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Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology
(Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
(NAAC Accredited & ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
NH206(B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur–572216.Karnataka.

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB

(IPCC) (BEC502)
(NEP, Outcome Based Education (OBE) and
Choice BasedCredit System (CBCS)

B.E - V Semester
Lab Manual 2024-25

Name:

USN:

Batch: Section:
 Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology
(Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
. (NAAC Accredited & ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
NH206(B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur–572216.Karnataka.

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB

(IPCC) (BEC502)

Manual

Prepared by: Reviewed by:

1. Dr. Veena Kumari H M Dr. Veena Kumari H M
Professor Professor

2. Mr. Sreenivasa T V
Assistant Professor

3. Ms. Divya Shree B S

Assistant Professor

Approved by:
Dr. Suresh D S
Professor & HOD,
Dept. Of ECE

.
 Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology
(Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
(NAAC Accredited & ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
NH206(B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur–572216.Karnataka.

INSTITUTE VISION

 To create centers of excellence in education and to serve the society by

enhancing the quality of life through value based professional leadership.

INSTITUTE MISSION

 To provide high quality technical and professionally relevant education in a

diverse learning environment.
 To provide the values that prepare students to lead their lives with personal
integrity, professional ethics and civic responsibility in a global society.
 To prepare next generation of skilled professionals to successfully compete in
the diverse global market.
 To promote campus environment that welcomes and honors women and men of
all races, creeds and cultures, values and intellectual curiosity, pursuit of
knowledge and academic integrity and freedom.

 To offer wide variety of off-campus education and training programmes to

individuals and groups.

 To stimulate collaborative efforts with Industry, Universities, Government and

Professional Societies.

 To facilitate public understanding of technical issues and achieve excellence in

the operations of the institute.

QUALITY POLICY

Our organization delights customers (Student, Parents and Society) by

providing value added quality education to meet the National and International
requirements. We also provide necessary steps to train the students for
placement and continue to improve our methods of education to the students
through effective. Quality Management System, Quality Policy and Quality
Objectives.
 Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology
(Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
(NAAC Accredited & ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
NH206(B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur–572216.Karnataka.

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

“To create globally competent Electronics and Communication Engineering

professionals with ethical and moral values for the betterment of the society”

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

 To nurture the technical/professional/engineering and entrepreneurial skills for

overall self and societal upliftment through co-curricular and extra-curricular

events.

 To orient the Faculty/Student community towards the higher education,

research and development activities.

 To create the Centres of Excellence in the field of electronics and

communication in collaboration with industries/Universities by training the

faculty through latest technologies.

 To impart quality technical education in the field of electronics and

communication engineering to meet over the current/future global industry

requirements.
 Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology
(Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
(NAAC Accredited & ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
NH206(B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur–572216.Karnataka.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

(PEO’s)

PEO1: Apply Mathematical, Scientific and Engineering skills for solving problems in the
areas of Electronics and Communication Engineering.

PEO2: Expose to Emerging Technologies and excel in Industries/higher

studies/research.

PEO3: Apply analytical skills in the areas of Electronics and Communication

Engineering to become competent and Employable.

PEO4: Inculcate Professional ethics, human values, team work for solving Engineering
problems and contribute to societal needs.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

PSO1: Build Analog and Digital Electronic systems for Multimedia Applications,
VLSI and Embedded Systems in Interdisciplinary Research / Development.

PSO2: Design and Develop Communication Systems as per Real Time Application and
Current Trends.

COURSE OBJECTIVES
1. Preparation: To prepare students with fundamental knowledge/ overview in the field
of Digital Signal Processing

2. Core Competence: To equip students with a basic foundation of Signal Processing by

delivering the basics of Discrete Fourier Transforms, their properties, efficient
computations & the design of digital filters.
 Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology
(Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
(NAAC Accredited & ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
NH206(B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur–572216.Karnataka.

COURSE OUTCOMES

CO1: Analyze the different types of signals and systems used in digital signal processing.

CO2: Compute the response of an LTI system using time and frequency domain
techniques.
CO3: Develop algorithms for the efficient computations of DFT and IDFT.

CO4: Design of digital FIR filters for the given specifications using different window
methods.

CO5: Design of digital IIR digital filters using bilinear transformation method.
 Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology
(Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
(NAAC Accredited & ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
NH206(B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur–572216.Karnataka.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization for the solution of
complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyse complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified
needs.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: An ability to design and conduct
scientific and engineering experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data to
provide valid conclusions
5. Modern tool usage: Ability to apply appropriate techniques, modern engineering
and IT tools, to engineering problems.
6. The engineer and society: An ability to apply reasoning to assess societal, safety,
health and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice
7. Environment and sustainability: An ability to understand the impact of
professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Ability to function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in a team, and in multidisciplinary tasks.
10. Communication: Ability to communicate effectively on engineering activities with
the engineering community such as, being able to comprehend and write effective
reports and design documentation, make effective presentations.
11. Project management and finance: An ability to apply knowledge, skills, tools,
and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements with the aim
of managing project resources properly and achieving the project’s objectives.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability
to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.
 Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology
(Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
(NAAC Accredited & ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
NH206(B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur–572216.Karnataka.

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Syllabus
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI
B.E: Electronics & Communication Engineering
NEP, Outcome Based Education (OBE) and Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) SEMESTER – V

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (IPCC) (BEC502)

Course Code BEC502 CIE Marks 50

Teaching Hours/Week
(3:0:2:0) SEE Marks 50
(L: T: P: S)
40 hours Theory +
Total Hours of Pedagogy Total Marks 100
8-10 Lab slots
Credits 04 Exam Hours 03
PRACTICAL COMPONENT OF IPCC
List of Programs to be implemented & executed using any programming languages like Moku:
Go/MATLAB/OCTAVE (but not limited to)
SL. Experiments
No
1 Program to generate the following discrete time signals.
Unit sample sequence, b) Unit step sequence, c) Exponential sequence, d) Sinusoidal
sequence, e) Random sequence
2 Program to perform the following operations on signals.
Signal addition, b) Signal multiplication, c) Scaling, d) Shifting, e) Folding
3 Program to perform convolution of two given sequences (without using built-in function) and
display the signals

Determine H(z) and sketch its pole zero plot. b) Plot |H(ejω) | and ∠ H(ejω)
4 Consider a causal system y(n) = 0.9y(n-1) +x(n).

Determine the impulse response h(n).

5 Computation of N point DFT of a given sequence (without using built-in function) and to plot
the magnitude and phase spectrum.
6 Using the DFT and IDFT, compute the following for any two given sequences
Circular convolution b) Linear convolution
7 Verification of Linearity property, circular time shift property & circular frequency shift
property of DFT.
8 Develop decimation in time radix-2 FFT algorithm without using built-in functions.
9 Design and implementation of digital low pass FIR filter using a window to meet the given
specifications
10 Design and implementation of digital high pass FIR filter using a window to meet the given
specifications
11 Design and implementation of digital IIR Butterworth low pass filter to meet the given
specifications
12 Design and implementation of digital IIR Butterworth high pass filter to meet the given
specifications
 Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology
(Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
(NAAC Accredited & ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
NH206(B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur–572216.Karnataka.

