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Springer Proceedings in Physics 202

Tetsuya Kawachi
Sergei V. Bulanov
Hiroyuki Daido
Yoshiaki Kato Editors

X-Ray
Lasers 2016
Proceedings of the 15th International
Conference on X-Ray Lasers
Springer Proceedings in Physics

Volume 202
The series Springer Proceedings in Physics, founded in 1984, is devoted to timely
reports of state-of-the-art developments in physics and related sciences. Typically
based on material presented at conferences, workshops and similar scientific
meetings, volumes published in this series will constitute a comprehensive
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Tetsuya Kawachi ⋅ Sergei V. Bulanov
Hiroyuki Daido ⋅ Yoshiaki Kato
Editors

X-Ray Lasers 2016

Proceedings of the 15th International
Conference on X-Ray Lasers

123
Editors
Tetsuya Kawachi Hiroyuki Daido
Kansai Photon Science Institute Naraha Remote Technology Development
National Institutes for Quantum and Center
Radiological Science and Technology Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Kyoto Fukushima
Japan Japan

Sergei V. Bulanov Yoshiaki Kato

Kansai Photon Science Institute Graduate School for Creation of New
National Institutes for Quantum and Photonics Industries
Radiological Science and Technology Shizuoka
Kyoto Japan
Japan

ISSN 0930-8989 ISSN 1867-4941 (electronic)

Springer Proceedings in Physics
ISBN 978-3-319-73024-0 ISBN 978-3-319-73025-7 (eBook)
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Preface

This volume comprises the papers presented at the 15th International Conference on
X-Ray Lasers (ICXRL 2016) held in Nara during May 22—27, 2016, under
organization by the Kansai Photon Science Institute (KPSI) of the National Insti-
tutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST). Nara was the
capital of Japan in the eighth century, a small but beautiful city filled with tran-
quility where people are living with old temples and shrines. The conference venue
was “Nara Kasugano International Forum”, where oral presentations were made on
the traditional Noh stage.
The International Conference on X-Ray Lasers is a series of biennial meetings,
which have been held since 1986 in many cities over the world as summarized in
Table 1. The first meeting was held in Aussois, France, in 1986 as The International

Table 1 The International Conference on X-Ray Lasers from 1986 to 2017

No. Year City Country Chair(s)
1 1986 Aussois France P. Jaegle, A. Sureau
2 1990 York UK G. J. Tallents
3 1992 Schliersee Germany E. E. Fill
4 1994 Williamsburg USA D. C. Eder, D. L. Matthews
5 1996 Lund Sweden S. Swanberg, C.-G. Wahlstrom
6 1998 Kyoto Japan Y. Kato, H. Takuma, H. Daido
7 2000 Saint-Malo France G. Jamelot, C. Moeller, A. Klisnik
8 2002 Aspen USA J. J. Rocca, J. Dunn, S. Suckewer
9 2004 Beijing China J. Zhang
10 2006 Berlin Germany P. V. Nickles, K. A. Januelwicz
11 2008 Belfast UK C. Lewis, D. Riley
12 2010 Gwangju Korea J.-M. Lee, C.-H. Nam, K. A. Januelwicz
13 2012 Paris France S. Sebban, J. Gauthier, D. Ross, P. Zeitoun
14 2014 Fort Collins USA J. Rocca, C. Menoni, M. C. Marconi
15 2016 Nara Japan T. Kawachi, S. Bulanov, H. Daido, Y. Kato

vii
viii Preface

Colloquium on X-Ray Lasers, and it was renamed to The International Conference

on X-Ray Lasers from the third meeting. Throughout its 30 years of history, this
conference has been a primary international forum for presenting the latest
advances in the development of X-ray lasers and their applications. This conference
has also covered alternative methods to generate coherent X-ray radiation. The
dynamic advances in X-ray lasers and related fields can be overviewed by visiting
the topics presented in previous Conferences which are recorded in the Conference
Proceedings.
The ICXRL 2016 was attended by more than 120 participants from 17 countries.
In total 117 papers were presented, comprising 44 invited, 21 contributed oral and
52 poster presentations. The papers compiled in this volume highlights the rapid
progress in recent years, including high average power table-top soft X-ray lasers
driven by LD-pumped solid state lasers, X-ray free-electron lasers, new schemes for
coherent X-ray generation by laser-driven particle accelerators, and laser-Compton
γ-ray sources for nuclear photonics. It also covers applications of compact soft
X-ray sources to nano-scale imaging and EUV lithography, investigation of ultra-
fast dynamics with harmonic sources, and high resolution X-ray coherent phase-
and diffraction-imaging.
In addition to the scientific exchanges, the conference participants enjoyed an
excursion to the north-west of Kyoto with the Hozu-gawa River Boat Ride along a
valley surrounded by new green leaves, and the Conference Banquet including the
tasting of various kinds of Sake from a local brewery. At this Banquet, it was
announced that the next Conference will be held in Prague, Czech Republic in
2018.
The 15th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers was supported by The
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, the
National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, the
Japan Atomic Energy Agency, The Laser Society of Japan, The Japan Society of
Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research, The Physical Society of Japan, and
The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries. We also
appreciate most valuable support from a number of companies.
We would like to thank the International Advisory Board for helping to organize
the very up to date scientific program. We would also like to thank the Local
Organizing Committee for making this conference valuable for exchanges among
the international communities. Special thanks to the local staff, Masaharu Nishi-
kino, Akira Sasaki, Masataka Kado, Satoshi Orimo, Yasushi Tamura, Koichi
Umetani, and Kahoko Watanabe of KPSI, for their excellent work in organizing and
helping to run the meeting smoothly. We also thank Wataru Utsumi, Director of
KPSI, and Kiminori Kondo, Head of the Department of Advanced Photon
Research, for their help and useful suggestions.

Nara, Japan Tetsuya Kawachi

Sergei V. Bulanov
Hiroyuki Daido
Yoshiaki Kato
Contents

Part I Plasma Based X-Ray Lasers and Applications

1 Overview of Laser-Driven Coherent Short-Wavelength Sources
at PALS and ELI Beamlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
J. Nejdl, M. Kozlová, V. Nefedova, M. Albrecht, M. Krůs, J. Gautier
and S. Sebban
2 High Average Power Table-Top Soft X-Ray Lasers Using
Diode-Pumped Laser Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
J. J. Rocca, B. A. Reagan, C. Baumgarten, M. Pedicone, L. Yin,
V. N. Shlyaptsev, Y. Wang, S. Wang, A. Rockwood, M. Berrill,
M. C. Marconi and C. S. Menoni
3 Progress and Prospects of X-Ray Laser Research in QST . . . . . . . 21
M. Nishikino, N. Hasegawa, M. Ishino, T. Imazono, A. Sasaki,
K. Mikami, T.-H. Dinh, T. Suemoto, S. Namba, A. Ya. Faenov,
T. A. Pikuz, S. Ichimaru, M. Hatayama and T. Kawachi
4 DAGON: A 3D Maxwell–Bloch Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
E. Oliva, M. Cotelo, J. C. Escudero, S. Vicens, A. González
and P. Velarde
5 Plasma-Source High-Resolution XUV Spectroscopy as
Complementary to Beamlines Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
F. Barbato and D. Bleiner
6 The Creation of Radiation Dominated Plasmas Using Laboratory
X-Ray Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
G. J. Tallents, S. Wilson, V. Aslanyan, A. West, A. K. Rossall,
C. S. Menoni and J. J. Rocca
7 Plasma Dynamics in Capillary Discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
P. V. Sasorov

ix
x Contents

8 MHD Simulation of Various Cross-Section Capillary

Discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Gennadiy Bagdasarov, P. V. Sasorov, Alexey Boldarev,
Olga Olkhovskaya, Anthony Gonsalves, Stepan Sergeevich Bulanov,
C. B. Schroeder, E. Esarey, W. P. Leemans, Tadzio Levato,
Daniele Margarone, Georg Korn, S. V. Bulanov and Vladimir Gasilov
9 Towards Generation of Sub-fs Pulses Using Lasing to Ground
States of H-Like LiIII at 13.5 nm and He-Like CV at 4 nm . . . . . . 59
O. Kocharovskaya, T. R. Akhmedzhanov, V. A. Antonov,
A. Morozov, A. Goltsov, M. O. Scully and S. Suckewer
10 Numerical Calculation of Gain Coefficient for Recombination
X-Ray Lasers in a Carbon Cluster Plasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
H. Kawazome and S. Namba

Part II Higher Harmonics and FEL Based X-Ray Lasers

11 Investigations on Ultrafast Atomic and Molecular Dynamics with
Harmonic Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Chang Hee Nam, Hyeok Yun, Kyung Taec Kim
and Hyung Taek Kim
12 Characterization of Partially Coherent Ultrashort XUV Pulses . . . 79
Charles Bourassin-Bouchet
13 High-Order Harmonic Generation by Relativistic Plasma
Singularities: The Driving Laser Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
A. S. Pirozhkov, T. Zh. Esirkepov, T. A. Pikuz, A. Ya. Faenov,
K. Ogura, Y. Hayashi, H. Kotaki, E. N. Ragozin, D. Neely,
H. Kiriyama, J. K. Koga, Y. Fukuda, A. Sagisaka, M. Nishikino,
T. Imazono, N. Hasegawa, T. Kawachi, H. Daido, Y. Kato,
S. V. Bulanov, K. Kondo and M. Kando
14 HHG Beam Wavefront Characterization at 30 nm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
P. Homer, B. Rus, J. Hrebicek and J. Nejdl
15 Using the XFEL to Drive Gain in K-Shell and L-Shell Systems
Using Photoionization and Photoexcitation of Inner Shell
Transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Joseph Nilsen
Contents xi

