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7 - Operational Amplifiers - Part 1

The document provides an overview of operational amplifiers (op-amps), detailing their history, characteristics, and configurations such as inverting and non-inverting setups. It explains the importance of signal amplification, the concepts of linearity and distortion, and the mathematical relationships governing voltage and current gains. Additionally, it outlines the ideal properties of op-amps and their applications in electronic circuits.

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ahmedashrafaliibrahim
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4 views20 pages

7 - Operational Amplifiers - Part 1

The document provides an overview of operational amplifiers (op-amps), detailing their history, characteristics, and configurations such as inverting and non-inverting setups. It explains the importance of signal amplification, the concepts of linearity and distortion, and the mathematical relationships governing voltage and current gains. Additionally, it outlines the ideal properties of op-amps and their applications in electronic circuits.

Uploaded by

ahmedashrafaliibrahim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

• Signals
• Amplifiers
• History of Op-Amps
• The Op-Amp Terminals
• Characteristics of Ideal Op-Amps
• Configurations
– Inverting Configuration
– Non-Inverting Configuration

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 2


• Signal – is a time-varying quantity that can be
represented by a graph and it contains information
– e.g. voice of radio announcer reading the news

• Transducer - device which converts signal from non-


electrical to electrical form
– e.g. microphone (sound to electrical)

• Process – an operation which allows an observer to


understand this information from a signal
– generally done electrically

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 3


Signal
Physical Electrical Processing
Transducer through Information
Signal Signal Electronic
circuit

How are signals represented?

Thevenin form Norton form

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 4


• Consider the following two source/load combination:

Note that output


• Find 𝒗𝒐 and 𝒊𝒐 ? resistance of a
• Thevenin representation: 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣𝑠
𝑅𝐿 source limits its
𝑅𝑠 +𝑅𝐿 ability to deliver a
𝑅 signal at full
• Norton representation: 𝑖𝑜 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑠
𝑅𝑠 +𝑅𝐿
strength

• What are ideal values of RS for Norton and Thevenin


representations?
• Thevenin representation: 𝑅𝑠 = 0
• Norton representation: 𝑅𝑠 = ∞

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 5


• Why is signal amplification needed?
– Because many transducers yield output at low power levels 𝜇𝑊 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑊

• What is linearity?
– It is property of an amplifier which ensures a signal is not “altered” from
amplification

• What is distortion?
– It is any unintended change in output

• What are the types of Signal Amplification?


– Voltage amplifier – is used to boost voltage levels for increased resolution.
– Power amplifier – is used to boost current levels for increased “intensity”.

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 6


output / input relationship for amplifier
𝐯𝑜 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑣 𝐯𝑖 (𝑡)

voltage gain

𝒗𝒐
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏 (𝑨𝒗 ) =
𝒗𝒊

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 7


• What is one main difference between an amplifier and
transformer? …Because both alter voltage levels.
– Amplifier may be used to boost power delivery.

𝑖𝑜
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝐴𝑖 ) =
𝑖𝑖

𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑃𝐿 ) 𝑣𝑜 𝑖𝑜


𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝐴𝑝 ) = =
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑃𝐼 ) 𝑣𝑖 𝑖𝑖

𝐴𝑝 = 𝐴𝑣 𝐴𝑖

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 8


• Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are very high gain dc coupled
amplifiers with differential inputs.
• The term “operational amplifier” (op amp) was developed in the
1940s, well before the invention of the transistor and the integrated
circuit.
• Op-amps realized by vacuum tubes* served as the core of
electronic “integrators,” “differentiators,” etc., thus forming systems
whose behavior followed a given differential equation.
• These were used to study the stability of differential equations that
arose in fields such as control or power systems. Since each op amp
implemented a mathematical operation (e.g., integration), the term
“operational amplifier” was born.

*Vacuum tubes were amplifying devices consisting of a filament that release electrons, a plate that
collect them, and another that control the flow—somewhat similar to transistors.
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 9
• It is a 5-terminal device defined as follows:
– terminal #1: inverting input
– terminal #2: non-inverting input
– terminal #3: output
– terminal #4: positive supply VCC
– terminal #5: negative supply VEE

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 10


– Infinite input resistance
– Zero output resistance
– Infinite bandwidth:
bandwidth gain is constant from
dc to high frequencies
– Infinite open-loop gain
(𝐴 = infinity)

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 11


• There are two basic closed-loop op-amp configurations
which employ op-amp and resistors alone, these are:

1. inverting op amp
• Source is applied to inverting input

2. non-inverting op amp
• Source is applied to the non- inverting input

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 12


R2 facilitates
“negative feedback”

R1 regulates level of
this feedback

non-inverting input
source is applied to is grounded
inverting input

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 13


• To analyze the closed-loop gain for inverting configuration of an ideal op-
amp, we follow these steps:
– step #1: Begin at the output terminal
– step #2: If 𝑣𝑜 is finite, then differential input must equal 0

because 𝐴 in infinite
𝑣𝑂
𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = =0
𝐴
ณ
∞

• virtual short circuit btw v1 and v2


• virtual ground exists at v1

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 14


• step #3: Define current in to inverting input 𝑖1 .
• step #4: Determine where this current flows?

virtual
ground
ฑ i1
(𝑣𝐼 ) − (𝑣 1) 𝑣𝐼 − 0 𝑣𝐼
𝑖1 = = =
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅1 i=0
i1

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 15


• step #5: Define 𝑣𝑂 in terms of
current flowing across 𝑅2 .
virtual
ground
ฑ
𝑣𝑂 = (𝑣 1 ) − (𝑖1 𝑅2 ) = −𝑖1 𝑅2

• step #6: Substitute 𝑣𝐼 Τ𝑅1 for 𝑖1 .


𝑹𝟐
𝒗𝑶 = − 𝒗𝑰
𝑹𝟏

Note: this expression is one of the fundamentals of


electronics

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 16


closed-loop
gain
𝐺 = − 𝑅2Τ𝑅1

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 17


It is one which utilizes external resistances (like the previous) to affect voltage gain.
However, the polarity / phase of the output is same as input.

R1 and R2 act as voltage divider,


regulating negative feedback to the
inverting input
inverting input is
grounded
through R1

node #1

source is applied to
non-inverting input node #2

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 18


To analyze the closed-loop gain for the non-inverting configuration of an ideal
op-amp, we follow these steps:

• Step #1: Begin at the output terminal


• Step #2: If 𝑣𝑜 is finite, then differential input must equal 0

because 𝐴 in infinite
𝑣𝑂
𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = =0
𝐴
ณ
∞

∴ 𝑣1 = 𝑣2

• virtual short circuit between v1 and v2

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 19


• Step #3: Define current out of the
inverting input 𝑖1 .

𝑣1 − 0 𝑣𝐼 − 0 𝑣𝐼
𝑖1 = = = 𝒊𝟐
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅1

• Step #4: Determine where this 𝒊𝟏 𝒊=𝟎


current flows?
• Step #5: Define 𝑣𝑂 in terms of
current flowing across 𝑅2 .
𝑣𝑜 − 𝑣𝐼
𝑖2 =
𝑅2
• Step #6: Equate 𝑖1 and 𝑖2 .
𝑣𝐼 𝑣𝑜 − 𝑣𝐼 𝑹𝟐
= 𝒗𝑶 = 𝟏 + 𝒗𝑰
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑹𝟏

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - PART #1 20

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