CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1Preamble
Sensitivity analysis is emerging as a fruitful area of engineering research. The reason for this
interest is the recognition of the variety of uses for sensitivity derivatives in its early stage,
sensitivity analysis found its predominant use in assessing the effect of varying parameters in
mathematical model system. More recently there has been strong interest in promoting
systematic structural optimization as a useful tool for the practicing structural design
engineer on large problems a process still underway. Early attempt to use formal
optimization for large structural systems result in excessively long and expensive computer
runs. Examined of the optimization procedure indicated that the predominant contributor to
the cost and time was calculation derivative. As a consequence emerging interest in
sensitivity analysis has emphasized efficient computational procedure.

In addition researchers have developed and applied sensitivity analysis for approximate
analysis, analytical model improvement and assessment of design trends so that structural
sensitivity analysis become more than a utility for optimization and is a versatile design tool
in its own method.

The design of structures for buildings and bridges is mainly concerned with the provision and
support of load-bearing horizontal surfaces. Except in long-span bridges, these floors or
decks are usually made of reinforced concrete, for no other material has a better combination
of low cost, high strength, and resistance to corrosion, abrasion, and fire. The economical
span for a reinforced concrete slab is little more than that at which its thickness becomes just
sufficient to resist the point loads to which it may be subjected or, in buildings, to provide the
sound insulation required. For spans of more than a few meters it is cheaper to support the
slab on beams or walls than to thicken it.
When the beams are also of concrete, the monolithic nature of the construction makes it
possible for a substantial breadth of slab to act as the top flange of the beam that supports it.

1
At spans of more than about 10 m, and particularly where the susceptibility of steel to
damage by fire is not a problem, as for example in bridges and multi-storey car parks, steel
beams become cheaper than concrete beams. It used to be customary to design the steelwork
to carry the whole weight of the concrete slab and its loading; but by about 1950 the
development of shear connectors had made it practicable to connect the slab to the beam, and
so to obtain the T-beam action that had long been used in concrete construction.
(Johnson.2005)

1.2 Limitation
The project is limited to:

 Simply supported composite beam subjected to a uniformly distributed load.

 Composite beam with a fully shear connector.
 Composite beam constructed with metal deck.
 Propped method of composite construction

1.3 Problem Statement

Composite steel-concrete structural members have become increasingly popular in the design
and construction of floor systems, structural frames and bridges in the country. In civil
engineering practice, reference to standard technical codes is essential in the design of
structural members. Performing analysis on some member to determine the economic and
safety effects of the change in partial factors of safety in the new Eurocode. This is however,
very inefficient from a computational point of view. Some techniques that take advantage of
the properties of the simple solution are developed to make a sensitivity analysis.

2
1.4 Aim
The aim of this project is to determined the sensitivity analysis of composite beam using EC4
1.5 Objectives
 Present a program for optimization design of composite beam using MATLAB
 Perform a sensitivity analysis on selected members
 Present a design to minimize weight and maximize the performance of the composite
beam

3
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERACTURE REVIEW
2.1 Historical Background
Composite construction as we know it today was first used in both building and bridge in
U.S. over a century ago. The first forms of composite structures incorporated the use of steel
and concrete for flexural members, and the issue of longitudinal slip between these elements
was soon identified.
Composite steel–concrete beams are the earliest form of the composite construction method.
In U.S. a patent by an American engineer was developed for the shear connectors at the top
flange of a universal steel section to prevent longitudinal slip. This was the beginning of the
development of fully composite systems in steel and concrete. Concrete-encased steel
sections were initially developed in order to overcome the problem of fire resistance and to
ensure that the stability of the steel section was maintained throughout loading.

The steel section and concrete act compositely to resist axial force and bending moments. A
composite tubular column was developed because they provided permanent and integral
formwork for a compression member and were instrumental in reducing construction time
and consequently costs. They reduce the requirement of lateral reinforcement and costly
tying, as well as provide easier connection to steel beams of a framed structure. (Mosley and
Bungey.2007)

4
Figure 2.1 Component of Composite Construction
Composite slabs have been introduced recently to consider the increase in strength that can
be achieved if the profiled steel sheeting is taken into account in strength calculations.
Composite slabs provide permanent and integral reinforcement, which eliminates the need
for placing and stripping of plywood and timber formwork. More recently, composite slab
and beam systems have been developed for reinforced concrete framed construction; this
provides advantages similar to those attributed to composite slabs for reinforced concrete
slab and beam systems. ( Ray.S.1998)

2.2 Composite Member

Composite member is defined as consisting of a rolled or a built-up structural steel shape that
is filled with concrete, encased by reinforced concrete or structurally connected to a
reinforced concrete slab. Composite members are constructed such that the structural steel
shapes and the concrete act together to resist axial compression and bending.

2.2.1 Advantages Composite Member

Advantageous properties of both steel and concrete are effectively utilized in a composite
structure. For a typical three 3 to ten 10 storied structures, time of construction of the

5
complete structure reduces by about 25 percent. The advantages can be fully utilized as
summarized below:
 Faster construction for maximum utilization of rolled and or fabricated components
(structural steel members) and hence quick return of the invested capital.
 Reductions in overall weight of structure and thereby reduction in foundation
 Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) slab is in compression and steel joist is in tension.
Hence, most effective utilization of the materials can be achieved.
 Composite sections have higher stiffness than the corresponding steel sections (in a steel
structure) and thus bending stress as well as deflection are lesser.
 Reduced depth allows provision of lower cost for fire proofing of beam’s exposed faces.
 Cost of formwork is lower compared to RCC construction.
Cost of handling and transportation is minimized for using major part of the structure
fabricated in the workshop.
Easy structural repair modification maintenance. ( Johnson.2005)

2.3 Composite Beams

Slab and beam type constructions are commonly used in bridges and buildings. Slab-beam
interaction is possible through the use of shear connector welded at the top of the flanges.
This behaves like a T-beam with the slab or part of it acting as a flange in compression.
Further, bond between the shear connector and slab is assumed to be perfect, that it no
slippage between the top flange of the steel beam and slab is permitted. For determining
section properties, it is convenient to transform the concrete slab into an equivalent steel
section.