16 Superfluorescence/Superradiance in Helium Following

Free-Electron Laser Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
J. R. Harries, S. Kuma, H. Iwayama and E. Shigemasa
17 In Situ Characterization of XFEL Beam Intensity Distribution
and Focusability by High-Resolution LiF Crystal Detector . . . . . . . 109
T. A. Pikuz, A. Ya. Faenov, T. Matsuoka, B. Albertazzi, N. Ozaki,
N. Hartely, O. Muray Ricardo Arturo, T. Yabuuchi, H. Habara,
S. Matsuyama, K. Yamauchi, Y. Inubushi, T. Togashi, H. Yumoto,
Y. Tange, K. Tono, Y. Sato, M. Yabashi, M. Nishikino, T. Kawachi,
A. Mitrofanov, S. A. Pikuz, D. Bleiner, A. Grum-Grzhimailo,
N. N. Rosanov, N. V. Vysotina, M. Harmand, M. Koenig,
K. A. Tanaka, T. Ishikawa and R. Kodama
18 Achieving Laser Wakefield Accelerated Electron Beams of Low
Enough Energy Spread for an X-FEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
J. K. Koga, S. V. Bulanov, T. Zh. Esirkepov and M. Kando
19 Proposal for Experiment Systems Using Laser-Driven Heavy Ions
and XFELs to Understand Physical Phenomena Occurring Near
the Incident Ion Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Kengo Moribayashi

Part III Ultrafast X-Rays and Applications

20 Laser-Driven Plasma-Based Incoherent X-Ray Sources at PALS
and ELI Beamlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
M. Kozlová, K. Bohaček, V. Horný, K. Ta Phuoc, J. Nejdl, S. Sebban,
J. Gautier, M. Krůs and U. Chaulagain
21 Research on Laser Acceleration and Coherent X-Ray Generation
Using J-KAREN-P Laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
M. Kando, A. S. Pirozhkov, M. Nishiuchi, H. Kiriyama, A. Kon,
H. Sakaki, Y. Fukuda, N. Dover, K. Sekiguchi, K. Nishitani,
A. Sagisaka, T. A. Pikuz, A. Ya. Faenov, K. Ogura, Y. Hayashi,
H. Kotaki, T. Zh. Esirkepov, K. Huang, N. Nakanii, K. Kondo,
J. K. Koga, S. V. Bulanov and K. Kondo
22 X-Rays Driven by Single-Cycle, Petawatt Lasers: A Path to
Exawatt Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
J. Wheeler, G. Cojocaru, R. Ungureanu, R. Banici, R. Gonin,
S. Mironov, M. Serbanescu, R. Dabu and G. Mourou
xii Contents

23 Ultra-intense X-Ray Radiation Photopumping of Exotic States of

Matter by Relativistic Laser–Plasma in the Radiation-Dominated
Kinetic Regime (RDKR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
A. Ya. Faenov, J. Colgan, S. A. Pikuz, A. Zhidkov, T. A. Pikuz,
J. Abdallah Jr., E. Tubman, N. M. H. Butler, R. J. Dance,
I. Yu. Skobelev, M. Z. Alkhimova, N. Booth, J. Green, C. Gregory,
A. Andreev, M. Nishiuchi, H. Sakaki, A. Sagisaka, A. S. Pirozhkov,
K. Ogura, Y. Fukuda, M. Kanasaki, N. Hasegawa, M. Nishikino,
M. Kando, T. Kawachi, K. Kondo, P. McKenna, G. J. Tallents,
N. Woolsey and R. Kodama
24 Enhanced Coherent Thomson Scattering in the Few-Cycle
Regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Ke Hu and Hui-Chun Wu
25 Plasma Channel Undulator for Narrow-Bandwidth X-Ray
Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
S. G. Rykovanov, J. W. Wang, V. Yu. Kharin, B. Lei,
C. B. Schroeder, C. G. R. Geddes, E. Esarey and W. P. Leemans
26 Three-Dimensional Supersonic Sapphire Micronozzles for
Laser-Plasma Wakefield Accelerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
V. Tomkus, L. Rimgaila, V. Stankevič and G. Račiukaitis
27 Generating Ultrahigh Brilliance Quasi-monochromatic MeV
γ-Rays with High-Quality LWFA Electron Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
C. H. Yu, R. Qi, W. T. Wang, J. S. Liu, W. T. Li, C. Wang,
Z. J. Zhang, J. Q. Liu, Z. Y. Qin, M. Fang, Y. Xu, Y. X. Leng,
F. L. Wei, Z. H. Song, R. X. Li and Z. Z. Xu
28 Features of Induced X-Ray Radiation and Possible Tandem FEL
Realization on Channeling Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
V. I. Vysotskii and M. V. Vysotskyy
29 Features of Resonant Absorption and Short-Wavelength Laser
Amplification in Realistic Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
V. I. Vysotskii and M. V. Vysotskyy

Part IV Alternative X-Rays and Applications

30 Observation and Investigation of Intensive Directional
Quasi-coherent X-Ray Generated at Interaction of Cavitating
Liquid Jet with a Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
V. I. Vysotskii and A. A. Kornilova
Contents xiii

31 Laser-Plasma X-Ray Source Based on Cryogenic Targets . . . . . . . 199

S. Amano
32 Photoionization of Atomic Neon Induced Using Nanosecond
Pulses of Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
I. Saber, A. Bartnik, P. Wachulak, W. Skrzeczanowski, R. Jarocki
and H. Fiedorowicz
33 Effects of Equation of State on Fluid Simulations for
Laser-Produced Plasmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
C. Ikeda, A. Sunahara and S. Namba

Part V X-Ray Imaging

34 Soft X-Ray Laser Ablation Mass Spectrometry for
Chemical Composition Imaging in Three Dimensions (3D)
at the Nanoscale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
C. S. Menoni, I. Kuznetsov, T. Green, W. Chao, E. R. Bernstein,
D. C. Crick and J. J. Rocca
35 Coherent Diffraction Imaging with Tabletop XUV Sources . . . . . . 231
M. Zürch, A. Guggenmos, R. Jung, J. Rothhardt, C. Späth,
J. Tümmler, S. Demmler, S. Hädrich, J. Limpert, A. Tünnermann,
U. Kleineberg, H. Stiel and C. Spielmann
36 X-Ray Reflection Imaging of Inclined and Obliquely Illuminated
Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
I. A. Artyukov, A. S. Busarov, N. L. Popov and A. V. Vinogradov
37 Nanoscale Imaging Using a Compact Laser Plasma Source of Soft
X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
P. Wachulak, A. Torrisi, M. Ayele, J. Czwartos, A. Bartnik,
R. Jarocki, J. Kostecki, M. Szczurek, Ł. Węgrzyński
and H. Fiedorowicz
38 ERL-Based Laser-Compton Scattering X-Ray Source for X-Ray
Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
A. Kosuge, T. Akagi, Y. Honda, S. Araki, J. Urakawa, N. Terunuma,
R. Nagai, T. Shizuma, M. Mori and R. Hajima
39 2D and 3D Nanoscale Imaging Using High Repetition Rate
Laboratory-Based Soft X-Ray Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
H. Stiel, A. Blechschmidt, A. Dehlinger, R. Jung, E. Malm, B. Pfau,
C. Pratsch, C. Seim, J. Tümmler and M. Zürch
xiv Contents

40 The Observation of Transient Thin Film Structures During the

Femto-Second Laser Ablation Process by Using the Soft X-Ray
Laser Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
N. Hasegawa, M. Nishikino, M. Ishino, N. Ohnishi, A.M. Ito,
Y. Minami, M. Baba, A. Ya. Faenov, N. Inogamov, T. Kawachi,
K. Kondo and T. Suemoto
41 Spectrally Resolved Spatial Interference for Single-Shot
Temporal Metrology of Ultrashort Soft-X-Ray Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Hugo Dacasa, Benoît Mahieu, Julien Gautier, S. Sebban
and Philippe Zeitoun

Part VI X-Ray Optics and Damage

42 Multilayer Mirrors for Focusing Objective in 40-nm Wavelength
Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
M. Toyoda, Y. Tamaru, S. Mori, K. Sawada, Y. Fu, E. J. Takahashi,
A. Suda, F. Kannari, K. Midorikawa and M. Yanagihara
43 Manufacture of High Precision, Multilayer Based Polarimeter
Designed for Wide Energy Range from EUV to Soft X-Ray . . . . . . 291
H. Takenaka, N. Kuwabara, N. Kamachi, S.-Y. Liu, K. Endo,
T. Ohchi, S. Ichimaru, H. Kimura, J. Laksman, F. Hennies,
W. Grizolli and R. Sankari
44 Proposal of Hypereutectic Al–Si-Based Multilayer Mirrors for
Wavelength Between 20 nm and 25 nm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
M. Hatayama, S. Ichimaru, T. Ohchi and S. Oku
45 Irradiation Damage Test of Mo/Si, Ru/Si and Nb/Si Multilayers
Using the Soft X-Ray Laser Built at QST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
S. Ichimaru, M. Ishino, M. Nishikino, M. Hatayama, N. Hasegawa,
T. Kawachi, T. Maruyama, K. Inokuma, M. Zenba and S. Oku
46 Mo/Si Multilayer-Coated Photodiode Detector for Monitoring
Soft X-Ray Laser Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
T. Imazono
47 Analysis of Reflection Signal from EUV Multilayer Mirror for
Irradiation-Induced Damage Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
M. Ishino, S. Ichimaru, M. Hatayama, N. Hasegawa, S. Oku
and M. Nishikino
48 Investigation of Surface Excitation Effect for Ablation of 4H-SiC
Substrate Using Double-Pulse Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
K. Matsunaga, T. Hayashi, S. Kurokawa, H. Yokoo, N. Hasegawa,
M. Nishikino, T. Kumada, T. Otobe, Y. Matsukawa and Y. Takaya
Contents xv

49 Ablation of LiF and CsI by EUV Nanosecond Laser Pulse . . . . . . . 327

O. Frolov, K. Kolacek, J. Schmidt, J. Straus, A. Choukourov
and P. Pira
50 Laser-Induced Damage on Silica Glasses by Irradiation of Soft
X-Ray Laser Pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
K. Mikami, M. Ishino, T.-H. Dinh, Y. Yamamoto, N. Hasegawa,
M. Nishikino, T. Kawachi, S. Motokoshi and T. Jitsuno