Suggested Learning Resources

1. Proakis & Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing - Principles
Algorithms & Applications”, 4th Edition, Pearson
education, New Delhi, 2007. ISBN: 81-317-1000-9.
2. Li Tan, Jean Jiang, “Digital Signal processing Fundamentals
Text Books and Applications”, Academic Press, 2013, ISBN: 978- 0-12-
415893.
3. Vinay K. Ingle, John G Proakis , “Digital Signal Processing
Using MATLAB, A problem Solving Companion”,
Cengage Learning, 2018, ISBN: 93-86668-11-4
1. Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen, “Signals and Systems”,
2nd Edition, 2008, Wiley India. ISBN9971-51- 239-4.
2. Sanjit K Mitra, “Digital Signal Processing, A Computer
Based Approach”, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill
Education, 2017. ISBN:978-1-25-909858
Reference Books 3. Oppenheim & Schaffer, “Discrete Time Signal Processing",
PHI, 2003.
4. D Ganesh Rao and Vineeth P Gejji, “Digital Signal
Processing" Cengage India Private Limited, 2017, ISBN:
9386858231
Web links and Video Digital Signal processing,
Lectures (e-Resources): https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117102060
 COURSE ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION
Direct Assessment Methods
Contributing
When/Where Evidence
to Course
What To whom (Frequency in Max. Marks Collected
outcomes
the course)

Observation
book written
Every lab at each lab
session +
Record & CO1 – CO5
(Avg. of all 15 Record
Observation
CIE Students experiment submitted at
marks) each lab
+
Viva
CO1 – CO5
IA Test one 10 Blue Books

MAPPING OF COURSE OUTCOMES WITH PROGRAM

OUTCOMES
PO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2
1 2 1 1 2 1
2 2 1 1 2 1
3 2 1 1 2 1
CO 4 2 1 1 2 1
5 2 1 1 2 1
Sum 10 5 5 10 5
Avg 2 1 1 2 1

3: High correlation, 2: Medium correlation, 1: Low correlation

 Instructions to the Candidates

General Lab Guidelines:

• Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory. Intentional
misconduct will lead to the exclusion from the lab.
• Do not wander around, or distract other students, or interfere with the laboratory
experiments of other students.
• Read the handout and procedures before starting the experiments. Follow all written and
verbal instructions carefully. If you do not understand the procedures, ask the instructor
or teaching assistant.
• Attendance in all the labs is mandatory, absence permitted only with prior permission
from Class teacher.
• The workplace has to be tidy before, during and after the experiment.
• Do not eat food, drink beverages or chew gum in the laboratory.
• Every student should know the location and operating procedures of all Safety equipment
including First Aid Kit and Fire extinguisher.

DO’S: -
 Uniform and ID card are must.
 Strictly follow the procedures for conduction of experiments.
 Records have to be submitted every week for evaluation.
 Chairs and stools should be kept under the workbenches when not in use.
 After the lab session, switch off every supply, disconnect and disintegrate the
experiments and return the components.
 Keep your belongings in designated area.
 Never use damaged instruments, wires or connectors. Hand these parts to the
instructor/ teaching assistant.
 Sign the log book when you enter/leave the laboratory.

DONT’S: -
 Don't touch open wires unless you are sure that there is no voltage. Always
disconnect the plug by pulling on the connector body not by the cable. Switch off the
supply while you make changes to the experiment.
 Don’t leave the experiment table unattended when the experimental setup supply is
on.
 Students are not allowed to work in laboratory alone or without presence of the
teaching staff/ instructor.
 No additional material should be carried by the students during regular labs.
 Avoid stepping on electrical wires or any other computer cables
 University
Evaluation of DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (IPCC) weightage
Marks
(BEC502)

internal: Conduction for 50 marks

1. Write up – 10M
Discrete Experiments:
(Aim– 1M, Circuit – 3M, Design – 3M, Waveforms – 3M)
Programming Experiments: (Aim– 1M, Flowchart – 3M, Program –6M)
2. Program Execution – 30M
(Program/Code Output – 25M, Comments – 3M, Optimization– 2M, (Partial 10
output – 25M, No Output – 00M )
3. Results & Viva – 10M
(Identifying & Showing the inputs and outputs – 2M and/or
theoretical calculations – 2M, Output Verification – 1M)

Record and Observation:

Conduction for 30 marks (10M record and 20 M Observation)
15
(Aim & Apparatus, Algorithm/flowchart (each experiment should have at least one
flowchart, Calculations, Input/Output observations & Result (10+20=30M)
Total Marks 25
 CONTENTS

SL. PAGE NO.

PARTICULARS
NO

1 Introduction To MATLAB 1-5

2 Procedure To Execute MATLAB Programs 6-10

Program to generate the following discrete time signals.
a) Unit sample sequence, b) Unit step sequence, c) Exponential
3 11-14
sequence, d) Sinusoidal sequence, e) Random
sequence
Program to perform the following operations on signals.
4 a) Signal addition, b) Signal multiplication, c) Scaling, d) Shifting, e) 15-20
Folding
Program to perform convolution of two given sequences (without using
5 21-22
built-in function) and display the signals
Consider a causal system y(n) = 0.9y(n-1) +x(n).

b) Plot |H(ejω) | and ∠ H(ejω)

a) Determine H(z) and sketch its pole zero plot.
6 23-24
c) Determine the impulse response h(n).
Computation of N point DFT of a given sequence (without using built- in
7 25-26
function) and to plot the magnitude and phase spectrum.
Using the DFT and IDFT, compute the following for any two given sequences
8 a) Circular convolution b) Linear convolution 27-28

Verification of Linearity property, circular time shift property & circular

9 29-34
frequency shift property of DFT.
Develop decimation in time radix-2 FFT algorithm without using built- in
10 35-36
functions.
Design and implementation of digital low pass FIR filter using a window to
11 37-38
meet the given specifications
Design and implementation of digital high pass FIR filter using a window to
12 39-40
meet the given specifications
Design and implementation of digital IIR Butterworth low pass filter to meet
13 41-42
the given specifications
Design and implementation of digital IIR Butterworth high pass filter to
14 43-44
meet the given specifications
15 Beyond Syllabus Experiments 45-52
16 VIVA QUESTIONS 53-54
Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB
MATLAB stands for Matrix Laboratory. It is a high-performance language
that is used for technical computing. It was developed by Cleve Molar of the
company MathWorks. INC in the year 1984.It is written in C, C++, Java. It
allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions, implementation of
algorithms and creation of user interfaces. It is both a programming language
as well as a programming environment. It allows the computation of
statements in the command window itself.

The built-in functions of MATLAB offer top-notch resources for performing

calculations, including optimization, linear algebra, numerical solution of
ordinary differential equations (ODEs), data analysis, quadrate, signal
processing, and many other scientific tasks. Modern algorithms are used for
the majority of these functions. There are many of these for both animations
and 2- D and 3-D graphics. MATLAB also supports an external interface.

The user can create their own functions in the MATLAB language. Thus, they
are not restricted to using only the built-in functions. Additional toolboxes are
provided by MATLAB. These toolboxes were created for common uses such as
neural networks, symbolic computations, image processing, control system
design, and statistics.