In conventional composite construction, concrete slabs rest over steel beams and are
supported by them. Under load these two components act independently and a relative slip
occurs at the interface if there is no connection between them. With the help of a deliberate
and appropriate connection provided between the beam and the concrete slab, the slip
between them can be eliminated. In this case the steel beam and the slab act as a composite
6
beam and their action is similar to that of a monolithic T- beam. Concrete is stronger in
compression than in tension, and steel is susceptible to buckling in compression. By the
composite action between the two, we can utilize their respective advantages to the fullest
extent. Generally, in steel-concrete composite beams, steel beams are integrally connected to
prefabricated or cast-in-situ reinforced concrete slabs.

Shear connector Deck

Secondary Beam

Figure 2.3 Composite Beams

Advantages of Construction
There are many advantages associated with steel concrete composite construction. Some of
these are listed below.
 Keeping the span and loading unaltered, a more economical steel section (in terms of
depth and weight) is adequate in composite construction compared with conventional
non-composite construction.
 As the depth of beam reduces, the construction depth reduces, resulting in enhanced
headroom.
 Because of its larger stiffness, composite beams have less deflection than steel beams.
 Composite construction is amenable to fast-track construction because of using rolled
steel and pre-fabricated components, rather than cast-in-situ concrete.
 Encased steel beam sections have improved fire resistance and corrosion.
Disadvantages
Additional costs for shear connectors and their installation. For lightly loaded short beams,
this extra cost may exceed the cost-reduction on all accounts.
7
2.4 Methods of Composite Construction of Beams
The concrete slab is usually cast after the steel beams are erected. The two methods of
construction differ in the manner of supporting the formwork with fresh concrete and other
construction loads.
 Shored Method
The weight of formwork and fresh concrete is supported by a separate system of
shores and steel beams carry their own weight only. When the concrete attains at
least 75% of its 28-days strength, the shores are removed and then all loads including
weight of concrete and live loads are carried by the composite action of steel and
concrete. Thus in shored construction, as almost the entire load is carried by composite
action, it is possible to use a lighter steel beam.
 Un-Shored Method
No shores are used and the weight of the formwork, fresh concrete and steel beam and
other construction loads are all carried by the steel beam alone. When the concrete
attains at least 75% of its ultimate strength, the formwork is removed and all
subsequent loads including the live loads are carried by the composite action. Thus in
un-shored construction relatively heavier steel beams is required. ( Ray S.1998)

2.5 Shear Connector

Composite construction consists of providing monolithic action between prefabricated units
like steel beams or pre-cast reinforced concrete or pre-stressed concrete beams and cast-in-
situ concrete, so that the two will act as one unit. Although there is bound to be a certain
amount of natural bond between concrete and steel at least at the initial stages, this bond
cannot be relied upon as the same is likely to be deteriorate due to use and overload.
Mechanical shear connectors are therefore provided to help the steel and concrete element to
act in a composite manner ignoring the contribution made by the inherent natural bond
towards this effect.

8
Therefore, shear connectors are to be designed to cater for integral action of the composite
structure at all load conditions on the following basis:
a) Transmission of longitudinal shear along the contact surface without slip.
b) Prevention of vertical separation of the in-situ RC slab from the pre-fabricated structural
beam.

2.6 Structural Optimization

Structural optimization seeks to achieve the best performance for a structure while satisfying
various constraints such as a given amount of material. Optimal structural design is becoming
increasingly important due to the limited material resources, environmental impact and
technological competition, all of which demand lightweight, low-cost and high-performance.
The types of structural optimization may be classified into three categories, i.e. size, shape
and topology optimization. Size optimization is to find the optimal design by changing the
size variables such as the cross-sectional dimensions of trusses and frames, or the thicknesses
of plates. ( Arora.2004)

2.7 Background of the EuroCode

In 1975, the Commission of the European Community decided on an action programmed in
the field of construction, based on article 95 of the Treaty. The objective of the programmed
was the elimination of technical obstacles to trade and the harmonization of technical
specifications. Within this action programmed the Commission took the initiative to establish
a set of harmonized technical rules for the design of construction works, in the first stage,
would serve as an alternative to the national rules in the Member States and ultimately would
replace them.
The introduction of the Eurocode brings the new life in the construction industry and also
gives more opportunity for civil engineers to work at other country around the world by a
consequence which was the agreement to remove all artificial barriers to trade across Europe.
(BSEN.2004)

9
2.7.1 Structural Eurocode Standards
 EN 1990: Eurocode : Basis of structural design
 EN 1991: Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
 EN 1992: Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
 EN 1993: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
 EN 1994: Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
 EN 1995: Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
 EN 1996: Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
 EN 1997: Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
 EN 1998: Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
 EN 1999: Eurocode 9: Design of aluminum structures. (BSEN.2004)

2.7.2 Benefits of Eurocode

The intended benefits of the Eurocodes are to:
 Provide common design criteria and methods of meeting necessary requirements for
mechanical resistance, stability and resistance to fire, including aspects of durability
and economy
 Provide a common understanding regarding the design of structures between owners,
operators and users, designers, contractors and manufacturers of construction products
 Facilitate the exchange of construction services between members of the states
 Facilitate the marketing and use of structural components and kits in members of the
States.
(Chung and Lawson.1994)