Part VII EUV Lithography

51 Performance of over 100 W HVM LPP-EUV Light Source . . . . . . 341
S. Okazaki, H. Nakarai, T. Abe, K. M. Nowak, Y. Kawasuji,
H. Tanaka, Y. Watanabe, T. Hori, T. Kodama, Y. Shiraishi,
T. Yanagida, G. Soumagrne, T. Yamada, T. Yamazaki, T. Saitou
and H. Mizoguchi
52 EUV Free-Electron Laser Requirements for Semiconductor
Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Erik R. Hosler and Obert R. Wood II
53 Coherent Lithography with Tabletop Soft X-Ray Lasers: Latest
Achievements and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
M. C. Marconi, W. Li, C. Kyaw, W. Rockward, C. S. Menoni
and J. J. Rocca
54 A 10 Hz Short-Pulse CO2 Laser System for Extreme Ultraviolet
Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
R. Amano, T.-H. Dinh, A. Sasanuma, G. Arai, Y. Fujii, A. Takahashi,
D. Nakamura, T. Okada, T. Miura and T. Higashiguchi
55 Modeling of Ablation of the Target Material for the Plasma for
Coherent and Incoherent EUV Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
A. Sasaki, A. Sunahara, K. Nishihara and T. Nishikawa
56 Surface Layer Modification of Metal Nanoparticle Supported
Polymer by Irradiation of Laser-Driven Extreme Ultraviolet
Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
N. Tanaka, R. Deguchi, N. Wada, K. Yasuda, A. Yogo
and H. Nishimura
57 Micrometer-Scale Photo-Direct Machining of
Polydimethylsiloxane Using Laser Plasma EUV Radiations . . . . . . 383
H. Urai, T. Makimura and M. Ogawa
xvi Contents

Part VIII Instrumentation for Advanced X-Ray Applications

58 Broadband High-Resolution Imaging Spectrometers for the Soft
X-Ray Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
A. O. Kolesnikov, A. A. Kuzin, D. V. Negrov, E. N. Ragozin,
P. V. Sasorov, A. N. Shatokhin and E. A. Vishnyakov
59 Development of Soft X-Ray Microscope in Water Window Using
Laser-Produced Plasma Light Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
T. Ejima, Y. Kondo, Y. Ono, T.-H. Dinh, T. Higashiguchi
and T. Hatano
60 Development of Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering
System Using Soft X-Ray Laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
T. Kumada, N. Hasegawa, M. Nishikino, T. Otobe, R. Motokawa
and T. Suemoto
61 Development of a High Repetition Rate and High Pulse Energy
Nd:YAG MOPA Laser System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
K. Mikami, N. Hasegawa, H. Okada, S. Kondo, M. Nishikino
and T. Kawachi
62 Evaluation of a Flat-Field Grazing Incidence Spectrometer for
Highly Charged Ion Plasma Emission in 1–10 nm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Y. Kondo, T.-H. Dinh, T. Tamura, S. Ohta, K. Kitano, T. Ejima,
T. Hatano and T. Higashiguchi
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Contributors

J. Abdallah Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos,

USA
T. Abe Gigaphoton Inc, Shinomiya Hiratsuka Kanagawa, Japan
T. Akagi KEK, Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
T. R. Akhmedzhanov Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
B. Albertazzi Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka,
Japan; LULI, École Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, Palaiseau, France
M. Albrecht IoP ASCR, ELI Beamlines Project, Prague 8, Czech Republic;
FNSPE of the CTU in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
M. Z. Alkhimova Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow, Russia; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI,
Moscow, Russia
R. Amano Department of Innovation System Engineering & CORE, Utsunomiya
University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
S. Amano Laboratory of Advanced Science and Technology for Industry,
University of Hyogo, Ako, Hyogo, Japan
A. Andreev Max Born Institute, Berlin, Germany; ELI-ALPS, Szeged, Hungary
V. A. Antonov Institute of Applied Physics RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
G. Arai Department of Innovation System Engineering & CORE, Utsunomiya
University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
S. Araki KEK, Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
O. Muray Ricardo Arturo Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University,
Suita, Osaka, Japan; Photon Pioneers Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
I. A. Artyukov L.P. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia

xvii
xviii Contributors

V. Aslanyan York Plasma Institute Department of Physics, University of York,

York, UK
M. Ayele Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology,
Warsaw, Poland
M. Baba Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
Gennadiy Bagdasarov Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics RAS, Moscow,
Russia; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering
Physics Institute), Moscow, Russia
R. Banici CETAL, INFLPR, Măgurele, Romania
F. Barbato Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology (Empa),
Dübendorf, Switzerland
A. Bartnik Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology,
Warsaw, Poland
C. Baumgarten Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
E. R. Bernstein Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, CO, USA
M. Berrill Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
A. Blechschmidt Berlin Laboratory for innovative X-ray Technologies (BLiX),
Berlin, Germany; Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik (IOAP), Technische
Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
D. Bleiner Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology (Empa),
Dübendorf, Switzerland; EMPA Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen,
Switzerland
K. Bohaček IoP ASCR, Prague 8, Czech Republic; LOA, ENSTA, Chemin de La
Hunière, Palaiseau, France
Alexey Boldarev Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics RAS, Moscow,
Russia; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering
Physics Institute), Moscow, Russia
N. Booth CLF, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
Charles Bourassin-Bouchet Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, UMR
8214, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay Cedex, France; Synchrotron SOLEIL,
Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
S. V. Bulanov Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum
and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan; Mos-
cow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudnyi, Mos-
cow, Russia; A. M. Prokhorov Institute of General Physics of the Russian Academy
of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Contributors xix

Stepan Sergeevich Bulanov Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,

CA, USA
A. S. Busarov L.P. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia
N. M. H. Butler Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde,
Glasgow, UK
W. Chao Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Center for X-Ray Optics, Berkeley, CA, USA
U. Chaulagain IoP ASCR, Prague 8, Czech Republic
A. Choukourov Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics
and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
G. Cojocaru CETAL, INFLPR, Măgurele, Romania
J. Colgan Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos,
USA
M. Cotelo Instituto de Fusión Nuclear, E.T.S.I. Industriales, Universidad
Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
D. C. Crick Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
J. Czwartos Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology,
Warsaw, Poland
R. Dabu National Institute for Nuclear Physics-HH, ELI-NP, Măgurele, Romania
Hugo Dacasa Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée, UMR 7639 ENSTA-CNRS-
Ecole Polytechnique, Chemin de la Hunière, Palaiseau, France
H. Daido Naraha Remote Technology Development Center, JAEA, Naraha
Futaba, Fukushima, Japan
R. J. Dance Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow,
UK
R. Deguchi Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
A. Dehlinger Berlin Laboratory for innovative X-ray Technologies (BLiX),
Berlin, Germany; Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik (IOAP), Technische
Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
S. Demmler Institute of Applied Physics, Jena University, Jena, Germany
T.-H. Dinh Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and
Radiological Science and Technology, Kyoto, Kizugawa, Japan; Faculty of
Engineering and Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Department of Innovation System
Engineering & CORE, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
xx Contributors

N. Dover Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and
Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
T. Ejima Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku
University, Sendai, Japan
K. Endo Toyama Co., Ltd, Yamakita, Kanagawa, Japan
E. Esarey Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
J. C. Escudero Instituto de Fusión Nuclear, E.T.S.I. Industriales, Universidad
Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
T. Zh. Esirkepov Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quan-
tum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
A. Ya. Faenov Joint Institute of High temperature, Russian Academy of Science,
Moscow, Russia; Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka Univer-
sity, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Institutes for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University,
Suita, Osaka, Japan
M. Fang State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of
Optics and Fine Mechanics, CAS, Shanghai, China
H. Fiedorowicz Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology,
Warsaw, Poland
O. Frolov Pulse Plasma Systems Department, Institute of Plasma Physics of the
Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Y. Fu RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
Y. Fujii Department of Innovation System Engineering & CORE, Utsunomiya
University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
Y. Fukuda Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and
Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
Vladimir Gasilov Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics RAS, Moscow,
Russia; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering
Physics Institute), Moscow, Russia
Julien Gautier IoP ASCR, ELI Beamlines Project, Prague 8, Czech Republic;
Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée, UMR 7639 ENSTA-CNRS-Ecole Polytech-
nique, Chemin de la Hunière, Palaiseau, France; FNSPE of the CTU in Prague,
Prague, Czech Republic
C. G. R. Geddes Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
A. Goltsov Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Princeton
University, Princeton, NJ, USA
R. Gonin Laserix, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay Cedex, France
Contributors xxi

Anthony Gonsalves Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA

A. González Instituto de Fusión Nuclear, E.T.S.I. Industriales, Universidad
Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
J. Green CLF, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
T. Green Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
C. Gregory CLF, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire,
UK
W. Grizolli MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
A. Grum-Grzhimailo Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia
A. Guggenmos Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching, Germany;
Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
H. Habara Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka,
Japan
S. Hädrich Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany; Institute of Applied Physics,
Jena University, Jena, Germany
R. Hajima National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and
Technology (QST), Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki, Japan
M. Harmand IMPMC, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS, Paris, France
J. R. Harries National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and
Technology, SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
N. Hartely Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka,
Japan
N. Hasegawa Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum
and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
T. Hatano Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials,
Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
M. Hatayama NTT Advanced Technology Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
T. Hayashi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka,
Japan
Y. Hayashi Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and
Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
F. Hennies MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
xxii Contributors

T. Higashiguchi Department of Innovation System Engineering & CORE,

Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Engineering and
Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
P. Homer ELI-Beamlines, Institute of Physics v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the
Czech Republic, Prague 8, Czech Republic
Y. Honda KEK, Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Science of the Graduate University
for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Miura District, Kanagawa, Japan
T. Hori Gigaphoton Inc, Shinomiya Hiratsuka Kanagawa, Japan
V. Horný IoP ASCR, Prague 8, Czech Republic; IPP ASCR, Prague 8,
Czech Republic; LOA, ENSTA, Chemin de La Hunière, Palaiseau, France
Erik R. Hosler GLOBALFOUNDRIES, Malta, NY, USA
J. Hrebicek ELI-Beamlines, Institute of Physics v.v.i., Academy of Sciences
of the Czech Republic, Prague 8, Czech Republic
Ke Hu Department of Physics, Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation (IFTS),
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
K. Huang Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and
Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
S. Ichimaru NTT Advanced Technology Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
C. Ikeda Department of Mechanical Science Engineering, Hiroshima University,
Hiroshima, Japan
T. Imazono National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and
Technology, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
N. Inogamov Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics of Russian Academy of
Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
K. Inokuma NTT Advanced Technology Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
Y. Inubushi JASRI/SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
T. Ishikawa JASRI/SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan; RIKEN Harima Institute,
Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
M. Ishino National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and
Technology, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
A. M. Ito Department of Helical Plasma Research, National Institute for Fusion
Science (NIFS), Toki City, Gifu, Japan
H. Iwayama UVSOR, IMS, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
Contributors xxiii