The various uses of MATLAB are: Developing algorithms, performing linear

algebra that is linear, Graph plotting for larger data sets, Data visualization and
analysis, Numerical Matrix Computation

MATLAB is generally used for these types of tasks:

 Signal processing
 Optimization of functions
 Control system design
 Image and Audio processing
 Machine learning and Deep learning

Features of MATLAB

 MATLAB is a high-level language: MATLAB Supports Object

oriented programming. It also supports different types of
programming constructs like Control flow statements (IF-ELSE, FOR,
WHILE). MATLAB also supports structures like in C programming,
Functional programming (writing functions to contain commonly used
code and later calling them). It also contains Input / Output
statements like disp() and input().

 Interactive graphics: MATLAB has inbuilt graphics to enhance user

experience. We can actually visualize whatever data is there in forms
of plots and figures. It also supports processing of image and
displaying them in 2D or 3D formats. We can visualize and manipulate

Dept of ECE, CIT Gubbi Page 1

Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

our data across any of the three dimensions (1D, 2D, and 3D). We can plot
the functions and customize them also according to our needs like
changing bullet points, line color and displaying/not displaying grid.

 A large library of Mathematical functions: MATLAB has a huge

inbuilt library of functions required for mathematical analysis of any
data. It has common math functions like sqrt. factorial etc. It has
functions required for statistical analysis like median, mode and std
(to find standard deviation), and much more. MATLAB also has
functions for signal processing like filter, butter(Butterworth filter
design) audio read, Conv, xcorr, fft, fftshift etc. It also supports image
processing and some common functions required for image
processing in MATLAB are rgb2gray, rgb2hsv, adaptthresh etc.

 Data access and processing: MATLAB allows accessing of data

from external sources like image files (.jpg, .PNG), audio files (.mp),
and real-time data from JDBC/ ODBC. We can easily read data from
external sources using the inbuilt MATLAB functions like audioread for
reading audio files and imread for reading external images.

 Interactive environment: MATLAB offers interactive environment

by providing a GUI (Graphical user interface) and different types of
tools like signal analyses and tuners. MATLAB also has tools for
debugging and the development of any software. Importing and
exporting files becomes easy in MATLAB through the GUI. We can
view the workspace data as we progress in the development of our
software and modify it according to our needs.

 MATLAB can interface with different languages: We can write a

set of codes (libraries) in languages like PERL and JAVA, and we can
call those libraries from within the MATLAB itself. MATLAB also
supports ActiveX and .NET libraries.

 MATLAB and Simulink : MATLAB has an inbuilt feature of Simulink

wherein we can model the control systems and see their real-time
behavior. We can design any system either using code or building
blocks and see their real-time working through various inbuilt tools.
It has lucid examples of basic control systems and their working.

 MATLAB’s Application programming interface (API): MATLAB

consists of an extensive API. Through this API, we can link our C/C++
programs directly to MATLAB. Some options available in MATLAB API
are calling MATLAB programs, read and write M-files, and using
MATLAB as an interface to run applications. MATLAB can be used both
as a computation and analysis tool.
 Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Computer vision: The
most demanding technologies like Machine learning, Deep learning,
and Computer vision can be done in MATLAB. We can create and

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

interconnect layers of a deep neural network, We can build custom training

loops and training layers with automatic differentiation. For machine
learning, we can use the DBSCAN algorithm to discover clusters and
noise in DATA. For computer vision, we can do object tracking, object
recognition, gesture recognition, and processing 3D point clouds.

 Computational Biology toolbox: This toolbox provides a great

way for biologists and researchers to create and analyze new
algorithms and patterns for development in biological and biochemical
domains. We can build biological models and analyze them using this
toolbox. Moreover, for students, this toolbox can be very much
educational if they want to explore the biological domain.

Writing a MATLAB Program

1. Using Command Window: Only one statement can be typed and

executed at a time. It executes the statement when the enter key is
pressed. This is mostly used for simple calculations. Note: ans is a
default variable created by MATLAB that stores the output of the
given computation.

2. Using Editor: Multiple lines of code can be written here and only
after pressing the run button (or F5) will the code be executed. It is
always a good practice to write clc, clear and close all in the beginning
of the program.Note: Statements ending with a semicolon will not be
displayed in the command window, however, their values will be
displayed in the workspace. Any statement followed by % in MATLAB
is considered as a comment

3. Vector Operations: Operations such as addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division can be done using a single command
instead of multiple loops

Basic Functions in MATLAB

Function Description

The values or the text printed within single quotes is displayed on

disp()
the output screen

clear clear all variables

close all close all graphics window

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Function Description

clc To clear the command window

exp(x) To compute the exponential value of x to the base e

abs(x) To compute the absolute value of x

sqrt(x) To compute the square root of x

log(x) To compute the logarithmic value of x to the base e

log10(x) To compute the logarithmic value of x to the base 10

rem(x, y) To compute the remainder of x/y

sin(x) To compute the sine of x

cos(x) To compute the cosine of x

tan(x) To compute the tangent of x

Advantages of MATLAB

 Easy to use interface: A user-friendly interface with features you

want to use is one click away.

 A large inbuilt database of algorithms: MATLAB has numerous

important algorithms you want to use already built-in, and you just
have to call them in your code.

 Extensive data visualization and processing: We can process a

large amount of data in MATLAB and visualize them using plots and
figures.

 Debugging of codes easy: There are many inbuilt tools like

analyser and debugger for analysis and debugging of codes written in
MATLAB.

 Easy symbolic manipulation: We can perform symbolic math

operations in MATLAB using the symbolic manipulation algorithms and
tools in MATLAB

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Disadvantages of MATLAB

 MATLAB is slow since it is an interpreted language that is MATLAB

programs are not converted into Machine language but are run by
external software, so it can sometimes be slow.
 We cannot create the OUTPUT file in MATLAB.
 One cannot use graphics in MATLAB with -nojvm option, on doing so,
we will get a runtime error.
 We cannot make functions in one single .m file as we have in the case
of other programming languages. We have to create different files for
different functions.
 Sometimes, the error messages are not much informative, so you
have to figure out the error yourself.

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

PROCEDURE TO EXECUTE MATLAB PROGRAMS

Step1: Double Click on MATLAB Icon on the Desktop

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

MATLAB Windows is open as follows:

it Contains three windows

1. Current Folder Window

2. Command Window
3. Work Space

Step2: Click on New button and select M-File, An Editor window will open as
follows

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Step3: Type MATLAB Program in editor window

Step4: Save the MATLAB Program in a designated folder with .m Extension.

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

After Saving MATLAB Program Editor Window will look as follows.

Step5: By Selecting Editor Button Click on RUN Button to Execute MATLAB

Program Click on Change folder

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Step6: If any error is present in MATLAB Program it will be displayed in

Command window as follows. Correct the respective error.

Step7: After Correcting the error click on the RUN button again, MATLAB
program will be Executed and result will be displayed in command window and
respective result will be displayed.

