Index

Sr Topic

1 Introduction

2 Operating System Overview

3 Windows Overview

4 Ubuntu Overview

5 User Interface comparison

6 Software availability comparison

7 Hardware support Comparability

8 Security

9 Performance & Resource Usage

10 Customization & Flexibility

11 Community & Support

12 Cost

13 Conclusion

14 bibliography
Introduction
Windows and Ubuntu most used operating of operating systems of the world.
Windows is developed by the tech giant Microsoft, Windows has a user-friendly
interface and its widespread use in both personal and business uses. Its attraction is
its familiar desktop environment, which has become a cornerstone of modern
computing for millions of users around the world. Beyond its user-friendliness,
Windows also best in software compatibility, from productivity and gaming to
multimedia and creativity. This extensive software ecosystem has made Windows a
dominant force in the operating system market,.
Ubuntu, most popular distributions from the Linux family. It is an open-source
Operating system that emphasizes stability, security, and extensive customization.
Open-source software is at the main feature of Ubuntu, granting users not only the
freedom to use, modify, and distribute the operating system but also the assurance
of transparency and community-driven development. Ubuntu's user base primarily
comprises developers, tech enthusiasts, and individuals who advocate for open-
source principles. Its strength lies in its stability, making it a reliable choice for both
personal use and server environments. Security is another important feature, with
timely updates and robust safeguards against threats, contributing to a trusted
computing environment.
The distinction between Windows and Ubuntu ultimately hinges on your specific
needs and preferences. Windows offers a sense of familiarity and an extensive range
of software applications, making it a compelling choice for those who seek
convenience and ease of use. Whether you're a professional seeking productivity
tools, a gamer exploring the latest titles, or a creative artist working with multimedia
software, Windows provides a comprehensive software ecosystem that caters to
diverse tastes.
On the other hand, Ubuntu stands as a testament to the power of customization and
the principles of open source. If you value control over your computing environment,
the ability to shape your operating system to your unique requirements, and a
strong commitment to open-source software, Ubuntu beckons. It's an attractive
option for developers who appreciate the freedom to adapt and experiment with
their system while benefiting from the robust security and stability that Linux-based
distributions are known for.
Operating system overview
Windows and Ubuntu are both popular operating systems that are a various of user
preferences and needs. On one hand, Window is developed by the tech giant
Microsoft, it has firmly established itself as a household name in the computing
world. It is known for user-friendly interface, which has greatly contributed to its
widespread adoption in both personal and business devices. The Windows
ecosystem is not only known for its simplicity but also for its extensive software
compatibility. Whether you're a casual user seeking popular applications or a
business professional relying on industry-specific software, Windows offers a
comprehensive and familiar environment to meet your computing requirements.
On the other hand, Ubuntu, a Linux-based operating system, emphasizes open-
source principles. It has made large user base. It provides stability, security, and
customization. Ubuntu's commitment to open-source ideals means that it provides
an operating system that's not only reliable but also free for anyone to use, modify,
and distribute. This open source has made Ubuntu a favorite among developers and
those who uses virtues of open-source software.
When deciding between Windows and Ubuntu, the choice essentially to user unique
needs and priorities. If you prioritize familiarity and require a wide range of software
options, especially for tasks commonly encountered in a Windows-dominated
environment, then Windows is the natural choice. Its user-friendly interface and
broad software compatibility ensure that you'll have easy access to the tools and
applications you need. If you value customization, security, and the principles of
open-source software, Ubuntu is your good option. Ubuntu allows you to tailor your
computing environment to your specific needs, making it a favorite among
developers and tech enthusiasts who relish the freedom to modify their system to
their heart's content.
Introduction to Windows
Windows, an operating system crafted by the tech giant Microsoft, has consistently
held its position as one of the most pervasive and influential OS platforms globally.
With an impressive user base that exceeds a staggering 1.5 billion active users,
Windows has effectively permeated nearly every facet of our digital lives, from
personal computing to enterprise-level systems.
One of the defining features of Windows is its Graphical User Interface (GUI), a
revolutionary development that transformed the computing landscape. Windows
introduced a user-friendly, point-and-click interface that made computers more
accessible to a broader audience. This innovation marked a pivotal moment in the
history of computing, as it eliminated the need for users to interact with machines
through complex command-line interfaces.