R. Jarocki Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology,

Warsaw, Poland
T. Jitsuno Insititute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
R. Jung Max Born Institute, Berlin, Germany
N. Kamachi Toyama Co., Ltd, Yamakita, Kanagawa, Japan
M. Kanasaki Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum
and Radiological Science and Technology, Kyoto, Japan
M. Kando Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and
Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
F. Kannari Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
Y. Kato The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries,
Nishiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
T. Kawachi Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and
Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
Y. Kawasuji Gigaphoton Inc, Shinomiya Hiratsuka Kanagawa, Japan
H. Kawazome Department of Information Engineering, National Institute of
Technology, Kagawa College, Mitoyo, Kagawa, Japan
V. Yu. Kharin Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany
U. Kleineberg Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching, Germany;
Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
Kyung Taec Kim Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic
Science, Gwangju, Korea; Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
Hyung Taek Kim Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic
Science, Gwangju, Korea; Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
H. Kimura JASRI/SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
H. Kiriyama Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and
Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
K. Kitano Vacuum and Optical Instruments, Tokyo, Japan
O. Kocharovskaya Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
R. Kodama Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka,
Japan; Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita,
Osaka, Japan; Photon Pioneers Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
T. Kodama Gigaphoton Inc, Shinomiya Hiratsuka Kanagawa, Japan
xxiv Contributors

A. O. Kolesnikov P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences,

Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University),
Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow, Russia
M. Koenig Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka,
Japan; LULI, École Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, Palaiseau, France
J. K. Koga Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and
Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
K. Kolacek Pulse Plasma Systems Department, Institute of Plasma Physics of the
Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
A. Kon Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and
Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan; Japan
Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
K. Kondo Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and
Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
S. Kondo Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and
Radiological Science and Technology, Kyoto, Japan
Y. Kondo Faculty of Engineering and Center for Optical Research and Education
(CORE), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Utsunomiya
University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
Georg Korn Institute of Physics ASCR, v.v.i. (FZU), ELI-Beamlines Project,
Prague, Czech Republic
A. A. Kornilova Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
J. Kostecki Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology,
Warsaw, Poland
A. Kosuge KEK, Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
H. Kotaki Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and
Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
M. Kozlová IoP ASCR, ELI Beamlines Project, Prague 8, Czech Republic; IPP
ASCR, Prague 8, Czech Republic
M. Krůs IoP ASCR, ELI Beamlines Project, Prague 8, Czech Republic; IPP
ASCR, Prague 8, Czech Republic
S. Kuma Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako,
Saitama, Japan
T. Kumada Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Kansai Photon Science Institute,
Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Umemidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan; Materials
Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki, Japan
Contributors xxv

S. Kurokawa Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University,

Fukuoka, Japan
N. Kuwabara Toyama Co., Ltd, Yamakita, Kanagawa, Japan
A. A. Kuzin Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University),
Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Spectroscopy Russian Academy of
Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow, Russia
I. Kuznetsov Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
C. Kyaw Engineering Research Center for EUV Science and Technology and
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, CO, USA
J. Laksman MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
W. P. Leemans Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
B. Lei Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany
Y. X. Leng State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute
of Optics and Fine Mechanics, CAS, Shanghai, China
Tadzio Levato Institute of Physics ASCR, v.v.i. (FZU), ELI-Beamlines Project,
Prague, Czech Republic
W. Li Engineering Research Center for EUV Science and Technology and
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, CO, USA
R. X. Li State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of
Optics and Fine Mechanics, CAS, Shanghai, China; IFSA Collaborative Innovation
Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
W. T. Li State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of
Optics and Fine Mechanics, CAS, Shanghai, China
J. Limpert Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany; Institute of Applied Physics,
Jena University, Jena, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and
Precision Engineering, Jena, Germany
J. Q. Liu State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of
Optics and Fine Mechanics, CAS, Shanghai, China
J. S. Liu State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of
Optics and Fine Mechanics, CAS, Shanghai, China; IFSA Collaborative Innovation
Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
S.-Y. Liu Toyama Co., Ltd, Yamakita, Kanagawa, Japan
xxvi Contributors

Benoît Mahieu Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée, UMR 7639 ENSTA-CNRS-

Ecole Polytechnique, Chemin de la Hunière, Palaiseau, France
T. Makimura Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,
Japan
E. Malm Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
M. C. Marconi Engineering Research Center for EUV Science and Technology
and Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, CO, USA
Daniele Margarone Institute of Physics ASCR, v.v.i. (FZU), ELI-Beamlines
Project, Prague, Czech Republic
T. Maruyama NTT Advanced Technology Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
Y. Matsukawa Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University,
Fukuoka, Japan
K. Matsunaga Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University,
Fukuoka, Japan
T. Matsuoka Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University,
Suita, Osaka, Japan
S. Matsuyama Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka,
Japan
P. McKenna Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow,
UK
C. S. Menoni Engineering Research Center for EUV Science and Technology and
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, CO, USA
K. Midorikawa RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
K. Mikami Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and
Radiological Science and Technology, Kyoto, Japan
Y. Minami Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Chiba,
Japan
S. Mironov Institute of Applied Physics RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
A. Mitrofanov Joint Institute for High Temperatures, RAS, Moscow, Russia
T. Miura HiLASE Centre, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
H. Mizoguchi Gigaphoton Inc, Oyama Tochigi, Japan
M. Mori National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and
Technology (QST), Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki, Japan
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Ferozepore, and thence to Buhawalpore on the Indus, before news reached him of
the unexpected issue of the struggle.
In entering upon a consideration of the tactics adopted, let me not be judged guilty of
such unpardonable presumption as that of canvassing the measures of officers whose
conduct has been rewarded by the highest honours their country could bestow. My
humble remarks are addressed to my brother officers of the subordinate ranks; and if
these casual observations should succeed in meriting the attention of any one who
takes sufficient interest in his profession to discuss such topics, I profess my readiness
to give up my imaginary line of operations as soon as I am convinced that the
position is untenable. These subjects, when we had little else to think of, or talk
about, formed an ample theme for discussion; and though they have often provoked
the remark that "all the subalterns of the army had promoted themselves to
generals," the cavil did not produce any argument against so advantageous and
extensive a brevet. Indeed, such a line of promotion might give an opportunity to the
military chiefs of later days to earn the applause of their countrymen before the
weight of years should finally consign the military hero to the family physician or the
nursery.
When the Sikh forces fell back, on the night of the 18th of December, from the battle-
field of Moodkee upon the main body in the entrenchments of Ferozeshuhur, the
reserve force, stationed to watch Ferozepore by the Sikh general's orders, continued
to occupy the same position.
The avowed object in the hasty attack on the enemy's strong position at Ferozeshuhur
was to prevent the Sikh forces from forming a junction, and to relieve Ferozepore.
Had the enemy been desirous to effect the junction alluded to, it would appear
difficult to account for his not taking advantage of the respite on the 19th and 20th of
December to ensure the movement. But, perhaps, a strong reason for his not doing
so may be adduced by the fact of the area of his entrenchments being already so
crowded with defenders, that it is almost difficult to assign places within the
dimensions[29] of the works for such hordes of Sikh soldiery as, by the published
estimates, would seem to have occupied the position.
In the next place, had the Sikhs been anxious to attack Ferozepore, it is strange that
they neglected to attempt the siege or investment between the 13th and 18th of
December. Nay, instead of doing so, they immediately advanced and took up a strong
position, leaving a reserve force to watch the garrison, and perhaps to cover their
own retreat in case of a reverse, whilst they pushed boldly forward to occupy a
position in the direct route of our forces, which post, judging from former military
transactions in India, they expected would be immediately stormed.
The force detached to Moodkee, having failed in their object, fell back upon
Ferozeshuhur, where no disposition was manifested for a farther retreat; but the
enemy calmly awaited, in that advantageous position, the attack which they doubtless
hoped would ensue.
By following the line of operations expected by the Sikhs, the British forces came into
action late in the afternoon, having been under arms and marching the whole of that
day, and weakened from want of food and water; whilst the horses, already much
jaded, were ill prepared for the work they had to undergo. These evils, great on the
night of the 21st, were not alleviated after the sanguinary struggle; and on the 22nd,
being far from all resources and supplies, the failure of ammunition might be viewed
as an almost desperate misfortune.
The veni, vidi, vici principle has been in some measure warranted, in Indian
campaigns, by the great precedents of Assye and Lord Hastings's Mahratta
campaigns. It had been employed with considerably less success during the Goorkha
war, where the reverses of other divisions of the army were fortunately counteracted
by General Ochterlony's prudence and foresight. But the Sikhs were a far different
enemy[30] from the Mahrattas or any power we had hitherto encountered in India,
and worthy of the respect which they inspired after the first two engagements.
To view the subject under its various phases, I will now proceed to consider the
probable results had the army been advanced to a position in the vicinity of
Ferozeshuhur, where free communication could have been maintained with the
garrison of Ferozepore, and where, as the enemy had established himself in a fixed
position, his intercourse with Lahore might have been threatened at the same time
that we had free range of the country.
In such a position, the enemy might have been safely watched, whilst preparations
were made to attack his entrenchments in due form,[31] and our troops would have
been fresh, and ought not to have been without ammunition in case of being
suddenly brought into action. The Merut reserve force, with the 9th and 16th Lancers,
H.M. 10th Regiment, and four regiments of Native Troops, accompanied by three
troops of Artillery and the elephant battery of twelve pounders, would, by using
despatch, have arrived in less than ten days[32] had an order been forwarded from
Bussean, and such a force would have been beyond the reach of any coup-de-main of
a detachment from the enemy's camp. Then, with properly constructed batteries, (for
the fort at Ferozepore contained some heavy guns) and with regular approaches, the
Sikh position would have been advantageously assailed, and there is little doubt that a
well directed fire of artillery, poured into such crowded works, would have been
severe in its effect, and would ultimately have compelled the enemy to evacuate
them. When the Sikhs should have been once compelled to take to the open ground,
their heavy siege guns would have been too unwieldly to manœuvre, whilst our light
artillery would have been on advantageous ground, and, with an effective force of
cavalry, the victory ought to have been speedy, and the enemy's retreat to the ford
not altogether unmolested.
To all this, perhaps it may be objected that the Sikhs would assuredly not have
awaited a concentration of our forces, and these preparations for attack. In reply, it
must be borne in mind that the choice of battle rested with the British, unless the
enemy vacated his post, when the advantages to be derived in the open plain would
have been ours, and rendered a much easier victory a matter beyond a question with
an army like our own, whose whole "materiel" were expressly qualified for action in
the open plain, where superior discipline and rapidity of movement, with a fresh and
well appointed army of sixteen thousand men, ought to have ensured success upon
easier terms than when storming the same enemy in a strong position.
With an effective British force of 16,000 or 20,000 men in the open plain, I conceive it
to be a matter of unimportance whether a native enemy be double or treble that
amount; for when confusion once ensues amongst a half-disciplined multitude, it
doubtless is greater in proportion to the number.
In the battle of Ferozeshuhur, the fate of the day was committed to the gallantry and
bull-dog qualities of the British soldiers, and the issue proved that they had not been
over-rated; but as these were resources which would always have remained in
reserve, and ready for action when called upon, a question may be raised as to the
policy of employing this reserve before the advantages of strategy had been
employed.
The result of this action would hardly answer to establish a precedent for the
repetition of similar measures under similar circumstances; for three or four such
battles would have used all the European material, and British regiments cannot be
hastily recruited or replaced in India.
RETURN OF KILLED AND WOUNDED AT FEROZESHUHUR, DEC. 21ST AND 22ND.
KILLED. WOUNDED.
Trumpeters,
Native & non- Native & non-
Officers. Drummers, Officers. Privates.
commissioned. commissioned.
Privates.
Personal staff 2
General staff 1 1
Artillery
Division.
(Col.
Brooke, com.)
Staff 2
Horse 2 1 26 1 7 54
Foot 2 10 1 5 18
Cavalry Division.
(Col.
White.)
Staff 3
1st Brig. H.M.
3 2 55 6 6 80
3rd Lt. Drag.
 " 8th
1 3 2 7
Native Cavalry
" 9th
2 8 11
Irregulars
2nd ditto,
2
Body-guard
" 5th
1 2
Native Cavalry
" 8th
1 4
Irregular Horse
3rd do. 4th
9 2 6
Native Cavalry
" 3rd
3 13
Irregulars
1st Infantry
Division.
(Sir Harry
Smith.)
Staff 3
1st Brigade,
2 2 57 5 4 92
H.M. 31st Rgt.
" 24th
1 3 4 1 2 24
N. I.
" 47th
9 2 24
ditto
2nd ditto
27 6 5 86
H.M. 50th Rgt.
" 42nd
1 4 10 2 5 35
Native Infantry
" 48th
2 13 2 3 46
ditto
2nd Infantry
Division.
(Gen.
Gilbert.)
Staff 2 1
1st Brigade,
2 1 67 2 6 110
H.M. 29th Rgt.
" 45th
2 14 1 2 30
N.I.
 2nd do 1st
2 2 43 6 12 139
European Regt..
" 2nd
1 2 15 2 5 43
Native Infantry
" 16th
1 2 11 1 10 51
ditto
3rd Infantry
Division.
(Brigadier
Wallace)
Staff 1
1st Brigade,
3 1 66 6 5 192
H.M.'s 9th Rgt.
" 26th
2 1 8 3 42
Native Infantry
" 73rd
1 1 19 6 31
ditto
H.M.'s 80th
4 20 3 1 53
Regiment
4th Infantry
Division.
(Sir J. Littler.)
Staff 1 2
1st Brigade,
7 6 76 10 5 156
H.M. 62nd Rgt.
" 12th
1 10 4 5 61
Native Infantry
" 14th ditto 3 12 5 5 59
2nd ditto,
2 6 8 32
33rd ditto
" 44th ditto 9 2 14
" 54th ditto 2 6
Grand total 73 44 613 78 120 1523