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

EXPERIMENT NO 1
PROGRAM TO GENERATE THE FOLLOWING DISCRETE
TIME SIGNALS.
a) UNIT SAMPLE SEQUENCE b) UNIT STEP SEQUENCE
c) EXPONENTIAL SEQUENCE d) SINUSOIDAL SEQUENCE
e) RANDOM SEQUENCE

1a) Program To Generate Unit Sample Sequence

Program:
clc;
clear all;
N =input('enter the value of time constant'); % Length of sequence
n = -N/2:N/2; % Define the time index range
x = (n == 0);% Create the unit sample sequence (impulse function)
stem(n, x, 'filled');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x[n]');
title('Unit Sample Sequence');
grid on;

Result 1a:

enter the value of time constant20

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

1b) Program To Generate Unit Step Sequence

Program:
clc;
clear all;
N =input('enter the value of time constant'); % Length of sequence
n = -N/2:N/2; % Define the time index range
u = (n >= 0);% Create the unit step sequence
stem(n, u, 'filled');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('u[n]');
title('Unit Step Sequence');
grid on;

Result 1b:

enter the value of time constant20

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

1c) Program To Generate Exponential Sequence

Program:
clc;
clear all;
N =input('enter the value of time constant'); % Length of sequence
n = 0:N-1; % Time index ranging from 0 to N-1
A = input('enter the value of a Amplitude');
a = input('enter the value of a Growth constant');
b = input('enter the value of a Decay constant');
% Define the exponential factor
x = A * a.^n; % Growing signal
y = A * -b.^n;% Decaying signal
% Plot the generated exponential signals
figure;
subplot(2, 1, 1);
plot(n, x);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Growing Exponential Signal');
subplot(2, 1, 2);
plot(n, y);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Decaying Exponential Signal');

Result 1c:
enter the value of time constant20
enter the value of a Amplitude5
enter the value of a Growth constant2
enter the value of a Decay constant2

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

1d) Program To Generate Random Sequence

Program:

clc;
clear all;
N =input('enter the value Length of the random sequence');
x = rand(1, N); % Generates a 1xN array of random numbers between
0 and 1
stem(x, 'filled');
title('Random Sequence');
xlabel('Index');
ylabel('x[n]');
grid on;

Result 1d:

enter the value Length of the random sequence20

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

EXPERIMENT NO 2
PROGRAM TO PERFORM THE FOLLOWING
OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS.
a) SIGNAL ADDITION b) SIGNAL MULTIPLICATION c) SCALING d) SHIFTING,
e) FOLDING

2a) Program To Perform the Signal Addition

operation Program:
clc;
clear all;
x =input('enter the value of first signal Sequence');
y =input('enter the value of Second signal Sequence');
z=x+y;
figure;
subplot(3, 1, 1);
stem(x);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('First Signal');
subplot(3, 1, 2);
stem(y);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Second Signal');
subplot(3, 1, 3);
stem(z);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Addition of Two Signal Z=X+Y');

Result 2a:
enter the value of first signal Sequence [1 2 3 4]

enter the value of Second signal Sequence [1 1 1 1]

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

2b) Program To Perform the Multiplication operation on

Signals

Program:
clc;
clear all;
T=input('enter the length of Sequence');
t=0:0.01:T-1;
f=input('enter the value of Frequency');
t1=2*pi*f*t;
x1=sin(t1);
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(t,x1)
title('First Signal
X1') xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude')
grid on;
x2=cos(t1);
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(t,x2)
title('Second Signal X2')
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude')
grid on;
y=x1.*x2; % Multiplication
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(t,y)
title('Multiplication Result Signal Y=x1*x2')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
grid on;
Result 2b:
enter the length of Sequence2
enter the value of Frequency4

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

2c) Program To Perform the Scaling operation on Signals.

Program:
clc;
clear all;
T=input('enter the length of Sequence');
t=0:0.01:T-1;
f=input('enter the value of Frequency');
t1=2*pi*f*t;
x=sin(t1);
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(t,x)
title('Original
Signal') xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
grid on;
y=sin(t1/2);
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(t,y)
title('Expanded
Signal') xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
grid on;
z=sin(t1*2);
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(t,z)
title('Compressed Signal')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
grid on;

Result 2c:
enter the length of Sequence4
enter the value of Frequency2

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

2d) Program To Perform the Shifting operation on Signals.

Program:
clc;
clear all;
N=input('Enter the length of Sequence');
x =input('Enter the value of Signal Sequence of Length N');
n1=input('Enter the amount to be delayed');
n2=input('Enter the amount to be advanced');
n=0:N-1;
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,x);
title('Signal x(n)');
m=n+n1;
y=x;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(m,y);
title('Delayed signal x(n-n1)');
t=n-n2;
z=x;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(t,z);
title('Advanced signal x(n+n2)');

Result 2d:
Enter the length of Sequence4
Enter the value of Signal Sequence of Length N[1 2 3 4]
Enter the amount to be delayed2
Enter the amount to be advanced3

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

2e) Program to Perform the Folding operation on Signals.

Program:
clc;
clear all;
N=input('Enter the length of Sequence');
x =input('Enter the value of Signal Sequence of Length N');
n=0:N-1;
subplot(2,1,1)
stem(n,x)
title('Original
Signal') xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
grid on;
y=fliplr(x);
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(n,y)
title('Folded
Signal')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
grid on;

Result 2e:
Enter the length of Sequence4
Enter the value of Signal Sequence of Length N[1 2 3 4]

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

EXPERIMENT NO 3
PROGRAM TO PERFORM CONVOLUTION OF TWO
GIVEN SEQUENCES (WITHOUT USING BUILT-IN
FUNCTION) AND DISPLAY THE
SIGNALS

Program:
clc;
clear all;
x =input('Enter the value of First Signal Sequence x[n]');
h =input('Enter the value of Second Signal Sequence
h[n]');
% convolution
m=length(x);
n=length(h);
X=[x,zeros(1,n)];
H=[h,zeros(1,m)];
for i=1:n+m-1
Y(i)=0;
for j=1:m
if(i-j+1>0)
Y(i)=Y(i)+X(j)*H(i-j+1);
else
end
end
end

figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x, 'filled');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x[n]');
title(' First Signal Sequence x[n]');
grid on;

subplot(3,1,2);
stem(h, 'filled');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h[n]');
title(' Second Signal Sequence h[n]');
grid on;

subplot(3,1,3);
stem(Y,'filled');
ylabel('Y[n]');
xlabel('n');
grid on;
title('Convolution of Two Signals without conv function');

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Result 3a:
Enter the value of First Signal Sequence x[n][1 2 3 1]
Enter the value of Second Signal Sequence h[n][1 1 1]

Result 3b:
Enter the value of First Signal Sequence x[n][1 1 1 1]
Enter the value of Second Signal Sequence h[n][1 2 3 1]

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

EXPERIMENT NO 4
CONSIDER A CAUSAL SYSTEM y(n) = 0.9y(n-1) +x(n).

b) PLOT |H(ejω) | AND ∠ H(ejω)

a) DETERMINE H(z) & SKETCH ITS POLE ZERO PLOT.

c) DETERMINE THE IMPULSE RESPONSE h(n).