2.7.3 Scope of EC4

 Eurocode 4 applies to the design of composite structures and members for buildings
and civil engineering works. It complies with the principles and requirements for the
safety and serviceability of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are
10
 given in EN 1990 – Basis of structural design.
 Eurocode 4 is concerned only with requirements for resistance, serviceability,
durability and fire resistance of composite structures. Other requirements, e.g.
concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered.
 Eurocode 4 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
EN1990 Eurocode: Basis of structural design
EN1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
ENs, hENs, ETAGs and ETAs for construction products relevant for
composite structures
EN1090 Execution of steel structures and aluminum structures
EN13670 Execution of concrete structures
EN1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
EN1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
EN1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
EN1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance, when composite
structures are built in seismic regions.
 Eurocode 4 is subdivided in various parts:
Part1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
Part1-2: Structural fire design
Part2: Bridges. (BSEN 2004)

2.8 Background of British Standard

2.8.1 BS 5950-3.1
This Section of BS 5950 has been prepared under the direction of the Civil Engineering and
Building Structures Standards Policy Committee. BS 5950 is a document combining codes
of practice to cover the design, construction and fire resistance of steel structures and
specifications for materials, workmanship and erection. The structural use of steel in
building is divided into 9 main parts. BS5950 part 3 sections 3.1 is about design of simple
and continuous beams which is our main focus

11
There are nine parts of BS5950:
 Part 1: Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction:
Hot rolled sections;
 Part 2: Specification for materials, fabrication and erection: hot rolled sections;
 Part 3: Design in composite construction;
 Section 3.1: Code of practice for design of simple and continuous composite
beams
 Section 3.2: Code of practice for design of composite columns and framess
 Part 4: Code of practice for design of floors with profiled steel sheeting;
 Part 5: Code of practice for design of cold formed sections;
 Part 6: Code of practice for design of light gauge sheeting, decking and cladding;
 Part 7: Specification for materials and workmanship: cold formed sections;
 Part 8: Code of practice for fire resistant design;
Part 9: Code of practice for stressed skin design.

2.8.2 Scope of BS5950-3.1

This Section of BS 5950 gives recommendations for the design of simply supported and
continuous composite beams, comprising hot rolled steel sections, plate girders and hollow
sections acting compositely with reinforced concrete slab, or with a composite slab
complying with BS 5950-4.This Section of BS 5950 does not cover the design of composite
columns or composite frames, for which reference should be made to Section 3.2.2).The
design of the composite beam assumes that the members are not subject to axial loads. In
practice, small axial loads may be transferred without affecting the bending of the beam.
Otherwise, Beam-column member fall within the scope of BS5950-3.2 (SCI, 1990)
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 General

12
Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the effect of the difference in partial factor
of safety considered in the Eurocode (EN 1990, EN 1992-1-1, EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1994-
11). The ratio of live load to dead load (ranging from 0.2 to 1.0) had been used to vary the
ultimate design load given that correspond to optimization design of composite section
performed for a simply supported composite beam for different combination of span and
loadings. A graph of optimum design against load ratio was plotted.

3.2 Optimisation Objectives

Optimisation model is formulated in order to provide the capability of cost optimization of
composite beams. It is also design to quantify and measures the impact of various decision
variables that affect the cost optimisation of composite beams. The following objectives is to
be incorporated in the equation:
minimize composite beam weight G(x) = Gc + Ga(x)
where : Gc = γ c lb t c
Ga= γ a A a l

The minimization is subjected to the constraint prescribed by Eurocode specification

3.2.1 Decision Variables

The model is design to considered all relevant decision variables is that may have an impact
on the cost optimisation of composite beams. These include the following for the steel
section:-

The nominal yield strength for the section = fy

The cross sectional Area = Aa

The depth = hw

Steel depth = d

13
The web thickness = tw

Flange = tfl,

The width of the tension flange = b2

The tension flange thickness = tf2

The moment of inertia = Ia bef

be1 be2

tc
tf1

tf2
b2

3.3.0 Design constraints

The moment resistance, shear resistance and the concentrated load bearing resistance of beam
whose plate element are slender, may be significantly influenced by local buckling
constraints. Therefore, the beam cross section can be classified as class 1, 2, 3 or 4 depending
on the ability of the element to resist local buckling. The section are classified by comparing
the slenderness of each compression element with the proper limit from table 5.2 of EC3 (EN
1993-1-1). This is express as

γ=
√
c 235
t fy

for the purpose of this project, the cross section of class 1 will be considered.
The local web buckling constraint can be expressed as t w ≥ Bhw
Where the limiting web slenderness for plastic design has the value

14
 1
=83 ԑ ε
B

ε=
√ 235
fy

The limiting plate slenderness for plastic design at the compression flange
1
=10 ԑ
δ
The shear resistance of the section
Av f
V c , RD= , Y mo=1.0 is the material partial factor of safety
y

Y mo √ 3

The shear resistances check

V ED≤ V c , RD

3.3.1 Flexural Strength Constraints.

The composite section is assume to be of class 1or 2, of EC3 so that the whole of the design
load can be assumed to be resisted by the composite member, whether the construction was
propped or un-propped. The moment capacity of the composite section should be checked to
ensure that the composite section can withstand all the dead and live loads as define by the
constraint.
Med < Mpl,rd
Where;
Med = maximum design moment
The calculation method of the plastic moment resistance depends on the location of the
plastic neutral axis (EN 1994-1-1) the plastic moment resistance assuming full shear
connection and symmetric steel section, is express in terms of the resistance of various
elements of the beam. Three cases are to be considered for I section which depends on where
the plastic neutral axis (PNA) lies in the steel section.
Moment Resistance: Mpl.Rd
A) Plastic neutral axis in flange of steel beam: N a > N c > N w
beff

15 tc

d1 Naf
PNA
 d2
d2

Figure 3.1 Plastic stress blocks when PNA lies in flange of steel beam
Mpi, Rd = Nc (d1 + d2 + tc/2) + Naf (d2 + d1/2)
The distance between the bottom of the concrete slab and d PNA,( d 1) is found by equating
the tension force which the compression force
Na−Nc
Naf = 2
Na−Nc
Therefore, d1 = 2b (fy / ymo)
1