Killed.
Personal Staff Capt. Hare, Deputy Secretary.
Artillery—
2nd Troop, 1st
Capt. Todd.
Bat.
3rd " 3rd " Lieut Lambert.
Cavalry—
H.M. 3rd Lt.
Capt. Codd.
Drag.
" Cornet Ellis.
" Cornet Bruce, 16th Lancers.
1st. Division (Infantry)—
H.M. 31st
Lieut. Pollard.
Regt.
" Lieut. and Adjutant Bernard.
24th N.I. Brevet-Major Griffin.
42nd N.I. Lieut. Woollen.
2nd Division—
Staff Capt. Lucas, B.M.
" Capt. Burnett, ditto.
H.M. 29th
Capt. Molle.
Regt.
" Lieut. Simmons.
1st European
Capt. Box.
Regt.
" Ensign Moxon.
2nd N.I. Ensign Armstrong.
16th N.I. Major Hull.
3rd Division—
Lieut.-Col. Wallace, B.
H.M. 9th Regt. Lieut.-Col. Taylor.
" Capt. Dunn.
" Capt. Field.
H.M. 80th
Capt. Best.
Regt.
" Capt. Scheberras.
" Lieut. Warren.
" Lieut. Bythesea.
26th N.I. Lieut. Croly.
" Lieut. Eatwell.
72nd N.I. Capt. Hunter.
4th Division—
Staff Lieut. Harvey, A.D.C.
H.M. 62nd
Capt. Clarke.
Regt.
 " Capt. Wells.
" Lieut. Scott.
" Lieut. M'Nair.
" Lieut. Gubbins.
" Lieut. Kelly.
" Lieut. and Adjutant Sims.
Wounded.
Personal Staff Lieut.-Col. Wood, A.D.C., severely.
" Lieut. Haines, A.D.C., ditto.
Major F. Somerset, Military Secretary, since
"
dead.
Artillery—
Staff Capt. Warner, Commissary of Ordnance, slightly.
" Capt. Mackenzie, B.M., ditto.
1st Troop, 3rd
1st Lieut. Paton, ditto.
Bat.
3rd Company 1st Lieut. Atlay, ditto.
Cavalry—
Staff Lieut.-Col. Harriott, ditto.
Capt. Havelock, H.M. 9th Regt., Assistant
"
Quartermaster-Gen., ditto.
Lieut.-Col. White, 3rd Light Dragoons, Brigadier,
"
ditto.
H.M. 3rd Lt.
Major Balders, ditto.
Drag.
" Lieut. Morgan, severely.
" Lieut. Burton, slightly.
" Cornet Orme, severely.
" Lieut. White, slightly.
" Lieut. Rathwell, ditto.
1st Division (Infantry)—
Staff Capt. Lugard, 31st Regt., A.A.G.
Lieut. Galloway, Assistant Quartermaster-
"
General.
" Lieut. Holdich, A.D.C.
H.M. 31st
Major Baldwin, severely.
Regt.
" Lieut. Plasket, ditto.
" Lieut. Pilkington, ditto.
 " Ensign Paul, slightly.
" Ensign Hutton, ditto.
H.M. 50th
Capt. Knowles, ditto.
Regt.
" Lieut. Chambers, ditto.
" Lieut. Moualt, ditto.
" Lieut. Barnes, ditto.
" Ensign White, ditto.
" Lieut. and Adjutant Mullen, ditto.
24th N.I. Ensign Grubb, ditto.
42nd N.I. Lieut. and Adjutant Ford, ditto.
48th N.I. Ensign Wardlaw, ditto.
" Lieut. Litchford, ditto.
" Lieut. Taylor, ditto.
2nd Division—
Staff Lieut.-Colonel Taylor, H.M. 29th Regt., Brigadier.
H.M. 29th
Major Congreve.
Regt.
" Capt. Stepney.
1st European
Capt. Clerk, severely.
Regt.
" Capt. Kendall, dangerously.
" Lieut. Beatson, severely.
" Lieut. Fanshaw, slightly.
" Ensign Wriford, ditto.
2nd N.I. Ensign Salusbury, severely.
" Capt. Bolton, ditto.
" Ensign Hodson, slightly.
16th N.I. Ensign O'Bryen, ditto.
" Lieut. Hamilton.
3rd Division—
H.M. 9th Regt. Capt. Barton, severely.
" Lieut. Taylor.
" Lieut. Vigors.
" Lieut. Sievewright, dangerously.
" Lieut. Cassidy.
H.M. 80th
Ensign Forster, contused.
Regt.
" Major Lockhart.
 " Capt. Fraser, since dead.
" Lieut. Freeman.
4th Division—
Staff Capt. Egerton.
" Capt. Burnett, B.M., slightly.
H.M. 62nd
Lieut.-Col. Reed, Brigadier, ditto.
Regt.
" Major Short, ditto.
" Capt. Graves, badly.
" Capt. Sibley.
" Capt. Garroch, slightly.
" Lieut. Gregorson, badly.
" Lieut. Craig, ditto.
" Lieut. Ingall, slightly.
" Ensign Roberts, severely.
" Ensign Hewett, slightly.
" Lieut.-Col. Bruce, very severely.
" Capt. Holmes, ditto.
" Lieut. Tulloch, ditto.
" Ensign Ewart, slightly.
" Capt. Struthers.
" Capt. Walsh.
" Lieut. Wood, severely.
" Lieut. Lukin, slightly.
" Ensign Weld, severely.
Return of Ordnance captured at Ferozeshuhur.
Weight
Number. Calibre. Length. of
shot.
inch. tenths. feet. inch.
9
1 Gun 4 5 5 10
lbs.
2 Howitzer 7 0 14 10 42
3 Gun 5 0 7 0 18
4 " 5 0 6 9 18
5 " 5 0 6 0 18
6 " 4 5 5 10 9
7 " 4 5 5 10 9
 8 " 4 5 8 4 9
9 " 4 0 6 4 8
10 " 4 5 7 0 9
11 " 4 5 6 0 9
12 " 4 5 6 0 9
13 " 5 0 6 9 18
14 " 4 2½ 6 0 9
15 " 4 2½ 6 0 9
16 " 5 5 7 6 18
17 " 4 0 7 9 8
18 " 4 0 5 9 8
19 " 4 0 5 6 8
20 " 3 7½ 4 7 6
21 " 4 5 5 9 9
22 " 4 7½ 6 0 12
23 " 3 8 4 11 7
24 " 3 8 4 11 7
25 " 4 0 6 5 8
26 " 5 3 10 0 18
27 " 5 0 7 6 15
28 " 4 7 6 6½ 11
29 " 5 7 2 1 24
30 " 2 8 3 11 3
31 " 2 8 3 11 3
32 " 3 7 7 11½ 6
33 " 5 7 3 11½ 24
34 " 3 7 4 11¾ 6
35 " 3 8 4 11 6
36 " 4 0 6 6 9
37 " 2 7 3 0 3
38 " 3 9 4 11½ 8
39 " 3 7 4 11 6
40 " 4 0 6 0 9
41 " 4 2 6 1 9
42 " 4 0 6 2 9
43 " 4 5 6 1 12
44 " 4 3 6 1 10
45 " 3 5 6 4½ 6
 46 " 3 8 4 11½ 8
47 " 4 7 7 11 12
48 " 4 3 6 1 10
49 " 4 3 6 9½ 10
50 " 4 7 4 10 12
51 " 3 8 4 11 8
52 " 2 7 3 11½ 8
53 " 4 2 7 11½ 10
54 " 4 3 7 11½ 9
55 " 3 8 4 11 8
56 " 3 8 4 11 8
57 " 4 2 5 8 9
58 " 2 7 3 0 2
10
59 Mortar 9 5 2 5
in.
3
60 Gun 2 8 3 11½
lbs.
61 " 3 6 4 6 6
62 " 3 8 4 11 8
63 " 3 7 4 11¾ 7
64 " 2 8 2 11 3
65 " 3 8 4 11 8
66 " 3 8 4 11 8
67 " 6 0 3 9 32
68 " 4 3 7 10¼ 9
69 Mortar 5 7 2 0 24
70 Gun 4 3 7 10½ 9
71 Howitzer 4 3 3 9 9
72 Gun 5 2 8 8½ 18
73 " 6 0 8 9 30