Program:
clc;
clear all;
numerator = [1]; % Numerator of H(z)
denominator = [1 -0.9]; % Denominator of H(z)

% Create a pole-zero plot

figure;
zplane(numerator, denominator);
title('Pole-Zero Plot of H(z)');
omega = linspace(-pi, pi, 1000); % Define frequency range
H = exp(1j * omega) ./ (exp(1j * omega) - 0.9);% Calculate H(e^j?)
magnitude_H = abs(H);% Magnitude response
phase_H = angle(H);% Phase response

% Plot Magnitude Response

figure;
plot(omega, magnitude_H);
title('|H(e^{j\omega})|');
xlabel('\omega'); ylabel('|
H(e^{j\omega})|');

% Plot Phase Response

figure;
plot(omega, unwrap(phase_H)); title('\
angle H(e^{j\omega})'); xlabel('\
omega');
ylabel('\angle H(e^{j\omega})');

% Define the impulse response

n = 0:50; % Time index
h = (0.9 .^ n); % Impulse response

% Plot impulse response

figure;
stem(n, h, 'filled');
title('Impulse Response h(n)');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h(n)');

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Result :

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

EXPERIMENT NO 5
COMPUTATION OF N POINT DFT OF A GIVEN
SEQUENCE (WITHOUT USING BUILT-IN FUNCTION)
AND TO PLOT THE MAGNITUDE & PHASE SPECTRUM.

Program:
clc;
clear all;
x = input('Enter the value of Signal Sequence x[n]');
N = length(x); % Length of the sequence
X = zeros(1, N);

% Compute the N-point DFT

for k = 0:N-1
sum = 0;
for n = 0:N-1
% Compute the DFT using the formula
sum = sum + x(n+1) * exp(-1j * 2 * pi * k * n / N);
end
X(k+1) = sum; % Store the result
end

% Compute magnitude and phase spectra

magnitude_X = abs(X);
phase_X = angle(X);

% Plot the magnitude spectrum

figure;
subplot(2, 1, 1);
stem(0:N-1, magnitude_X, 'filled');
title('Magnitude Spectrum');
xlabel('Frequency Index'); ylabel('|
X[k]|');
grid on;

% Plot the phase spectrum

subplot(2, 1, 2);
stem(0:N-1, unwrap(phase_X), 'filled');
title('Phase Spectrum');
xlabel('Frequency Index'); ylabel('?
X[k]');
grid on;

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Result 5a:
Enter the value of Signal Sequence x[n][1 2 3 4]
magnitude_X = 10.0000 2.8284 2.0000 2.8284
phase_X = 0 135.0000 -180.0000 -135.0000

Result 5b:
Enter the value of Signal Sequence x[n][1 1 2 2 3 3]
magnitude_X = 12.0000 3.0000 1.7321 0.0000 1.7321 3.0000
phase_X = 0 120.0000 150.0000 -90.0000 -150.0000 -120.0000

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

EXPERIMENT NO 6
USING THE DFT AND IDFT, COMPUTE THE
FOLLOWING FOR ANY TWO GIVEN SEQUENCES
a) CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION
b) LINEAR CONVOLUTION

6a) Program to compute circular convolution

Program:
clc;
clear all;
x = input('Enter the value of Signal Sequence x[n]');
h = input('Enter the value of Signal Sequence h[n]');
N = max(length(x), length(h));
x_padded = [x, zeros(1, N - length(x))];
h_padded = [h, zeros(1, N - length(h))];
% Compute the DFT of both sequences
X = fft(x_padded)
H = fft(h_padded)
Y = X .* H % Multiply the DFTs (element-wise)
y = ifft(Y);% Compute the IDFT to get the circular convolution
disp('Circular Convolution Result: y');
disp(y);

Result 6a1:
Enter the value of Signal Sequence x[n][1 2 3 4]
Enter the value of Signal Sequence h[n][1 1 1 1]
X =10.0000 + 0.0000i -2.0000 + 2.0000i -2.0000 + 0.0000i -2.0000 - 2.0000i
H=4 0 0 0
Y = 40 0 0 0
Circular Convolution Result:
10 10 10 10
Result 6a2:
Enter the value of Signal Sequence x[n][2 3 1 1]
Enter the value of Signal Sequence h[n][1 3 5 3]
X =7.0000 + 0.0000i 1.0000 - 2.0000i -1.0000 + 0.0000i 1.0000 + 2.0000i
H = 12 -4 0 -4
Y =84.0000 + 0.0000i -4.0000 + 8.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i -4.0000 - 8.0000i
Circular Convolution Result: y
19 17 23 25

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

6b) Program to compute linear convolution

Program:
clc;
clear all;
x = input('Enter the value of Signal Sequence x[n]');
h = input('Enter the value of Signal Sequence h[n]');
Lx = length(x);
Lh = length(h);
N = Lx + Lh - 1; % Length of the linear convolution result
x_padded = [x, zeros(1, N - Lx)];
h_padded = [h, zeros(1, N - Lh)];
% Compute the DFT of both sequences
X = fft(x_padded)
H = fft(h_padded)
Y = X .* H % Multiply the DFTs (element-wise)
y = ifft(Y); % Compute the IDFT to get the linear convolution
disp('Linear Convolution Result: y');
disp(y);

Result 6b:
Enter the value of Signal Sequence x[n][1 2 3 4]
Enter the value of Signal Sequence h[n][2 3 1 1]
X =
Columns 1 through 5

10.0000 + 0.0000i -2.0245 - 6.2240i 0.3460 + 2.4791i 0.1784 -

2.4220i 0.1784 + 2.4220i

Columns 6 through 7

0.3460 - 2.4791i -2.0245 + 6.2240i

H =
Columns 1 through 5

7.0000 + 0.0000i 2.7470 - 3.7543i 1.0550 - 1.7091i -0.3019 -

1.4947i -0.3019 + 1.4947i

Columns 6 through 7

1.0550 + 1.7091i 2.7470 + 3.7543i

Y =
Columns 1 through 5

70.0000 + 0.0000i -28.9279 - 9.4967i 4.6020 + 2.0240i -3.6741 +

0.4646i -3.6741 - 0.4646i

Columns 6 through 7

4.6020 - 2.0240i -28.9279 + 9.4967i

Linear Convolution Result: y

2.0000 7.0000 13.0000 20.0000 17.0000 7.0000 4.0000

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

EXPERIMENT NO 7
VERIFICATION OF LINEARITY PROPERTY, CIRCULAR
TIME SHIFT PROPERTY AND CIRCULAR FREQUENCY
SHIFT PROPERTY OF DFT.
7a) Verification of Linearity property of DFT
Linearity property: DFT {a.x1(n)+b.x2(n)} = a.X1(K )+ b.X2(K)

Program:
clc;
clear all;
x1 = input('Enter the value of Signal Sequence x1[n]');
x2 = input('Enter the value of Signal Sequence x2[n]');

a = input('Enter the value of constants a ');

b = input('Enter the value of constants b ');

% Compute the DFTs of x1 and x2

X1 = fft(x1);
X2 = fft(x2);

% Compute the linear combination of x1 and x2

x_combined = a * x1 + b * x2;

% Compute the DFT of the linear combination

X_combined = fft(x_combined);

% Compute the linear combination of the DFTs

X_combined_direct = a * X1 + b * X2;