The distance d2 between the PNA of the composite section and plastic centroid is
Aa – b 1 d1 b1 ( tf 1−d1 )
d2 = – +d 1−tf 1
2tw tw

B) Plastic neutral axis within web: N a< N c < N w

beff

tc Nc
16
Naf
d1 Naw
Figure 3.2 Plastic stress blocks when PNA lies within the web

d 1 – tf
Mpe, Rd = Nc (d1 + d2 + tc) + Naf (d2 + d1/2) + Naw ( + d2)
2

Therefore d1 and d2 can be determine from

Na−Nc−2 Naf
d1 = tf1 +¿ 2 tw (fy / ymo)

Aa – b 1 d1 d 1−tf
d2 = −
2tw 2
C) Plastic neutral axis (PNA) in concrete slab: Na > Nc

beff

tc a Nc

PNA d2
Na
d

tw

Figure 3.3 Plastic stress blocks when PNA lies in concrete slab
a
Mpc, Rd = Nc (d2 + 2 )

17
 Where a= depth of the concrete equivalent rectangular stress block
Nc

( )
a= 0 .85 Fck beff . with Yc=1.5
Yc

The distance, d2 between the PNA of the composite section and the plastic centroid is
d a
d2 = 2 + t c – 2

3.3.2 Design of composite beam to EC4

Considering a Simply Supported Composite Beam

Composite beam
X

Sb

X
Composite beam

Sb

Composite beam

beff

hc
18

hs hp
Floor Details

Beam Span = L

Beam Spacing = Sb

Slap depth = hs

hp
Effective depth of slab= he = (hs 2 )

L
Effective width (beff is lesser of 4 and Sb)

Depth of concrete above profile = hc

Decking profile height =hp

Loads

Unit weight of concrete =γ

Self -weight of Slab = γ .he

Extra permanent action = Ea

Total permanent action, gk= γ he + Ea

19
Variable action, = qk

Ultimate design action, N = (1.35gk + 1.5qk) beff.

2
WL
MED = Design moment =
8

WL
VRD = Design Shear force = 2

Deflection

The deflection is determine at the serviceability limit state.

4
5wl l
δ = 384 E I < 250
a

where w = gk +q k

3.4 Input Parameters and Values

In order to carry-out the study, four categories of universal sections have been considered
with each of the categories subjected to different loading conditions. The following shows
categories of sections considered:

Category A comprises of 533 210 UB sections;

Category B comprises of 457  152 UB sections;

Category C comprises of 305 127 UB sections;

Category D comprises of 203  133 UB sections;

Table 3.4 Beam Loading Parameters

20
 Member Slab Beam Beam Extra Live Design Characteristi
Categor depth length spacing dead load steel c strength
y M M M load KN /m
2
strength of concrete,
KN/ N /mm
2 f cu
2
m
2
N /mm

A 0.15 15.00 5.00 2.50 5.00 355 35

B 0.14 12.00 4.00 2.50 4.00 355 30

C 0.13 9.00 3.00 2.50 3.50 275 25

D 0.125 7.00 2.50 2.50 3.00 275 20

Table 3.5 Section Properties

21
Member Depth Width Thickness Dept Second Plastic Area of
Designation of of h of moment Modulus Section
Sectio Sectio We Flang Web of Area Wply Aa
n n b e d Ixx /Iy
ha b tw tf mm mm3 mm4 mm2
mm mm mm mm

533210122 544.5 211.9 12.7 21.3 476.5 7.60108 3.20106 1.55104

533210109 539.5 210.8 11.6 18.8 476.5 6.68108 2.83106 1.39104
533210101 536.7 210.0 10.8 17.4 476.5 6.15108 2.61106 1.29104
53321092 533.1 209.3 10.1 16.6 476.5 5.52108 2.36106 1.17104
53321082 528.3 208.8 9.6 13.2 476.5 4.75108 2.06106 1.05104

45715282 465.8 155.3 10.5 18.9 407.6 3.66108 1.81106 1.05104

45715274 462.0 154.4 9.6 17.0 407.6 3.27108 1.63106 9.45103
45715267 458.0 153.8 9.0 15.0 407.6 2.89108 1.45106 8.56103
45715260 454.6 152.9 8.1 13.3 407.6 2.55108 1.29106 7.62103
45715252 449.8 152.4 7.6 10.9 407.6 2.14108 1.10106 6.66103

30512748 311.0 125.3 9.0 14.0 265.2 9.58107 7.11105 6.12103

30512742 307.2 124.3 8.0 12.1 265.2 8.20107 6.14105 5.34103
30512737 304.4 123.4 7.1 10.7 265.2 7.17107 5.39105 4.72103

20313330 206.8 133.9 6.4 9.6 172.4 2.90107 3.14105 3.82103

22
 20313325 203.2 133.2 5.7 7.8 172.4 2.34107 2.58105 3.20103

Unit weight of concrete γ = 23.5 kN/m3

Height of profile deck h p = 0.06m

Modulus of elasticity E = 205 kN/mm2

3.5 MATLAB
Matlab is a high performance language for technical computing, visualized and program in
an easy to use environment where express in familiar mathematical notation. Matlab requires
the user to provide the input parameters and the variables present in the determined part of
the program.

CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

23
4.1 Design Moment and Moment Resistance
The design moment, design shear force, actual deflections and their corresponding resistance
and deflection limit as specified by Eurocode are presented in the table below for the
following loading conditions and trial section been considered.
Table 4.1 Applied Bending Moment and Capacity

Design to EC4 Design to EC4

Steel Trial Members Design Moment Moment Resistance
KNm KNm
533 X 210 X 122 1550.2 42489.0
533 X 210 X 109 1550.2 34131
533 X 210 X 101 1550.2 30212
533 X 210 X 92 1550.2 24106
533 X 210 X 82 1550.2 20673
457 X 152 X 82 695.50 20638
457 X 152 X 74 695.50 16648
457 X 152 X 67 695.50 13801
457 X 152 X 60 695.50 10911
457 X 152 X 52 695.50 8575.1
305 X 127 X 48 251.98 5412.0
305 X 127 X 42 251.98 4116.7
305 X 127 X 37 251.98 3199.0
203 X 133 X 30 108.81 1838.1
203 X 133 X 25 108.81 1312.7

Table 4.1 Applied Bending Moment and Capacity

Design to EC4 Design to EC4
Steel Trial Members Design Moment Moment Resistance

24
 KNm KNm
533 X 210 X 122 1550.2 42489
533 X 210 X 109 1550.2 34131
533 X 210 X 101 1550.2 30212
533 X 210 X 92 1550.2 24106
533 X 210 X 82 1550.2 20673
457 X 152 X 82 695.50 20638
457 X 152 X 74 695.50 16648
457 X 152 X 67 695.50 13801
457 X 152 X 60 695.50 10911
457 X 152 X 52 695.50 8575.1
305 X 127 X 48 251.98 5412.0
305 X 127 X 42 251.98 4116.7
305 X 127 X 37 251.98 3199.0
203 X 133 X 30 108.81 1838.1
203 X 133 X 25 108.81 1312.7

Table 4.2 Applied Shear and Capacity

Design to EC4 Design to EC4
Steel Trial Members Shear Force Shear Resistance
KN KN
533 X 210 X 122 413.39 4251.8
533 X 210 X 109 413.39 3847.9
533 X 210 X 101 413.39 3563.9
533 X 210 X 92 413.39 3310.6
533 X 210 X 82 413.39 3118.4
457 X 152 X 82 231.83 3007.2
457 X 152 X 74 231.83 2727.0
457 X 152 X 67 231.83 2534.5
25
 457 X 152 X 60 231.83 2264.1
457 X 152 X 52 231.83 2101.9
305 X 127 X 48 111.99 1333.2
305 X 127 X 42 111.99 1170.6
305 X 127 X 37 111.99 1029.4
203 X 133 X 30 62.18 630.39
203 X 133 X 25 62.18 549.23

Table 4.3 Actual Deflection and Limit

Design to E C4 Design to EC4
Steel Trial Members Actual deflection Limit Deflection
Mm Mm
533 X 210 X 122 3.98 60
533 X 210 X 109 3.50 60
533 X 210 X 101 3.22 60
533 X 210 X 92 2.89 60
533 X 210 X 82 2.49 60
457 X 152 X 82 0.55 48
457 X 152 X 74 0.49 48
457 X 152 X 67 0.45 48
457 X 152 X 60 0.39 48
457 X 152 X 52 0.32 48
305 X 127 X 48 0.029 36
305 X 127 X 42 0.025 36
305 X 127 X 37 0.022 36
203 X 133 X 30 0.002 28
203 X 133 X 25 0.002 28

26
  The result obtain from the analysis shows that the design moment, shear force and the
actual deflection are less compared to resistance moment, shear resistance and the limit
deflection as specified in EC4

4.2 Optimisation
The optimisation of composite beam of the trial members in term of minimum weight is
presented
Table 4.2 Optimization for Minimizing Weight

Trial members Minimum Weight

EC4
KN
533 X 210 X 122 477.39
533 X 210 X 109 422.07
533 X 210 X 101 390.85
533 X 210 X 92 357.52
533 X 210 X 82 325.82
457 X 152 X 82 220.3
457 X 152 X 74 201.27
457 X 152 X 67 186.46
457 X 152 X 60 172.77
457 X 152 X 52 159.71
305 X 127 X 48 88.06
305 X 127 X 42 81.93
305 X 127 X 37 77.55
203 X 133 X 30 44.01
203 X 133 X 25 41.63

27
  Table 4.2 show that there is a reduction in the minimum weight of optimisation
calculated for different section of the trial members.

4.3 Sensitivity Analysis

The sensitivity of live to dead load ratio of some selected members in terms of bending only
is presented in the tables below.

Table 4.3 Load Sensitivity Result for Member size 533  210 92

Weight (KN)
Load Ratio EC4
0.2 913.71

0.4 777.41

0.6 646.11
0.8 526.92

1.0 418. 52

1000

900
f(x) = − 620.425 x + 1028.791
800
Optimum Weight (KN)

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1
Load Ratio

28
Fig 4.1 Sensitivity analysis for 53321092 UB

Table 4.4 Load Sensitivity Result for Member size 305  127 42

Load Ratio Weight (KN)

EC4

0.2 762.72

0.4 613.08
0.6 474.29
0.8 349.97
1.0 246.31

900
800
Optimum Weight (KN)

700 f(x) = − 647.965 x + 878.053

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1

Load Ratio

Fig 4.2 Sensitivity analysis for 30512742 UB

29
  Sensitivity analysis showed that at little variation of live loads, the composite beam
designed to EC4 attained the target optimum design up to the worst loading scenarios
where the live load equals the dead load.

From the graph a linear equation of optimum weight was gotten so as to calculate the actual
amount optimum weight.
Table 4.5 Actual Amount Optimum Weight

Load Optimum
Ratio Weight (KN)

0.2 903.92

0.4 779.81

0.6 655.76
0.8 531.68

1.0 407.60

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusion can be drawn from the result obtained in this research
1. Findings from the research depicts that composite beam designed to EC4 is less
susceptible to failure as it possess higher safety in bending.
2. The analysis carryout help us to minimize weight and maximized the performance of
the composite beam using MATLAB
3. The sensitivity analysis showed that live load to dead load ratio is inversely
proportional to the optimisation design of the system.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

30
For improvement in the research the following recommendation were made

1. Other methods of Sensitivity analysis should be used to compare the results obtained in
this research.
2. In structures where high risk of failure is probable, the EC4 should be used.
3. The Nigerian design engineers should embrace the use of EC4 due to the increased
safety index and the cost reduction offered by new code.