Many of these guns have long Persian inscriptions,[33] and very old dates, some
are highly ornamented. The carriages are closely assimilating to those in use with
the Bengal artillery, the whole well fitted for post guns. The metal is much
heavier than those of a similar calibre in use with the Bengal artillery.
Two more guns were discovered at Sooltan Khan Wallah, of which no return has
yet been received.
(Signed) G. Brooke,
Brigadier, &c. &c.
 FOOTNOTES:
[25] Much has been said and written concerning the carnage and retreat of the 62nd, which
has engendered, unnecessarily, some ill feeling. Sir John Littler states explicitly, in his
despatch, that the Sikh fire was "furious and irresistible;" therefore if he expected that
regiment to accomplish what he allows to be impossible, we need not set any value on the
unfortunate general's opinion.
[26] The enemy's fire was opened from the low doorways of the tents, inaccessible to
horsemen.
[27] Another officer of the 3rd Dragoons, who had been dismounted and wounded in this
charge, whilst wandering among the entrenchments, met a body of native soldiers, who
demanded ransom, and ordered him to strip off his jacket; he pointed to his broken arm; but
they were not chivalrous enough to admit this appeal, and, taking his uniform, allowed him to
escape. This was the sole act of clemency on the Sikhs' part I have heard recorded.
[28] This expedient has often been resorted to in critical times, as it gives employment to
many doubtful characters, and raises a temporary bulwark, which can easily be disposed of
when danger is over.
[29] About eighteen hundred yards by nine hundred and fifty, as well as a horse's stride
enabled me to judge.
[30] I allude only to their bravery and discipline. Their generalship brought the war to a
speedy conclusion.
[31] The batteries at Ferozeshuhur were attacked in front. Had they been taken in flank or
reverse many heavy guns in fixed positions could not have been brought to bear readily
against the assailants.
[32] That is, they might have reached Moodkee by the 28th of December. The advanced
guard of the reserve were within hearing of the cannonade of Ferozeshuhur.
[33] The inscriptions on these guns, like that on the celebrated pocket-pistol at Dover, were
much given to boasting.

CHAPTER VI.
ASSEMBLAGE OF THE BRITISH FORCES ON THE SUTLEJ—SIKHS THREATEN TO RECROSS—
SIR HARRY SMITH DETACHED TOWARDS LOODIANA—SKIRMISH NEAR BUDDEWAL.