% Display results
disp('DFT of Linear Combination:');
disp(X_combined);

disp('Linear Combination of DFTs:');

disp(X_combined_direct);

% Verify if they are approximately equal

if isequal(round(X_combined, 10), round(X_combined_direct,
10))
disp('Linearity property is verified: DFT(a*x1[n] + b*x2[n])
equals a*X1[k] + b*X2[k].');
else
disp('Linearity property is not verified.');
end

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Result 7a1:

Enter the value of Signal Sequence x1[n][1 2 3 4]

Enter the value of Signal Sequence x2[n][2 3 1 1]
Enter the value of constants a 2
Enter the value of constants b 3
DFT of Linear Combination:
41.0000 + 0.0000i -1.0000 - 2.0000i -7.0000 + 0.0000i -1.0000 + 2.0000i

Linear Combination of DFTs:

41.0000 + 0.0000i -1.0000 - 2.0000i -7.0000 + 0.0000i -1.0000 + 2.0000i

Linearity property is verified: DFT(a*x1[n] + b*x2[n]) equals a*X1[k] + b*X2[k].

Result 7a2:

Enter the value of Signal Sequence x1[n][1 2 3 4]

Enter the value of Signal Sequence x2[n][1 1 1 1]
Enter the value of constants a 5
Enter the value of constants b 10
DFT of Linear Combination:
90.0000 + 0.0000i -10.0000 +10.0000i -10.0000 + 0.0000i -10.0000 -10.0000i

Linear Combination of DFTs:

90.0000 + 0.0000i -10.0000 +10.0000i -10.0000 + 0.0000i -10.0000 -10.0000i

Linearity property is verified: DFT(a*x1[n] + b*x2[n]) equals a*X1[k] + b*X2[k].

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

7b) Verification of circular time shift property of DFT

Circular time shift property if x(n)⟷X(K) then DFT [x(n-m)] = e-j2ϖkm/N X(K)

Program:
clc;
clear all;
N = input('Enter the Length of the signal');
x= input('Enter the input sequence=');
m = input('Enter the Number of circular shifts=');
X = fft(x);% Compute DFT of the original signal
x_shifted = circshift(x, m);% Circularly shift the signal by m
X_shifted = fft(x_shifted)% Compute DFT of the shifted signal

% Compute the expected phase-shifted DFT

k = 0:N-1; % Frequency indices
expected_X_shifted = X .* exp(-1j * 2 * pi * k * m / N)

subplot(2,1,1);
stem(0:N-1, abs(X_shifted), 'filled');
title('Magnitude of DFT of Shifted Signal');
xlabel('Frequency Index');
ylabel('Magnitude');

subplot(2,1,2);
stem(0:N-1, abs(expected_X_shifted), 'filled');
title('Magnitude of Expected Phase-shifted DFT');
xlabel('Frequency Index');
ylabel('Magnitude');

Result 7b1:
Enter the Length of the signal4
Enter the input sequence=[1 2 3 4]
Enter the Number of circular shifts=2
X_shifted =
10.0000 + 0.0000i 2.0000 - 2.0000i -2.0000 + 0.0000i 2.0000 + 2.0000i

expected_X_shifted =
10.0000 + 0.0000i 2.0000 - 2.0000i -2.0000 - 0.0000i 2.0000 + 2.0000i

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Result 7b2:
Enter the Length of the signal4
Enter the input sequence=[ 5 6 7 3]
Enter the Number of circular shifts=3
X_shifted =
21.0000 + 0.0000i 3.0000 - 2.0000i -3.0000 + 0.0000i 3.0000 + 2.0000i
expected_X_shifted =
21.0000 + 0.0000i 3.0000 - 2.0000i -3.0000 - 0.0000i 3.0000 + 2.0000i

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

7c) Verification of circular frequency shift property of DFT

Circular frequency shift property if x(n)⟷X(K) then x(n) e-j2ϖkl/N = X((K-l)) N

Program:
clc;
clear all;
N = input('Enter the Length of the signal');
x= input('Enter the input sequence=');
l = input('Enter the Number of circular shifts=');
X = fft(x);% Compute DFT of the original signal

% Frequency shift multiplier

n = 0:N-1;
e_jw = exp(1j * 2 * pi * l * n / N); % Complex exponential
x_shifted = x .* e_jw;% Modified signal
X_shifted = fft(x_shifted)% Compute DFT of the modified signal

expected_X_shifted = circshift(X, -l)% Circular frequency-shifted

DFT

subplot(2,1,1);
stem(0:N-1, abs(X_shifted), 'filled');
title('Magnitude of DFT of Frequency-shifted Signal');
xlabel('Frequency Index');
ylabel('Magnitude');

subplot(2,1,2);
stem(0:N-1, abs(expected_X_shifted), 'filled');
title('Magnitude of Circular frequency-shifted DFT');
xlabel('Frequency Index');
ylabel('Magnitude');

Result 7c1:
Enter the Length of the signal4
Enter the input sequence=[1 2 3 4]
Enter the Number of circular shifts=2

X_shifted =

-2.0000 + 0.0000i -2.0000 - 2.0000i 10.0000 - 0.0000i -2.0000 + 2.0000i

expected_X_shifted =

-2.0000 + 0.0000i -2.0000 - 2.0000i 10.0000 + 0.0000i -2.0000 + 2.0000i

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Result 7c1:
Enter the Length of the signal4
Enter the input sequence=[5 6 2 3]
Enter the Number of circular shifts=3
X_shifted =
3.0000 - 3.0000i -2.0000 + 0.0000i 3.0000 + 3.0000i 16.0000 - 0.0000i
expected_X_shifted =
3.0000 + 3.0000i 16.0000 + 0.0000i 3.0000 - 3.0000i -2.0000 + 0.0000i

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

EXPERIMENT NO 8
DEVELOP DECIMATION IN TIME RADIX-2 FFT
ALGORITHM WITHOUT USING BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS

Program:
clc;
clear all;
x= input('Enter the input sequence=');
N = length(x);

% Bit-reversal permutation
num_bits = log2(N);
reversed_indices = bit_reverse(0:N-1, num_bits);
x = x(reversed_indices + 1);

% FFT computation
% Initial length of the FFT
current_len = 2;

while current_len <= N

half_len = current_len /
2;
twiddle_factor = exp(-2i * pi * (0:half_len-1) / current_len);

for k = 1:current_len:N
even = x(k:k+half_len-1);
odd = x(k+half_len:k+current_len-1);

x(k:k+current_len-1) = [even + twiddle_factor .* odd, even

- twiddle_factor .* odd];
end

current_len = current_len * 2;
end

% Display the result

disp('FFT of the input:');
disp(x);

% Bit reversal function

function reversed_indices = bit_reverse(indices, num_bits)
% Reverse the bits of the indices
reversed_indices = zeros(size(indices));
for k = 1:length(indices)
bin_str = dec2bin(indices(k), num_bits);
reversed_bin_str = bin_str(end:-1:1);
reversed_indices(k) = bin2dec(reversed_bin_str);
end
end

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Result 8a:
Enter the input sequence=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]
FFT of the input:
Columns 1 through 5

