXED FLAMES - the fuel and

oxygen are mixed prior to ignition
such as the flame on a burner, gas
stove, or propane torch.
2. DIFFUSION FLAMES - the fuel and
oxygen are initially separated but
burned in the region where they mix,
like a burning of a pool of flammable
liquid or the burning of a log.

STAGE OF A FIRE

1. The Incipient Stage is a region

where preheating, distillation, and
slow pyrolysis are in progress.
2. The Smoldering Stage is a region of
fully developed pyrolysis that begins
with ignition and includes the initial
stage of combustion. Invisible
aerosol and visible smoke particles
are generated and transported away
from the source.
3. The Flaming Stage is a region of
rapid reaction that covers the period
of initial occurrence of flame to a
fully developed fire.