During the first week in January, the reserve force, under Sir John Grey, joined the main column
of the army, and took post near the river, along which pickets were thrown out by the divisions
nearest the enemy's position, to watch their proceedings on the opposite bank.
Nearly every soldier in the north-western provinces was at, or approaching, the head-quarter
camp, which extended over no inconsiderable portion of ground. Large supplies had been laid in
for the army at Ferozepore and from the country bordering on Bussean. The British generals now
became masters of their own time for the planning and prosecution of further operations.
On the opposite bank of the Sutlej, the Sikh camp, with its hives of parti-coloured canvas,
speckled the country as far as the eye could reach, and appeared to shelter a mighty host,
notwithstanding their recent losses. Nearly opposite the village of Sobraon the tents appeared
more closely packed together, about a mile distant from the river, and thence the banks sloped
gradually towards the water; but, about three miles higher up, and immediately above the fords
of Hureeka, the banks rise precipitously, on the right shore, to a height of about forty or fifty feet,
and overlook the British side of the river where the slope is very gradual and nearly uniform.
The country on the left bank is mostly bare, except near the river and close above Hureeka,
where some thick reeds and underwood served as a cover for the enemy's spies and stragglers to
watch or fire upon our videttes, but this jungle was shortly afterwards burnt.
Opposite Sobraon the Sikhs appeared to be remarkably busy, and it was shortly discovered that
they were employed in constructing a bridge of boats across the Sutlej. This, at the time, was
considered a mere piece of bravado. Few conjectured that the enemy would have the hardihood
to attempt a passage in the face of the British army, and they were left, unmolested, to complete
their purpose. In a few days the bridge was complete save four boats, and we began to suspect
that the deficiency, which was of some days' continuance, was intentional, when one morning the
gap was filled up, and their workmen were seen busily constructing a tête-de-pont on the British
shore.
A battery of Sikh guns was posted on the right bank which would sweep the bridge, and it was
conjectured that the enemy had mined some of the boats, so that in case of the British
attempting to use them they might at any time be blown up; but no inclination was manifested on
our part to accept this invitation.
The hum in the enemy's camp towards nightfall, and the glare of their camp fires, caused the
scene to resemble the vicinity of a large city, whilst the occasional arrival of a chief from Lahore
was greeted with acclamations and the roar of cannon. From the ramparts of a small fortified
village on the right flank of our position, we could observe the Sikh battalions turning out every
evening for parade and exercise, and their artillery practice was almost unremitting. The fire of
cannon and musketry, which was constantly heard even after nightfall, made us frequently
conjecture that some point of our position had been attacked, but it proved that the enemy were
only amusing themselves.
Our spies brought word that an attack on the British army was meditated on the part of the
enemy, who only awaited a report, from their astrologers, of the stars being favourable to the
success of the undertaking.
On the 13th of January, a battery of guns was brought up by Sir Hugh Gough's orders, and placed
in position; and, as soon as the daylight enabled him to ascertain the distance, a cannonade was
opened on their advanced lines, which was promptly replied to by the enemy. Little or no damage
ensued except the bursting of our largest gun (an iron eighteen pounder), which wounded an
artilleryman severely, and put an end to the game. That evening the Sikhs struck their tents,
which had been impudently pitched so near our position, not wishing to risk the effects of a
chance shot on a repetition of that day's proceeding; but they might have spared themselves the
trouble, for the first experiment was sufficient.
Occasional skirmishes took place at the outposts along the river, which served to interrupt in a
measure the tedium of camp routine. The Sikhs, who now crossed in great numbers during the
day to work at their entrenchments, and usually retired towards nightfall, amused themselves
with ball practice at any moving object they could discern within musket range.
A small look-out tower, which we had thrown up to watch their proceedings, served the Sikhs for
constant practice, and the compliment was returned upon such of their marksmen as ventured to
offer themselves for targets.
As our officers were strictly interdicted from the pursuit of small game in the jungles which
bordered on the river, some were obliged to content themselves with this inferior sport, but the
practice, being at a long range, was nearly innocent.
One night a party of Sikhs made a successful foray upon a picket of irregular cavalry, and killed
three or four of them. As the enemy occupied the high ridge above Hureeka ford, which
precluded any view into the interior, it was impossible to ascertain the post or strength of their
pickets, although the videttes on the bank were always visible. The Sikhs had therefore the
advantage of commanding the fords whenever they pleased to make use of them for predatory
excursions.
Our inaction at this time, when in face of the whole Sikh army, may appear strange to many, but
the British generals had wisely resolved that offensive operations should not be resumed, if
avoidable, until the means were at hand for striking an effective blow and pursuing the advantage
when gained. The siege train had only quitted Delhi early in January, and the pontoon train at
Ferozepore was, in the meantime, being secretly but effectively prepared for service. Any
operations which might be undertaken before the whole machinery could be brought into action
would therefore have been of little avail.
The time dragged slowly and monotonously on with us. The outpost duties of outlying and inlying
pickets and camp guards were severe and tiresome; but even when free from such restraints, few
quitted the lines of their regiments, as we knew not the hour we might be called on for action.
This state was not destined to be of long duration. Reports had already been forwarded to head-
quarters that Loodiana was threatened by the enemy, and about the middle of January the
communication with that place was interrupted.
The Sikh army, swollen daily by the influx from Lahore, began to experience a scarcity of
provisions, which induced them to send foraging parties across, on the line of the upper Sutlej, to
procure supplies. As our line of frontier was too considerable to be properly watched without an
extension of front, which was deemed imprudent, the fords of the Sutlej being very numerous,
the enemy were enabled hitherto to communicate freely with the opposite shore.
It now became necessary, however, to sweep the country of the obstacles to a free
communication with Loodiana. To effect this object, Sir Harry Smith was detached, on the 17th of
January, with the first brigade[34] of his division, two corps of Native cavalry, and a light field
battery, to clear the country of the enemy.
The day after the major-general had quitted camp, intelligence arrived which proved that the
enemy were in much greater force than had been at first supposed, and had committed some
ravages at Loodiana, which place was now threatened by a considerable body from the right
bank.
On the 19th, Brigadier Cureton was despatched, with the 16th Lancers and two troops of Horse
Artillery, to reinforce Sir Harry Smith.
Brigadier Cureton, after two forced marches, overtook the major-general at the town and fort of
Jugraon, where H.M.'s 53rd Regiment, on its route from the lower provinces, also joined Sir
Harry's column.
Accounts were received at Jugraon, of the enemy being in great force on the British side of the
river; and it was stated that a portion of the cantonments of Loodiana had been destroyed by the
Sikhs, who had afterwards encamped on the plain below the town, and between it and the river.
Brigadier Godby now held the cantonments with one corps of native cavalry and three of native
infantry, (including a Goorkha[35] battalion, recently arrived from their mountain quarters,) and a
light field battery. The fort, which stands in the town of Loodiana, on the side looking towards the
river, but beyond cannon-range from the Sutlej, was garrisoned by a few convalescents, and the
depôt of the 50th.
The enemy were reported to have thrown an advanced party into the fort of Buddewal, which lay
on the road between Jugraon and Loodiana, and belonged to the Ladwa Rajah, a Sikh chief, who
had instigated this expedition, and had conveyed his family and valuables from the protected Sikh
states into the Punjaub.
A small party belonging to the Puttealah Rajah had for some time before the arrival of Colonel
Godby's force occupied the town of Loodiana, but had not stirred a hand in defence of the
cantonment.
Sir Harry Smith had met with none of the enemies' parties on his march to Jugraon, except in the
fort of Durrumkhote, where a few shrapnel induced the garrison to abandon the place, and a
small party of sepoys were placed to occupy it.
At two o'clock on the morning of the 21st of January, the British forces moved from Jugraon
towards Loodiana, instructions having been forwarded to Brigadier Godby to march out of
cantonment, and effect a junction with the advancing column, on its line of march, about
daybreak. The heavy baggage and wheel-carriages were ordered to be left in the citadel of
Jugraon, which was occupied by two companies of sepoys. The cavalry and horse artillery took
the head of the column; and after a slow and weary march in the dark,[36] Sir Harry's forces
arrived about sunrise within two miles of Buddewal, all baggage being kept in rear of the column,
to prevent any obstruction in the operations which might be requisite.
During the halt, a native spy arrived with information of the enemy having advanced, and
occupied the fort of Buddewal in strength; but the general discredited the report, and the
advance was sounded without any alteration of route being determined on. Brigadier Godby's
forces did not make their appearance, although the time for meeting as appointed had passed; it
was therefore evident that they must have taken another route, and have probably missed us in
the dark.
On issuing from the close country upon the plain, a cloud of dust was discerned rising over some
trees on our left flank, and soon afterwards, some Goorchera horsemen, galloping through the
grove, announced the enemy to be on the alert. In a few minutes, the grove was swarming with
the Sikh irregular cavalry, who continued to move parallel with our brigade, which advanced
steadily into the plain, having wheeled into open column of troops. Several of the Sikh chiefs rode
boldly up within a hundred yards of us, and watched the cavalry brigade passing in review, and
approaching the fort of Buddewal. On our front, and to the right, nearly as far as the eye could
reach, stretched a sandy plain, with scarcely a bush on its surface, beyond which lay Loodiana,
about six miles distant. Our left was flanked by groves of trees, and on the left front was the town
and fort of Buddewal, frowning over the low range of mud houses in its neighbourhood, the
whole of which swarmed with the enemy's infantry.
The fort was a brick building of some solidity, in which were placed the heaviest guns; but
entrenchments and abattis were thrown up round the town, which were defended by lighter guns
and musketeers.
The cavalry and horse artillery continued to advance into the plain, and deployed under cover of
some sand hills, whilst Sir Harry Smith rode along the position, to reconnoitre the enemy. Several
Sikh chiefs continued busily employed in the same manner; but as yet, no hostilities had taken
place, though each sought eagerly an opening to give the first advantageous blow. At length, the
head of our infantry column came in sight, and the Sikhs, who had been intently watching their
movements, now ranged themselves in continuous line amongst the trees up to the walls of the
town. A quick flash from the Sikh position, succeeded by a cannon-ball, which plunged heavily
into the sand, announced the enemy's hostile intentions; but the cavalry brigade were cleverly
posted among the sand hills, which defiladed them from fire in a great measure, although they
were too low to be quite effectual for that useful purpose.
The infantry, as they advanced into the plain, toiling through the deep sand, fared much worse;
for the Sikh light guns, being pushed forward, soon got the range, and the shot tore through the
ranks with deadly precision.
The enemy's shells were comparatively harmless, being made of pewter or lead, and simply
loaded with powder; but the round and chain-shot came hurtling through the air, or playfully
ricochetting from the sand ere they plunged through or over our line, seldom missing their object
by an interval which the next discharge was not likely to correct.
One direct shot from a battery, which must, I think, have been a chain-shot, I saw strike a
subdivision of infantry on the flank, and turn over every man. At length, the toilsome and blood-
stained advance was accomplished, and the infantry, nearly exhausted, formed a second line to
the cavalry, and halted to recover breath.
The Sikhs, emboldened at the paucity of our numbers, advanced from under cover into the open
plain, whilst a body of cavalry, issuing from the grove of trees before-mentioned, pounced upon
our baggage, which had not yet reached the open ground. Two Ressalahs of irregular horse, and
details of a few men from each regiment, were marching with the baggage. The enemy, taking
two light field-pieces with them, fired upon the confused heap of cattle, and soon caused such a
scene of commotion, that they were enabled to plunder as much as they could carry away; and a
great portion of the sick men, carried in doolies,[37] fell into the enemy's hands. Some were taken
prisoners, but the greater part were massacred.
The rear portion of the baggage, by taking to flight, escaped to Jugraon; and a few stray camels,
with drivers possessed of some presence of mind, by making a circuit, arrived safely at Loodiana.
A small guard of H.M.'s 53rd Regiment, under the command of the quarter-master, kept together,
and saved a portion of the regimental stores of that corps, with which they retired on Jugraon.
In the meantime, the enemy, having drawn up his forces on the open plain, seemed disposed to
follow up his advantage, and the Sikh chiefs, galloping along the front of their line, were seen
directing the advance, and animating the soldiers. Our artillery being advantageously posted
behind some low sand-hills, now opened a well-directed fire of shrapnel upon the enemy's left,
which soon appeared to check their ardour, and seriously disturb the meditated operations.
Brigadier Cureton pushed forward with the 16th Lancers, in echelon of squadrons, to follow up
the confusion which had ensued from the fire of our artillery, and threatened a charge on the left
flank of the Sikhs, when the movement was countermanded by Sir Harry Smith's orders.
The British General having found himself much outflanked by the enemy's line, (and the infantry
being greatly exhausted by the toil they had undergone,) resolved not to hazard an action under
such disadvantages, and before a junction with Brigadier Godby, who had not yet been
discovered. Orders were therefore sent to the cavalry to retire, but to keep the enemy in check.
The cavalry-brigade having deployed, retired by alternate squadrons, covering the line of infantry,
which had, in the meantime, made a partial change of front, to repel a demonstration which the
Sikhs had made against the British left. The enemy, advancing boldly, when he discovered that Sir
Harry was unwilling to come to close quarters, opened a galling fire of artillery along his whole
line; but the front shown by the British cavalry-brigade deterred him from coming up to attack.
Under the able direction of the gallant Cureton, the cavalry were manœuvred as steadily as at an
ordinary field-day. Presenting a moveable target, which called forth all the skill of the Sikh
artillerymen, the 16th Lancers, 3rd Cavalry, and Captain Hill's Irregulars, continued to menace the
enemy, and to despise the deadly missiles which showered around them; whilst, among that
overwhelming host of Sikh Goorcheras, not one effort was made to measure lance or sabre with
their opponents. They were content to leave us to be dealt with by the artillery.
The prudence of such a measure on the enemy's part was perhaps unquestionable.
Thus, gradually retiring across the plain, and placing on the ammunition carts, or on horseback,
the unfortunate men who were wounded by the incessant cannonade to which the Sikhs
subjected the force, we reached a distance of about two miles from Buddewal, when the enemy
ceased to advance.
When our retreat was first commenced, nearly all the officers conjectured it was Sir Harry's object
to draw the Sikh forces well out of their position, and attack them in the open plain; but as we
continued to retire, it soon became evident that no action was to take place, and we were
compelled to receive the numerous kicks which were bestowed upon us with all the philosophy
that could be mustered. "Now we are going at 'em—now for it, lads!" burst from the ranks on
many occasions, when the squadrons faced about and confronted the foe; but the fatal "threes
about," gradually diminished these hopes, and at last the homely observation of "By G—, if we
are not bolting from a parcel of niggers!" called something between a blush and a smile to many
a cheek.
About sunset, the troops arrived before the half-burned cantonments of Loodiana, and
bivouacked on the plain. Hardly a tent or a native follower made their appearance in our gloomy
lines, and many a bitter lamentation was vented over departed comforts and luxuries seized by
the ruthless Sikhs. Nearly all the hospital stores had fallen into the hands of the Philistines, which
was a heavy misfortune; but we dwelt with some satisfaction on the probability of their being
mistaken for wines and liqueurs, in which event we anticipated, with much glee, the effects likely
to ensue, and only regretted we had no chance of witnessing the commotions which would
prevail in the Sikh camp on the auspicious occasion.
Late in the evening, a few camp-followers, and a very few baggage-animals, came straggling into
the lines, having made a detour, and avoided the plunderers. With the usual native propensity for
exaggeration, they expatiated on their own hairbreadth escapes, and gave mournful details of the
tragic sufferings and deaths of most of those who were missing. One man was describing in
glowing terms the resolute defence of a fellow-servant, who fell, covered with innumerable
wounds, when the innocent hero of the tale actually walked up, and had the honesty to confess
that he owed his safety to his fleetness of foot.
Very few of our camp-followers were maltreated by the enemy, beyond taking away any property
found on their persons, and keeping some of them prisoners a few days, whilst they extracted
any intelligence they were able to afford. Most of the prisoners were then turned loose, and
furnished with the information that the Sikhs entertained no animosity towards the natives of
Hindostan, but had resolved to conquer and rule the country, and would not fail to massacre
every Feringhee who was foolhardy enough to give them an opportunity. At the same time, with
the candour becoming true chivalry, they strongly recommended the British to abandon all useless
resistance, to submit to the modest Khalsas, or take to flight—in fact, to do anything rather than
fight, as that might be inconvenient.
The actual loss at Buddewal has never been published, as a great portion of those reported
missing had escaped to Jugraon, and six or seven were carried prisoners to Lahore.[38] The total
amount of killed, wounded, and missing, were between three and four hundred, but more than
half this number subsequently made their appearance. The report which prevailed in India, that
the losses were amalgamated in one return with those killed at Aliwal, is a stupid fabrication.
Early in the day, Captain A.W. Campbell, of H.M. 14th Regiment, was killed by a cannon-shot,
whilst acting as aide-de-camp to Sir Harry Smith. He had only succeeded in reaching the army the
preceding night, after a hasty journey from Calcutta, and was struck down on his first field of
action: but whoever accompanies Sir Harry Smith in battle, must be prepared to encounter the
thickest of the fire.
In our destitute condition, we were most hospitably treated by Col. Godby's Brigade, who had
marched out in the morning to meet us, according to the instructions received, but we had
missed each other, owing to the brigadier supposing that we should not march directly under the
guns of the enemy's position.
On the day succeeding our arrival, some of the scared merchants of Loodiana disclosed their
hidden stores in cellars and outhouses, and we were enabled to replace many deficiencies.
The fort of Loodiana was garrisoned by a few convalescents from the 50th Regiment, and a small
detail of native troops; but being on the outskirts of the town, the Sikhs had not ventured within
sweep of its guns to pillage, and had satisfied themselves with burning the furthest and most
exposed part of the cantonments.
The Puttealah Rajah's troops, who were stationed as a protection for the buildings, viewed the
proceedings with indifference, nor was it to be expected they would be very energetic in our
cause, against their own countrymen. The small party of Sepoys then at Loodiana were quite
insufficient for hostile measures, but the damages have been much exaggerated. The brunt of the
losses fell on the officers and men of H.M. 50th, and if ever a regiment deserved to be
indemnified, the gallant half hundred have earned the claim.
Our spies, returning from the enemy's post at Buddewal, reported that the Sikhs had come to the
determination of attacking us immediately, most probably that night, as the stars were propitious.
Being now reduced to the lightest possible marching order, it was impossible to find us better
prepared for an active campaign; and we looked forward with much satisfaction to the visit, which
was promised on the fine open plain on which we were bivouacked. To ascertain the time of
arrival, our pickets were posted far in advance, and patrols and reconnoitring parties were
constantly on the move.
At sunrise, on the 23rd of January, news arrived of the enemy being in motion, and the forces
immediately turned out with much alacrity. The cavalry and Horse Artillery moved under a ridge
nearly parallel with the Sutlej, and marking the limits of its extreme course, whilst the infantry
shortly afterwards took the upper route on the same line. About 9 A.M. we were informed that
the whole Sikh forces had quitted Buddewal, and were marching towards the heights of Valore,
which flank the direct road between Loodiana and Ferozepore, and extend to the waters of the
Sutlej.
Brigadier Cureton, who was in advance with a small party of cavalry, sent an urgent request for
the cavalry brigade to push forward, as he had come up with the enemy's rear guard, and could
cut them off with a large quantity of baggage and ammunition under their care; but Sir Harry
Smith was unwilling to make the experiment. After halting for about two hours, information was
sent from the reconnoitring party that the Sikhs had taken up a position near Valore. On receipt
of this intelligence Sir Harry Smith ordered his forces to advance and occupy the enemy's vacated
position at Buddewal. On arriving at that place in the afternoon, we found the fort and town
completely deserted, the Sikhs having marched out during the night and left quantities of grain
and stores behind them, for which they had no carriage, as we had encumbered them with a
superfluity of valuables, which were, no doubt, ere then safely lodged in the Punjaub.
Buddewal was speedily and thoroughly ransacked, but very little was found worth carrying off.
Tents, empty trunks, and crazy furniture abounded in and around the palace (as it was called) of
our friend the Ladwa Rajah, the author of the Sikh expedition into this neighbourhood, and a
quantity of grain and cattle were found in the town.
Our camp followers soon made the place a wreck; nor did their vengeance stay here, but,
wandering in parties about the country, they set fire to several villages in the vicinity, and nightfall
exhibited a long series of conflagrations marking their track. This was condemned in the severest
terms by Sir Harry Smith, and all officers of the army were called upon to exert themselves in
suppressing a system which tended to engender a spirit of animosity towards us among the
inhabitants of this country, who were not guilty of the origin of these hostilities.
Our camp followers, in palliation of their conduct, declared that the inhabitants of all these
villages had taken an active part in plundering them and our camels on the 21st, which was not
at all improbable.
The bodies of several soldiers who had fallen in the recent skirmish were found on the plain near
Buddewal, and interred. Amongst the slain, Captain Campbell's body was found, and buried by
two officers, who went for the purpose of discovering the body of their fallen comrade.
Many of our servants, who had escaped to Jugraon with part of the baggage, now rejoined us,
and also a great portion of the sick under protection of the Shekawattee brigade, which added
one thousand native troops to our force.
Some of our servants, having escaped from the Sikhs, came to the outposts with their mouths full
of the extensive armament which the Sikhs were preparing for our destruction; but all united in
asserting that reinforcements were pouring into their camp from the opposite side of the river.
Our best spies were furnished by Captain Hill's corps of Irregular Horse, many of whom, disguised
as faqueers, entered the Sikh camp and brought accounts of the enemy being about forty
thousand strong, with seventy or eighty guns, and of their being employed in throwing up
entrenchments similar to those of Ferozeshuhur. This burrowing system was universally practised
by the enemy, even when they were meditating offensive measures, and therefore it formed no
clue to their present intentions.
Our cavalry reconnoitring parties were daily in the enemy's vicinity, and officers were employed to
form plans of their position; but our adversaries had great objections to this inquisitive practice,
and threw forward their outposts to check the intruders. But, amongst the whole army, for
constant activity and careful observation of the enemy's proceedings, none, even in the prime of
life, displayed more alacrity than the two generals, Sir Harry Smith and Brigadier Cureton.
Daily, at the first peep of dawn, our indefatigable commanders were hovering around the enemy's
post, whilst the whole of the troops stood ready accoutred for immediate action in case of the
enemy being equally vigilant; but our opponents testified less appetite for the keen morning air.
The Sikhs talked boldly in their own lines of their daily intention of coming out to attack us, and
the spies failed not to report the resolution; but as it had now been deferred so many days, there
appeared some probability of their being anticipated.
The main object of the Sikh's change of position seemed to be to secure a post on the river
where they could receive reinforcements which had been sent from their head-quarter camp, and
at the same time occupy our direct[39] road of communication with the main column. The siege
train, which was approaching from Delhi with a very small escort of native troops, was also,
beyond doubt, the ultimate object of their manœuvres, although it had not yet approached within
reach of a safe "dour."
By advancing from Loodiana to Buddewal, Sir Harry Smith was better enabled to watch the
enemy until the time for action; and the post being (as we recently experienced) on the line of
communication with our head-quarters, by Jugraon and Dhurrumkote, the main object of the
Sikhs was, in a great measure, neutralized, and we had much reason to be thankful to them for
having given us so eligible a lodgment without a struggle. In the meantime, reinforcements were
in full march, to join Sir Harry Smith, from head-quarters by the Jugraon route; and two eight
inch howitzers were being equipped for field service, having been hastily mounted and brought to
Buddewal from the fort of Loodiana.