Windows further cemented its dominance with its multitasking capabilities. This
powerful attribute allows users to run multiple applications concurrently, seamlessly
switching between them without compromising system performance. The ability to
multitask efficiently is crucial for modern computing, and Windows has continually
evolved to meet these demands.
The file system employed by Windows is a fundamental component that ensures
data organization, accessibility, and security. The NTFS (New Technology File System)
introduced notable advancements in storage management, including support for
large files, advanced access controls, and robust data recovery mechanisms.
In terms of security, Windows has made considerable strides to protect users and
their data. Features such as Windows Defender, BitLocker, and regular security
updates have contributed to a safer computing experience. However, as with any
widely used operating system, it remains a target for malicious actors, necessitating
continuous vigilance and security measures.
Ease of use has always been a hallmark of Windows. Its user-friendly interface,
coupled with a wealth of intuitive tools and utilities, makes it accessible to a diverse
audience, from tech-savvy enthusiasts to novices. This ease of use has been
instrumental in its widespread adoption, as it lowers the barriers to entry for users of
all backgrounds.
Customization is another forte of Windows, providing users with the ability to tailor
their computing environment to their unique preferences. Customizing the desktop,
system settings, and applications empowers users to create a personalized and
productive workspace.
Upgradability stands as a testament to Windows' adaptability and forward-thinking
approach. The OS continually evolves with the introduction of new versions, offering
enhanced features, improved performance, and compatibility with the latest
hardware and software. This commitment to upgradability ensures that Windows
remains relevant and competitive in an ever-evolving technology landscape.
Introduction to Ubuntu
Ubuntu, a most popular Linux distribution, stands as a testament to the open-source
ethos upon which it's built. Rooted in the robust Debian framework and boasting a
rich repository primarily comprised of free and open-source software, Ubuntu's
appeal transcends the realm of operating systems. Its enduring legacy is founded on
several key pillars that have made it a preferred choice across diverse user
categories, including seasoned developers, vigilant system administrators, and
everyday home users.
One of Ubuntu's hallmark virtues is its unwavering commitment to open-source
principles. The lion's share of the software in Ubuntu's repositories is free and open-
source, embodying the philosophy that software should be accessible to all without
cost or restrictions. This ethos not only empowers users but also fosters innovation
and collaboration, allowing for continuous improvement and customization of the
system.
But Ubuntu's appeal extends far beyond the open-source community. Its user-
friendly interface and intuitive design have made it synonymous with ease of use.
Whether you're a tech-savvy professional or a complete newcomer to the world of
Linux, Ubuntu provides a welcoming and accessible environment. Its user interface is
carefully crafted to minimize the learning curve, ensuring that users can navigate
their way through tasks with confidence and efficiency.
Security is another cornerstone of Ubuntu's identity. The operating system is
renowned for its proactive approach to safeguarding user data and privacy. Regular
updates and security patches are a top priority for the Ubuntu team, ensuring that
users are shielded from potential threats and vulnerabilities. This commitment to
security has earned Ubuntu the trust of individuals, organizations, and institutions
seeking a robust and resilient digital infrastructure.
One of Ubuntu's most compelling attributes is the vibrancy of its community. With
an engaged and passionate user base, the Ubuntu community is a dynamic network
of individuals who collectively contribute to the improvement and support of the
distribution. The community is quick to offer solutions to issues, share knowledge,
and provide guidance to users, creating an environment where collaboration and
knowledge exchange are celebrated.
Ubuntu's accessibility and learnability have made it a favorite for those keen to
explore the world of open-source software. With a wealth of documentation,
tutorials, and forums at your fingertips, learning Ubuntu is an inviting journey. Users
find themselves equipped with the resources and support necessary to embark on
their Linux adventure with confidence.
For those who seek long-term stability, Ubuntu's long-term support (LTS) releases
are a beacon of reliability. These versions assure users of a sustained support cycle,
typically spanning five years, which encompasses regular updates, bug fixes, and
security patches. This is particularly appealing to businesses and institutions that rely
on a stable and consistent computing environment.
User interface of Windows
Windows, Microsoft's flagship operating system, is renowned for its comprehensive
and user-friendly feature set. Let's delve into some of the key elements that make
Windows a go-to choice for millions of users around the globe.
Desktop Environment: The Windows desktop environment serves as the visual
canvas for users to interact with their digital world. It's where you'll find icons,
