DIET

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Experiment-9
Subject Code: BTETL606 –/–/2025
Subject: Digital Communication Lab Class: TY B.Tech Sem: VI

CO2: Perform and demonstrate sampling, PAM, PWM, PPM, ASK, FSK, and PSK modulation
and demodulation circuits and analyze the results by measuring waveforms, and comparing
results with theory.

CO4: Proficiently communicate about lab work both orally, in handwritten and follow ethical
practices.

CO5: Demonstrate the experimental setup of digital communication as an individual and team.

Aim:
To set up BPSK modulator and demodulator circuits and to observe the waveforms.

Apparatus:
1. Scientech 2137 with Power Supply cord

2. Oscilloscope with connecting probe

3. Connecting cords

Theory:
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) or Phase Reversal Keying (PRK) or Biphase Modulation In
BPSK (Binary Shift Keying) Modulation, the phase of the carrier is varied to represent binary 1 or

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0. Both peak amplitude remains constant as the phase changes. BPSK is a form of square-wave
modulation of continuous wave signal For example, if we start a phase of 00 . to represent binary
1, then we can change the phase to 1800 . to send binary 0. The phase of the signal, during each bit
duration, is constant, and its value depends on the bit (0 or 1).

v sin(2πf t) for bit 1
c c
vBP SK (t) = (1)
v sin(2πf t + π) for bit 0
c c

where,

1. vBP SK (t): Binary BPSK modulated waveform.

2. vc (t): Peak analog carrier amplitude.

3. fc : Analog carrier central frequency.

Figure 1 below shows the generation of BPSK with clock signal, pattern or baseband data, 1 bit
encoded. Normal Sine wave or carrier is transmitted for logic 0 and 1800 . Phase shifted carrier
is transmitted for logic 1. The waveform of the BPSK modulation is shown in the Figure 1. The
block diagram of the BPSK modulator/transmitter is shown in the Figure 3.

Figure 1: Waveform of BPSK modulation

Figure 2: constellation of BPSK modulation

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 Figure 3: Block Digram of BPSK Transmitter

Receiver:

The incoming modulated BPSK signal is multiplied with the sine signal generated from the NCO.
The output of the multiplier contains high fc + fnco and low fc − fnco frequency components.
The high frequency components are filtered out by the low pass filters (called as Arm filters). The
output of low pass filter will resemble the input data for modulation with the help of thresh hold
detector (decoder) input signal is received. Figure 4 shows the block diagram of the BPSK receiver.

Figure 4: Block Diagram of BPSK Receiver

Test Point Details for Transmitter

1. TP1 : Serial Data Input for modulation.

2. TP2 : Data Sampling Clock for Transmitter (bit clock).

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 3. TP11 : Sine Carrier.

4. TP17 : BPSK modulated signal from transmitter.

Test Point Details for Receiver

1. TP18 : Sine NCO.

2. TP22 : Multiplied result of modulated signal with receiver sin NCO.

3. TP23 : Low Pass Filter output for Multiplied result of modulated signal with receiver sin
NCO.

4. TP32 : Data Sampling Clock for Receiver.

5. TP33 : Serial Data output after demodulation.

Procedure
1. Connect power supply and switch ON. Switch ON Tablet & open Scientech 2137 software
from desktop.

2. Connect to the COM PORT showing on the screen.

3. Select BPSK modulation from home window.

4. Now we can see the block diagram of BPSK transmitter/receiver along with test point for
the corresponding signal from modulation to be analyzed.

5. Select analog and digital test points to be analyzed and press waveform button.

6. Adjust time base (if needed), from encoder provided on hardware.

Observations:

Conclusion
In this experiment, we successfully set up Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulator and de-
modulator circuits to study the process of digital signal transmission and reception using ampli-
tude variations of a carrier wave. The modulated waveforms were observed on the oscilloscope,
Through this setup, we confirmed that BPSK modulation effectively represents digital data by
varying the amplitude of a carrier signal. The demodulator circuit was able to retrieve the original
digital data from the modulated signal, demonstrating the basic principle of digital communication.

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Figure 5: Observed Waveform: i) Clock signal, ii) Data input signal, iii) Carrier sine wave, iv)
BPSK modulated signal

Questions:
1. What is Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and what are its key characteristics?

2. Explain the working principle of an BPSK modulator circuit.

3. Given a binary input sequence, sketch the expected BPSK modulated waveform.

4. Given constellation diagram diagram of the data input, explain BPSK modulation.

5. Compare the input digital signal, modulated BPSK waveform, and demodulated output.
What differences or distortions do you observe?

6. Identify possible sources of signal distortion in the demodulated waveform and suggest rea-
sons for them.

7. What improvements can be made to reduce noise or improve the clarity of the demodulated
signal?