FOOTNOTES:
[34] H.M.'s 31st Regiment, 24th N.I., 47th N.I.
[35] The troops commonly called "Goorkhas," are three battalions, termed the Sirmoor,
Nusseeree, and Goorkha, which are recruited in the Himalayahs. They are a small, hardy race
of mountaineers, and the best soldiers in the native army.
[36] During this night march, large fires were constantly lit by the camp-followers, which
must have indicated our line of march to the enemy. These blazed with such vehemence on
every elevated spot we reached, that it looked more like design than accident.
[37] "Doolies" are litters for carrying the sick or wounded men off the field, or on the line of
march.
[38] These prisoners were released and restored after the British forces crossed the Sutlej
and reached Kussoor.
[39] The route we had taken by Dhurrumkote and Jugraon is not the direct line between
Ferozepore and Loodiana.

CHAPTER VII.
SIR HARRY SMITH ADVANCES TO ATTACK THE SIKHS IN THEIR CAMP—THE BATTLE OF
ALIWAL—THE ENEMY DEFEATED AND DRIVEN ACROSS THE RIVER—OBSERVATIONS.

On the 27th of January, all the reinforcements which had been on the march to join our column
had arrived, and Colonel Godby's force, part of which were in Loodiana, moved out in the evening
to Buddewal. The whole force, which amounted to about ten thousand men, were brigaded for
the approaching struggle, and verbal orders were issued to the several commanders.
The cavalry,[40] which were formed into two brigades, were placed under the direction of
Brigadier Cureton, of H.M. 16th Lancers; and to the cavalry division were attached the four troops
of horse artillery.
The infantry consisted of four brigades, under Brigadiers Hicks, Wheler, Wilson, and Godby.
A nine-pounder, light field-battery, and the eight-inch howitzers completed the sum of the force
under Sir Harry Smith's command.
Shortly before daybreak on the 28th of January, the "Arouse bugle" from the general's quarters,
taken up by each regiment successively along the line, summoned all to prepare for the fray.
The camp was speedily levelled, and all camp-followers and "impedimenta" (as the Romans aptly
termed their baggage) were left in charge of a detail of Native Cavalry and Infantry at the fort of
Buddewal.
Slowly and silently the dark masses of cavalry, infantry, and artillery, fell into their respective
places on the sandy alarm post in front of the general's quarters, and soon after daybreak the
army advanced in compact order, over the open plain, under the guidance of the acting
engineers.
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