36.0000 + 0.0000i -4.0000 + 9.6569i -4.0000 + 4.0000i -4.0000 +

1.6569i -4.0000 + 0.0000i

Columns 6 through 8

-4.0000 - 1.6569i -4.0000 - 4.0000i -4.0000 - 9.6569i

Result 8b:
Enter the input sequence=[1 1 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 ]
FFT of the input:
Columns 1 through 5

0.0000 + 0.0000i 3.4142 - 1.4142i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.5858 - 1.4142i

0.0000 + 0.0000i

Columns 6 through 8

0.5858 + 1.4142i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 3.4142 + 1.4142i

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

EXPERIMENT NO 9
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DIGITAL LOW
PASS FIR FILTER USING A WINDOW TO MEET THE
GIVEN SPECIFICATIONS

Summary of Parameters for Common Windows:

Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
fs= input('Enter the Value of Sampling frequency (fs) in Hz=');
fc= input('Enter the Value of Cutoff frequency (fc)in Hz=');
N= input('Enter the Order (ODD Order)')
wc=fc/(fs/2);
h=fir1(N,wc,'low',hamming(N+1));
freqz(h,1,1024,fs)

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Result 9a:
Enter the Value of Sampling frequency (fs) in Hz=8000
Enter the Value of Cutoff frequency (fc)in Hz=2000
Enter the Order (ODD Order)30

Result 9a:
Enter the Value of Sampling frequency (fs) in Hz=2000
Enter the Value of Cutoff frequency (fc)in Hz=500
Enter the Order (ODD Order)20

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

EXPERIMENT NO 10
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DIGITAL HIGH
PASS FIR FILTER USING A WINDOW TO MEET THE
GIVEN SPECIFICATIONS

Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
fs= input('Enter the Value of Sampling frequency (fs) in Hz=');
fc= input('Enter the Value of Cutoff frequency (fc)in Hz=');
N= input('Enter the Order (ODD Order)');
wc=fc/(fs/2);
h=fir1(N,wc,'high',hamming(N+1));
freqz(h,1,1024,fs)

Result 10a:
Enter the Value of Sampling frequency (fs) in Hz=8000
Enter the Value of Cutoff frequency (fc)in Hz=2000
Enter the Order (ODD Order)30

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Result 10b:
Enter the Value of Sampling frequency (fs) in Hz=2000
Enter the Value of Cutoff frequency (fc)in Hz=500
Enter the Order (ODD Order)20

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

EXPERIMENT NO 11
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DIGITAL IIR
BUTTERWORTH LOW PASS FILTER TO MEET THE
GIVEN SPECIFICATIONS.
Program:
clc;
clear all
fs=input('Enter the Value of Sampling frequency (fs) in Hz=');
kp=input('Enter the Value of Pass band Attenuation in dB=');
ks=input('Enter the Value of Stop band Attenuation in dB=');
fp=input('Enter the Value of Pass band Frequency in Hz=');
fstop=input('Enter the Value of Stop band Frequency in Hz=');
wp=fp/(fs/2);
wstop=fstop/(fs/2);
[N, wc]=buttord(wp,wstop,kp,ks)
[b, a]=butter(N,wc,'low')
freqz(b,a,1000,fs)

Result 11a:
Enter the Value of Sampling frequency (fs) in Hz=1000
Enter the Value of Pass band Attenuation in dB=3
Enter the Value of Stop band Attenuation in dB=60
Enter the Value of Pass band Frequency in Hz=40
Enter the Value of Stop band Frequency in Hz=150
N =5
wc =0.0810
b = 1.0e-03 *0.0227 0.1136 0.2272 0.2272 0.1136 0.0227
a =1.0000 -4.1768 7.0358 -5.9686 2.5478 -0.4375

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Result 11b:
Enter the Value of Sampling frequency (fs) in Hz=5000
Enter the Value of Pass band Attenuation in dB=7
Enter the Value of Stop band Attenuation in dB=70
Enter the Value of Pass band Frequency in Hz=50
Enter the Value of Stop band Frequency in Hz=500
N= 4
wc = 0.0276
b =1.0e-04 *0.0315 0.1259 0.1888 0.1259 0.0315
a =1.0000 -3.7737 5.3464 -3.3701 0.7974

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

EXPERIMENT NO 12
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DIGITAL IIR
BUTTERWORTH HIGH PASS FILTER TO MEET THE
GIVEN SPECIFICATIONS.
Program:
clc;
clear all
fs=input('Enter the Value of Sampling frequency (fs) in Hz=');
kp=input('Enter the Value of Pass band Attenuation in dB=');
ks=input('Enter the Value of Stop band Attenuation in dB=');
fp=input('Enter the Value of Pass band Frequency in Hz=');
fstop=input('Enter the Value of Stop band Frequency in Hz=');
wp=fp/(fs/2);
wstop=fstop/(fs/2);
[N, wc]=buttord(wp,wstop,kp,ks)
[b, a]=butter(N,wc,'high')
freqz(b,a,1000,fs)

Result 12a:
Enter the Value of Sampling frequency (fs) in Hz=1000
Enter the Value of Pass band Attenuation in dB=3
Enter the Value of Stop band Attenuation in dB=60
Enter the Value of Pass band Frequency in Hz=40
Enter the Value of Stop band Frequency in Hz=150
N= 5
wc =0.0810
b =0.6615 -3.3073 6.6145 -6.6145 3.3073 -0.6615
a =1.0000 -4.1768 7.0358 -5.9686 2.5478 -0.4375

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Result 12a:
Enter the Value of Sampling frequency (fs) in Hz=5000
Enter the Value of Pass band Attenuation in dB=7
Enter the Value of Stop band Attenuation in dB=70
Enter the Value of Pass band Frequency in Hz=50
Enter the Value of Stop band Frequency in Hz=500
N=4
wc =0.0276
b = 0.8930 -3.5719 5.3579 -3.5719 0.8930
a = 1.0000 -3.7737 5.3464 -3.3701 0.7974

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Beyond Syllabus Experiments

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

EXPERIMENT NO A
COMPUTE AUTOCORRELATION AND CROSS
CORRELATION OF SEQUENCES
Program:
clc;
clear all
x =input('Enter the Value of First sequence=');
y =input('Enter the Value of Second sequence=');

[r, lags] = xcorr(x, 'coeff'); % Compute autocorrelation

figure;
stem(lags, r);
title('Autocorrelation of x');
xlabel('Lag');
ylabel('Autocorrelation');

[r, lags] = xcorr(x, y, 'coeff');% Compute cross-correlation

figure;
stem(lags, r);
title('Cross-Correlation between x and y');
xlabel('Lag');
ylabel('Cross-Correlation');

Result A:
Enter the Value of First sequence=[1 2 3 4]
Enter the Value of Second sequence=[5 6 2 3]

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

EXPERIMENT NO B
IMPULSE RESPONSE OF FIRST AND SECOND ORDER
SYSTEMS
Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
n=0:10;
%impulse response of first order system
b=[2 0 0];
a=[1 -0.9 0];
y=dimpulse(b,a,length(n));
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('n--->');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('impulse response of first order system');
b=[1 0 0];
a=[1 0.6 0.8];
y1=dimpulse(b,a,length(n));
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y1);
xlabel('n---->');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('impulse response of second order system');