shortcuts, and the familiar wallpaper, providing a personalized and efficient
workspace. Users can easily customize the desktop to suit their preferences, making
it a reflection of their unique style and needs.
Taskbar: The taskbar is a central element of the Windows user interface. It houses
the Start button, quick launch icons, and a system tray that displays essential
information and controls. This feature simplifies multitasking, as users can
effortlessly switch between open applications and access frequently used programs
with a single click.
Start Menu: The Start menu has been an integral part of Windows since its inception.
It's a gateway to the entire system, offering easy access to installed applications,
system settings, and search functionality. Over the years, the Start menu has
evolved, incorporating a mix of classic and modern design elements.
Control Panel: The Control Panel is the command center for configuring and
customizing Windows. From here, users can fine-tune various system settings,
manage hardware devices, set up user accounts, and more. It empowers users to
tailor their Windows experience to meet their specific needs.
Live Tiles: Live Tiles, introduced in Windows 8 and refined in Windows 10, are
dynamic, information-rich icons on the Start screen. They provide real-time updates
from apps, allowing users to stay informed about weather, news, emails, and more
directly from the Start menu.
Action Center: The Action Center is a handy feature for managing notifications and
system alerts. It offers a centralized location to view and respond to messages,
updates, and alerts from both the operating system and installed applications. Users
can also access quick settings and toggle features like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
Cortana: Cortana is Microsoft's virtual assistant, designed to enhance productivity
and convenience. Users can interact with Cortana using voice commands or text,
asking questions, setting reminders, and even controlling various aspects of their
computer. Cortana learns and adapts to users' preferences over time, providing a
personalized experience.
Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL): WSL is a testament to Windows' adaptability. It
enables users to run a Linux distribution alongside their Windows environment. This
integration allows developers and enthusiasts to access Linux tools and run Linux
applications seamlessly on their Windows system, fostering a cross-platform
development experience.
User interface of Ubuntu
Desktop Environment: Ubuntu is known for its flexibility in terms of desktop
environments. While the default desktop environment for Ubuntu is GNOME, there
are various official and unofficial flavors available, each with its own desktop
environment. These options cater to a wide range of user preferences, from the
resource-efficient Xfce to the visually stunning KDE Plasma. This flexibility allows
users to tailor their Ubuntu experience to their liking.
Software Repositories: Ubuntu boasts a robust and comprehensive software
repository system. The Ubuntu Software Center provides an easy-to-use graphical
interface for users to browse, search, and install a vast array of software
applications. Additionally, the command-line tool, apt, allows users to manage
packages, install updates, and access an extensive library of software from the
official Ubuntu repositories.
Server Edition: Ubuntu offers a server edition designed specifically for server
environments. Ubuntu Server is known for its stability, security, and strong support
for container technologies like Docker and Kubernetes. It's widely used in data
centers and cloud environments, making it a popular choice for web hosting,
virtualization, and cloud computing.
User-Friendly: Ubuntu is renowned for its user-friendliness. It offers an intuitive and
visually appealing interface, making it accessible to both newcomers and
experienced users. The Ubuntu community places a strong emphasis on providing
documentation and support resources to assist users in getting started and resolving
issues.
Open-Source: Ubuntu is built on a foundation of open-source software. It adheres to
the principles of free and open-source software (FOSS), providing users with the
freedom to modify, distribute, and use the software without any proprietary
restrictions. This commitment to open-source values has made Ubuntu a favorite
among proponents of FOSS.
Community Support: The Ubuntu community is one of the most vibrant and
supportive in the Linux ecosystem. Users can access forums, mailing lists, and online
communities for assistance. The Ubuntu Forums and Ask Ubuntu are just two
examples of platforms where users can seek help, share knowledge, and collaborate
on problem-solving. Additionally, Canonical, the company behind Ubuntu, offers
commercial support for enterprise users.
Secure: Ubuntu places a strong emphasis on security. Regular security updates and
patches are provided through the Ubuntu Security Team to protect the system
against vulnerabilities. Ubuntu also includes security features like App Armor and the
Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW) to enhance system security. Furthermore, its
predictable release schedule allows system administrators to plan and implement
security updates effectively.
Reliable: Ubuntu has a reputation for reliability and stability. Canonical, the company
behind Ubuntu, follows a fixed release schedule, with Long-Term Support (LTS)