REFERENCES
British Standards Institution (2004). Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures-
General rules and rules for buildings. London, BS EN 1994-1-1: 2004.
British Standards Eurocode (2002). Basis of Structural Design, BS EN 1990:2002.
Chung K.F and Lawson R.M (1994). Composite Beam Design to Eurocode. The Steel
construction Institute, London.
Chung K.F and Lawson, R.M (2000). Simplified Design of composite Beams, Eurocode 4.
Kenny T.C (2009). Comparison of composite beam design between British Standard part 3.1
and Eurocode 4 part 1.1. Unpublished B.Eng. Thesis. University Technology, Malaysia.
Nowak A.S and Collins, K.R (2000). Reliability of Structures.
Tahir M.M (2008). Experimental test on composite and non-composite connection using
trapezoidal web profiled steel section. Journal of steel structure,8: 43-58.
Singiresu S.RAO. Engineering Optimization Theory and Practice 4th Edition.
31
Jasbri S. Arora (Elsevier, 2004), Introduction to Optimum Design 2nd Edition.
R.P. JOHNSON, (2005). Volume1, Composite Structures of Steel and Concrete 2nd Edition.
Daniel A. Tortorelli, Design Sensitivity Analysis. Overview and Review, University of
Illinois at Champaign-Urbana.
William R. Spillers and Keith M. MacBain Structural Optimization.
B.Davison and W.Owens, (2003), Steel Designerss Manual,6th Edition.
B.Mosley and J.Bungey (2007), Reinforced Concrete Design.
www.iitg.ernet.in
www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
www.design12.weebly.com

APPENDIX

APPENDIX 3.0 Program Code to EC4

Program for the Design moment.

function [ design moment] = Med( N,gk,qk,Y,he,hs,hp,b,l,Ea)
% Med calculate the design moment
% Detailed explanation goes here
% input:
% l = lenght of beam
% hs = slab thickness
% he = effective depth of slab
% hp = decking profile height

32
% Y = unit weight of concrete
% b = effective breadth
% gk = dead load
% qk = live load
% N = design load
% Ea = extra dead load
% output:
% Med = design moment

l=input('length of beam in m:');

b = l/4;
Y = input('unit weight of concrete:');
hs = input ('slab thickness in m:');
hp = input('decking profile height in m:');
he = hs-hp/2;
Ea = input('extra dead load in m:')
gk = Y*he + Ea
qk = input('live load in kN/m^2:')
N = (1.35*gk + 1.5*qk)*b
disp(' ')
disp('design moment in (KNm):')
disp(N*l^2/8)
end

***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
**************************************************************************
>> Med
length of beam in m:15

33
Unit weight of concrete:23.6
Slab thickness in m:0.15
Decking profile height in m:0.06
Extra dead load in m:2.5

Ea =

2.5000

gk =

5.3320

live load in kN/m^2:5

qk =

N = 55.1183

Design moment in (KNm):

1.5502e+03
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
**************************************************************************

34
>> Med
Length of beam in m:12
Unit weight of concrete:23.6
Slab thickness in m:0.15
Decking profile height in m:0.06
Extra dead load in m:2.5

Ea =

2.5000

gk =

5.3320

live load in kN/m^2:4

qk =

N=

39.5946

35
design moment in (KNm):
712.7028
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
**************************************************************************
>> Med
length of beam in m:9
Unit weight of concrete:23.6
Slab thickness in m:0.13
Decking profile height in m:0.06
Extra dead load in m:2.5

Ea =

2.5000

gk =

4.8600

live load in kN/m^2:3

qk =

36
N=

24.8873

Design moment in (KNm):

251.9834
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
>> Med
length of beam in m:7
Unit weight of concrete:23.6
Slab thickness in m:0.125
Decking profile height in m:0.06
Extra dead load in m:2.5

Ea =

2.5000

gk =

4.7420

live load in kN/m^2:2.5

37
qk =

2.5000

N=

17.7655

Design moment in (KNm):

108.8135
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************

Program for Design Shear.

***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
function [ design shear force] = Vrd( N,gk,qk,Y,he,hs,hp,b,l,Ea)
% Vrd calculate the design shear force
% Detailed explanation goes here
% input:
% l = lenght of beam
% hs = slab thickness
% hp = decking profile height
% he = effective depth of slab
% Y = unit weight of concrete

38
% b = effective breadth
% gk = dead load
% qk = live load
% N = design load
% Ea = extra dead load
% output:
% Vrd = design shear force

l=input('lenght of beam in m:');

b = l/4;
Y = input('unit weight of concrete:');
hs = input ('slab thickness in m:');
hp = input('decking profile height in m:');
he = hs-hp/2;
Ea = input('extra dead load in m:')
gk = Y*he + Ea
qk = input('live load in kN/m^2:')
N = (1.35*gk + 1.5*qk)*b
disp(' ')
disp('design shear force in (KN):')
disp(N*l/2)
end

***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************

>> Vrd
length of beam in m:15

39
Unit weight of concrete:23.6
Slab thickness in m:0.15
Decking profile height in m:0.06
Extra dead load in m:2.5
Live load in kN/m^2:5

Design shear force in (KN):

413.3869
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************

>> Vrd
length of beam in m:12
Unit weight of concrete:23.6
Slab thickness in m:0.14
Decking profile height in m:0.06
Extra dead load in m:2.5
Live load in kN/m^2:4

Design shear force in (KN):

231.8328
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
>> Vrd
length of beam in m:9
Unit weight of concrete:23.6
Slab thickness in m:0.13

40
Decking profile height in m:0.06
Extra dead load in m:2.5
Live load in kN/m^2:3

Design shear force in (KN):

111.9926
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
>> Vrd
length of beam in m:7
Unit weight of concrete:23.6
Slab thickness in m:0.125
Decking profile height in m:0.06
Extra dead load in m:2.5
Live load in kN/m^2:2.5

Design shear force in (KN):

62.1792
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************

Program of Moment Resistance.