Result B:

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

EXPERIMENT NO C
PROGRAM TO PROVE THE PARSEVALS THEOREM

Parseval’s theorem can be expressed as

For discrete-time signals, the theorem can be written as:

Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
x1=input('enter the 1st input seq=')
x2=input('enter the 2nd input seq=')
N=4;
X1=fft(x1,N)
X2=fft(x2,N)
y1=sum(x1.*conj(x2))
y2=sum(X1.*conj(X2))./N
if y1==y2
disp('parsevals theorem proved');
else
disp('parsevals theorem not proved')
end

Result C:
enter the 1st input seq=[1 2 3 4]
x1 =1 2 3 4
enter the 2nd input seq=[5 6 2 3]
x2 =5 6 2 3
X1 =
10.0000 + 0.0000i -2.0000 + 2.0000i -2.0000 + 0.0000i -2.0000 - 2.0000i
X2 =
16.0000 + 0.0000i 3.0000 - 3.0000i -2.0000 + 0.0000i 3.0000 + 3.0000i
y1 =
35
y2 =
35

Parseval’s theorem proved

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

EXPERIMENT NO D
COMPUTATION OF N POINT DFT OF A GIVEN
SEQUENCE BY USING BUILT-IN FUNCTION
AND TO PLOT THE MAGNITUDE & PHASE SPECTRUM.

Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
N=input('enter the value of N=');
n=0:1:(N-1);
x = input('enter the input signal, x(n)=');
X=fft(x,N)
mag=abs(X)
phase=angle(X)
subplot(3,1,1), stem(n,x);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Time domain - Input sequence');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,mag)
xlabel('Frequency'); ylabel('|
X(k)|');
title('Frequency domain - Magnitude response');
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,unwrap(phase));
ylabel('phase(X(k))');
title('Frequency domain - phase response');

Result D1:

enter the value of N=4

enter the input signal, x(n)=[1 2 3 4]
X=

10.0000 + 0.0000i -2.0000 + 2.0000i -2.0000 + 0.0000i -2.0000 - 2.0000i

mag =

10.0000 2.8284 2.0000 2.8284

phase =

0 2.3562 3.1416 -2.3562

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Result D2:
enter the value of N=6
enter the input signal, x(n)= [1 1 2 2 3 3]
X =12.0000 + 0.0000i -1.5000 + 2.5981i -1.5000 + 0.8660i
0.0000 + 0.0000i -1.5000 - 0.8660i -1.5000 - 2.5981i
mag =
12.0000 3.0000 1.7321 0 1.7321 3.0000
phase =
0 2.0944 2.6180 0 -2.6180 -2.0944

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

EXPERIMENT NO E
PROGRAM TO PERFORM CONVOLUTION OF TWO
GIVEN SEQUENCES BY USING BUILT-IN FUNCTION
AND DISPLAY THE SIGNALS.
Program:
clc;
clear all;
x =input('Enter the value of First Signal Sequence x[n]');
h =input('Enter the value of Second Signal Sequence
h[n]'); y = conv(x, h);% convolution
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x, 'filled');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x[n]');
title(' First Signal Sequence x[n]');
grid on;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(h, 'filled');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h[n]');
title(' Second Signal Sequence h[n]');
grid on;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(y,'filled');
ylabel('Y[n]');
xlabel('n');
grid on;
title('Convolution of Two Signals without conv function');

Result E1:
Enter the value of First Signal Sequence x[n][1 1 1 1] Enter
the value of Second Signal Sequence h[n][1 2 3 4]

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

Result E2:
Enter the value of First Signal Sequence x[n][1 2 3 1] Enter
the value of Second Signal Sequence h[n][1 1 1]

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define signal, Give Examples for 1-D, 2-D, 3-D signals.

2. Define transform. What is the need for transform?
3. Differentiate Fourier transform and discrete Fourier transform.
4. Differentiate DFT and DTFT
5. Explain mathematical formula for calculation of DFT.
6. Explain mathematical formula for calculation of IDFT.
7. How to calculate FT for 1-D signal?
8. What is meant by magnitude plot, phase plot, power spectrum?
9. Explain the applications of DFT.
10. What are separable transforms?
11. Explain the significance of convolution.
12. Define linear convolution.
13. Why linear convolution is called as a periodic convolution?
14. Why zero padding is used in linear convolution?
15. What are the four steps to find linear convolution?
16. What is the length of the resultant sequence in linear convolution?
17. How linear convolution will be used in calculation of LTI system response?
18. List few applications of linear convolution in LTI system design.
19. Give the properties of linear convolution.
20. How the linear convolution will be used to calculate the DFT of a signal?
21. Define transform. What is the need for transform?
22. Differentiate Fourier transform and discrete Fourier transform.
23. Differentiate DFT and DTFT.
24. What are the advantages of FFT over DFT?
25. Differentiate DITFFT and DIFFFT algorithms.
26. What is meant by radix?
27. What is meant by twiddle factor and give its properties?
28. How FFT is useful to represent a signal?
29. Compare FFT and DFT with respect to number of calculations required?
30. How the original signal is reconstructed from the FFT of a signal?
31. Define filter.
32. What are the different types of filters?
33. Why are FIR filters generally preferred over IIR filters in multirate
(decimating and interpolating) systems/
34. Difference between IIR and FIR filters?
35. Differentiate ideal filter and practical filter responses.
36. What is the filter specifications required to design the analog filters?
37. What is meant by frequency response of filter?
38. What is meant by magnitude response?
39. What is meant by phase response?

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Digital Signal Processing Lab (IPCC) BEC502

40. Difference between FIR low pass filter and high pass filter
41. List some advantages of digital filters over analog filters.
42. Write some differences between FIR and IIR filters.
43. What are the different methods to design IIR filters?
44. Why IIR filters are not reliable?
45. What are different applications of IIR filters?
46. What are advantages of IIR filters?
47. What are disadvantages of IIR filters?
48. Differentiate Butterworth and Chebyshev approximations.
49. What is meant by impulse response?
50. Difference between IIR low pass and High pass filters
51. What is sampling theorem?
52. What do you mean by process of reconstruction.
53. What are techniques of reconstructions.
54. What do you mean Aliasing? What is the condition to avoid aliasing for
sampling?
55. Write the conditions of sampling.
56. How many types of sampling there?
57. Explain the statement-t= 0:0.000005:0.058. In the above example what
does colon (: ) and semicolon (; ) denotes.
58. What is a) Under sampling b) nyquist plot c) Oversampling.
59. Write the MATLAB program for Oversampling.
60. What is the use of command ‘legend’?
61. Write the difference between built in function, plot and stem describe the
function.
62. What is the function of built in function and subplot?
63. What is linear convolution?
64. Explain how convolution syntax built in function works.
65. How to calculate the beginning and end of the sequence for the two sided
controlled output?
66. What is the total output length of linear convolution sum.
67. What is an LTI system? Describe impulse response of a function.20. What is
the difference between convolution and filter?
68. How to calculate output length of the linear and circular convolution
69. What is window method? How you will design an FIR filter using window
method.
70. What do you mean by cut-off frequency?

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