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The document explains the role of the Control Unit (CU) in a CPU, detailing its functions such as coordinating data movements, interpreting instructions, and controlling data flow. It describes two types of control units: hardwired and micro-programmable, highlighting their operational differences and structures. The CU is essential for fetching and executing instructions, significantly impacting system performance.

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3 views7 pages

class3

The document explains the role of the Control Unit (CU) in a CPU, detailing its functions such as coordinating data movements, interpreting instructions, and controlling data flow. It describes two types of control units: hardwired and micro-programmable, highlighting their operational differences and structures. The CU is essential for fetching and executing instructions, significantly impacting system performance.

Uploaded by

chakravartymoitrayan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The decoding process allows the processor to determine what instruction is to be

performed so that the CPU can tell how many operands it needs to fetch in order to
perform the instruction.
The Control Unit is the part of the computer’s central processing unit (CPU), which directs the operation of the
processor. It was included as part of the Von Neumann Architecture by John von Neumann. It is the responsibility of
the control unit to tell the computer’s memory, arithmetic/logic unit, and input and output devices how to respond to
the instructions that have been sent to the processor. It fetches internal instructions of the programs from the main
memory to the processor instruction register, and based on this register contents, the control unit generates a control
signal that supervises the execution of these instructions. A control unit works by receiving input information which it
converts into control signals, which are then sent to the central processor. The computer’s processor then tells the
attached hardware what operations to perform. The functions that a control unit performs are dependent on the type
of CPU because the architecture of the CPU varies from manufacturer to manufacturer.

Examples of devices that require a CU are:

Control Processing Units(CPUs)

Graphics Processing Units(GPUs)


Functions of the Control Unit

It coordinates the sequence of data movements into, out of, and between a processor’s many
sub-units.

It interprets instructions.

It controls data flow inside the processor.

It receives external instructions or commands to which it converts to sequence of control


signals.

It controls many execution units(i.e.ALU , data buffers and registers ) contained within a CPU.

It also handles multiple tasks, such as fetching, decoding, execution handling and storing
results.

The control unit of a CPU fetches and executes instructions, playing a critical role in system
performance. Its design ensures smooth operation of various components.
Types of Control Unit
There are two types of control units:
Hardwired
Micro programmable control unit.
Hardwired Control Unit

In the Hardwired control unit, the control


signals that are important for instruction
execution control are generated by specially
designed hardware logical circuits, in which
we can not modify the signal generation
method without physical change of the
circuit structure. The operation code of an
instruction contains the basic data for control
signal generation. In the instruction decoder,
the operation code is decoded. The
instruction decoder constitutes a set of many
decoders that decode different fields of the
instruction opcode.
Step Counter CLK

IR
Opcode
External input
Instruction Control signal generator Conditional
Decoder signal

Control signal
Micro Programmable control unit
The fundamental difference between these unit structures
and the structure of the hardwired control unit is the existence
of the control store that is used for storing words containing
encoded control signals mandatory for instruction execution.
In microprogrammed control units, subsequent instruction
words are fetched into the instruction register in a normal
way. However, the operation code of each instruction is not
directly decoded to enable immediate control signal
generation but it comprises the initial address of a
microprogram contained in the control store.

With a single-level control store: In this, the instruction


opcode from the instruction register is sent to the control
store address register. Based on this address, the first
microinstruction of a microprogram that interprets execution
of this instruction is read to the microinstruction register . This
microinstruction contains in its operation part encoded control
signals, normally as few bit fields. In a set microinstruction
field decoders, the fields are decoded. The microinstruction
also contains the address of the next microinstruction of the
given instruction microprogram and a control field used to
control activities of the microinstruction address generator.
Control Address Register
100

IR 100 111000101
Instruction 101
102
103

MICRO PC
ADD 200
100 ROM

SUB 300

Control Data Register Control


111000101 Signals

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