***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************

41
function [moment capacity in the beam flange] = Mc
(Nc,d1,d2,tc,Na,Naf,Fy,Ymo,b1,A,tf1,tw,b,fck)
% Mc calculate the moment capacity in the beam flange
% Detailed explanation goes here
% input:
% Na = resistance of steel section
% Nc = resistance of concrete section
% Naf = resistance of the steel flange above the neutral axis
% tc = slab thickness
% fy = characteristic strenght of steel
% fck = characteristic strenght of concrete
% tf1 = flange thickness
% tw = web thickness
% b = effective breadth
% A = area of steel section
% Ymo = factor of safety of steel
% b1 = width of steel section
% d1 = distance between bottom of the concrete slab and PNA
% d2 = distance between PNA of the composite section and plastic centroid
% output:
% Mc = moment capacity in the beam flange

fy = input('characteristic strenght of steel in N/mm^2:');

A = input('area of steel section in mm^2:');
Na = fy*A;
fck = input('characteristic strenght of concrete in N/mm^2:');
b = input('effective breadth in mm:');
Nc= 0.567*fck*b;
Naf = (Na - Nc)/2;

42
Ymo = input('factor of safety of steel:');
b1 = input('width of steel section in mm:');
d1 = (Na - Nc)/(2*b1*(fy/Ymo));
h = input ('slab thickness in mm:');
tf1 = input('flange thickness in mm:');
tw = input('web thickness in mm:');
d2 = A+d1*(b1+2*tw)+2*tf1*(tw-b1);
disp(' ');
disp('moment capacity in the beam flange in (Nmm):');
disp(Nc*(d1+d2+h/2)+Naf*(d2+d1/2));
end
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************

>> Mc
Characteristic strength of steel in N/mm^2:355
Area of steel section in mm^2:1.55*10^4
Characteristic strength of concrete in N/mm^2:35
Effective breadth in mm:3750
Factor of safety of steel:1
Width of steel section in mm:211.9
Slab thickness in mm:150
Flange thickness in mm:21.3
Web thickness in mm:12.7

Moment capacity in the beam flange in (Nmm):

4.3489e+10

43
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
>> Mc
Characteristic strength of steel in N/mm^2:355
Area of steel section in mm^2:1.39*10^4
Characteristic strength of concrete in N/mm^2:35
Effective breadth in mm:3750
Factor of safety of steel:1
Width of steel section in mm:210.8
Slab thickness in mm:150
Flange thickness in mm:18.8
Web thickness in mm:11.6

Moment capacity in the beam flange in (Nmm):

3.5131e+10
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************

>> Mc
Characteristic strength of steel in N/mm^2:355
Area of steel section in mm^2:1.29*10^4
Characteristic strength of concrete in N/mm^2:35
Effective breadth in mm:3750
Factor of safety of steel:1
Width of steel section in mm:210
Slab thickness in mm:150
Flange thickness in mm:17.4

44
Web thickness in mm:10.8

Moment capacity in the beam flange in (Nmm):

3.0212e+10
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
>> Mc
Characteristic strength of steel in N/mm^2:355
Area of steel section in mm^2:1.17*10^4
Characteristic strength of concrete in N/mm^2:35
Effective breadth in mm:3750
Factor of safety of steel:1
Width of steel section in mm:209.3
Slab thickness in mm:150
Flange thickness in mm:16.6
Web thickness in mm:10.1

Moment capacity in the beam flange in (Nmm):

2.4106e+10
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
>> Mc
Characteristic strength of steel in N/mm^2:355
Area of steel section in mm^2:1.05*10^4
Characteristic strength of concrete in N/mm^2:35
Effective breadth in mm:3750
Factor of safety of steel:1

45
Width of steel section in mm:208.8
Slab thickness in mm:150
Flange thickness in mm:13.2
Web thickness in mm:9.6

Moment capacity in the beam flange in (Nmm):

2.0673e+10
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************

>> Mc
Characteristic strength of steel in N/mm^2:355
Area of steel section in mm^2:1.05*10^4
Characteristic strength of concrete in N/mm^2:30
Effective breadth in mm:3000
Factor of safety of steel:1
Width of steel section in mm:155.3
Slab thickness in mm:140
Flange thickness in mm:18.9
Web thickness in mm:10.5

Moment capacity in the beam flange in (Nmm):

2.0638e+10
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
>> Mc
Characteristic strength of steel in N/mm^2:355

46
Area of steel section in mm^2:9.45*10^3
Characteristic strength of concrete in N/mm^2:30
Effective breadth in mm:3000
Factor of safety of steel:1
Width of steel section in mm:154.4
Slab thickness in mm:140
Flange thickness in mm:17
Web thickness in mm:9.6

Moment capacity in the beam flange in (Nmm):

1.6648e+10
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
>> Mc
Characteristic strength of steel in N/mm^2:355
Area of steel section in mm^2:8.56*10^3
Characteristic strength of concrete in N/mm^2:30
Effective breadth in mm:3000
Factor of safety of steel:1
Width of steel section in mm:153.8
Slab thickness in mm:140
Flange thickness in mm:15
Web thickness in mm:9

Moment capacity in the beam flange in (Nmm):

1.3801e+10

47
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
>> Mc
Characteristic strength of steel in N/mm^2:355
Area of steel section in mm^2:7.62*10^3
Characteristic strength of concrete in N/mm^2:30
Effective breadth in mm:3000
Factor of safety of steel:1
Width of steel section in mm:152.9
Slab thickness in mm:140
Flange thickness in mm:13.3
Web thickness in mm:8.1

Moment capacity in the beam flange in (Nmm):

1.0911e+10
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
>> Mc
Characteristic strenght of steel in N/mm^2:355
Area of steel section in mm^2:6.66*10^3
Characteristic strenght of concrete in N/mm^2:30
effective breadth in mm:3000
Factor of safety of steel:1
Width of steel section in mm:152.4
Slab thickness in mm:140
Flange thickness in mm:10.9
Web thickness in mm:7.6

48
Moment capacity in the beam flange in (Nmm):
8.5751e+09
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************

>> Mc
Characteristic strength of steel in N/mm^2:275
Area of steel section in mm^2:6.12*10^3
Characteristic strenght of concrete in N/mm^2:25
Effective breadth in mm:2250
Factor of safety of steel:1
Width of steel section in mm:125.3
Slab thickness in mm:130
Flange thickness in mm:14
Web thickness in mm:9

Moment capacity in the beam flange in (Nmm):

5.4120e+09
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
>> Mc
Characteristic strength of steel in N/mm^2:275
Area of steel section in mm^2:5.34*10^3
Characteristic strength of concrete in N/mm^2:25
Effective breadth in mm:2250
Factor of safety of steel:1

49
Width of steel section in mm:124.3
Slab thickness in mm:130
Flange thickness in mm:12.1
Web thickness in mm:8

Moment capacity in the beam flange in (Nmm):

4.1167e+09
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
>> Mc
Characteristic strength of steel in N/mm^2:275
Area of steel section in mm^2:4.72*10^3
Characteristic strength of concrete in N/mm^2:25
Effective breadth in mm:2250
Factor of safety of steel:1
Width of steel section in mm:123.4
Slab thickness in mm:130
Flange thickness in mm:10.7
Web thickness in mm:7.1

Moment capacity in the beam flange in (Nmm):

3.1990e+09
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
>> Mc
Characteristic strenght of steel in N/mm^2:275
Area of steel section in mm^2:3.82*10^3

50
Characteristic strenght of concrete in N/mm^2:20
Effective breadth in mm:1750
Factor of safety of steel:1
Width of steel section in mm:133.9
Slab thickness in mm:125
Flange thickness in mm:9.6
Web thickness in mm:6.4

Moment capacity in the beam flange in (Nmm):

1.8381e+09
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
>> Mc
Characteristic strength of steel in N/mm^2:275
Area of steel section in mm^2:3.2*10^3
Characteristic strength of concrete in N/mm^2:20
Effective breadth in mm:1750
Factor of safety of steel:1
Width of steel section in mm:133.2
Slab thickness in mm:125
Flange thickness in mm:7.8
Web thickness in mm:5.7

Moment capacity in the beam flange in (Nmm):

1.3127e+09
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************

51
Program for Shear Resistance

function [ shear resistance ] = Vpl(Av,d,tw,fy,Ymo)

% Vpl calculate the shear resistnce
% Detailed explanation goes here
% input:
% Av = shear area
% d = depth of steel section
% tw = web thickness
% fy = characteristic strenght of steel
% Ymo = factor of safety of steel
% output:
% Vpl = shear resistance

d = input('depth of steel section m:');

tw = input('web thickness in m:');
Av = d*tw;
Ymo = input('factor of safety of steel:');
fy = input ('characteristic strenght of steel in KN/m^2:');
disp(' ')
disp('shear resistance (KN):')
disp(Av*fy/Ymo*1.732)
end

***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************

52
Program for Actual Deflection
function [ actual deflection] = Def( W,gk,qk,Y,he,hs,hp,l,b,Ia,Ea,E)
% Def calculate the actual deflection
% Detailed explanation goes here
% input:
% l = lenght of beam
% hs = slab thickness
% hp = decking profile height
% he = effective depth of slab
% Y = unit weight of concrete
% b = effective breadth
% gk = dead load
% qk = live load
% W = design load at serviceability limit state
% Ea = extra dead load
% Ia = second moment of area
% E = Elastic modulus ofb steel
% output:
% Def = actual deflection

l=input('lenght of beam in m:');

b = l/4;
Y = input('unit weight of concrete:');
hs = input ('slab thickness in m:');
hp = input('decking profile height in m:');
he = hs-hp/2;
Ea = input('extra dead load in m:')
gk = Y*he + Ea
qk = input('live load in kN/m^2:')

53
W = (gk + qk)*b
Ia = input('second moment of area in m^4:');
E = 205
disp(' ')
disp('actual deflection in (m):')
disp(5*W*l^4/384*E*Ia)
end

Program for Optimum Design.

function [ minimum composite weight ] = Gx(Gc,Ga,Y,Ya,l,b,tc,A,m,g)
% Gx calculate the minimum composite weight
% Detailed explanation goes here
% input:
% A = area of steel section
% l = lenght of composite beam
% b = effective breadth
% Y = unit weight of concrete
% Ya = unit weight of steel
% tc = slab thickness
% Gc = minimum weight of concrete
% Ga = minimum weight of steel
% m = weight of steel
% g = acceleration due to gravity
% output:
% Gx = minimum composite weight
A = input('area of steel section in m:');
l = input('lenght of composite beam m:');
tc = input('slab thickness in m:');
54
b = l/4;
Y = input('unit weight of concrete in KN/m^3:');
m = input ('weight of steel in Kg:');
g = input('acceleration due to gravity:');
Ya = m*g;
Gc = Y*l*b*tc;
Ga = Ya*A*l;
disp(' ');
disp('minimum composite weight in (KN):');
disp(Gc+Ga);
end

55