versions providing five years of support. This predictability and long-term
commitment to support make Ubuntu a dependable choice for both desktop and
server users. The LTS releases are particularly well-suited for businesses and
organizations requiring stable and consistent platforms.
Comparison - Software Availability
Windows
Microsoft Store: The Microsoft Store is a digital distribution platform that allows
users to purchase and download software for Windows. The store offers a wide
variety of software, including games, productivity apps, and utilities.
Windows 10 App Store: The Windows 10 App Store is a digital distribution platform
that allows users to purchase and download apps for Windows 10. The store offers a
wide variety of apps, including games, productivity apps, and utilities.
Third-party websites: There are many third-party websites that offer software for
Windows. These websites may offer a wider variety of software than the Microsoft
Store or the Windows 10 App Store, but they may also be less reliable.
CD/DVD: Some software is still available on CD/DVD. However, this is becoming less
common as more software is being distributed digitally.
Physical media: Some software is still available on physical media, such as USB drives
or floppy disks. However, this is also becoming less common.
Ubuntu
Snap Store: The Snap Store is a digital distribution platform specifically for Ubuntu
and other Linux distributions that support the Snap package format. Snap packages
are self-contained, isolated software packages that make it easy to install and
manage software. The Snap Store provides a wide variety of applications, ranging
from productivity tools to games. It offers a secure and user-friendly way to install
software on Ubuntu systems.
Open-Source Software: Ubuntu is known for its strong commitment to open-source
software. The official repositories of Ubuntu include a vast selection of open-source
applications and tools. Users can easily access and install open-source software
through the Ubuntu Software Center or by using terminal commands with tools like
apt. This emphasis on open source aligns with the principles of free software and
community collaboration.
Wine: Wine is a compatibility layer for Ubuntu and other Linux distributions that
allows you to run Windows applications, including .exe files, on a Linux system.
While it doesn't work for every Windows program, it supports a wide range of
software, making it valuable for users who need to run Windows-specific
applications without dual-booting or using a virtual machine.
Physical Media: Similar to Windows, some software for Ubuntu may still be
distributed on physical media, such as USB drives or DVDs. This is especially common
for Linux distributions and large software packages that can be installed from a
bootable USB drive. However, the prevalence of physical media has decreased with
the rise of digital distribution.
Play with Linux: "Play with Linux" isn't a standard term, but it may refer to playing
Windows games on Linux using compatibility layers like Wine or gaming platforms
such as Steam for Linux. These solutions enable Ubuntu users to enjoy a wide
selection of Windows games on their Linux systems.
Bottles: Bottles is a specific software tool that provides a way to run Windows
applications on Linux, including Ubuntu, by using Wine and other compatibility
layers. It simplifies the process of configuring and managing Windows software in a
Linux environment, making it more accessible to users who need Windows
applications while using Ubuntu.
Compatibility and Hardware support
Windows
Windows has better hardware support out of the box. Most hardware devices, such
as printers, scanners, and webcams, will work with Windows without any additional
drivers or configuration. Windows also has a wider range of hardware certified by
the manufacturer, which means that you can be more confident that your hardware
will work with Windows.
Out-of-the-box hardware support of windows is good
Number of supported devices of windows is wide range
Community support for hardware drivers of windows is large and active 24 by 7
Ubuntu
Ubuntu has a smaller but growing community of hardware developers who create
drivers and support for Ubuntu. This means that you may need to do some research
to find out if your hardware is supported by Ubuntu. However, Ubuntu is becoming
more and more popular, so the number of supported devices is increasing all the
time.
Out-of-the-box hardware support of ubuntu is better than windows
Number of supported devices of ubuntu is lower range than windows
Community support for hardware drivers of ubuntu smaller but growing compared
to windows
the people are helpfull in community but your responce may get delayed or ignored
security
Windows
Windows Defender was originally released by Microsoft in 2005 as an anti-spyware
program.
In 2012, Microsoft rebranded its Microsoft Security Essentials program as Windows
Defender and bundled it with Windows 8.
Windows Defender cannot be uninstalled from Windows 10, but installing a third-
party anti-malware program will disable it.
Windows Defender will automatically be switched on if the third-party anti-malware
program's license expires.
This ensures that there is no gap in protection when a third-party anti-malware
program's license expires.
Ubuntu
Ubuntu comes with a built-in firewall called net filter, but it is not enabled by
default.
You can use the Fire starter application to configure the firewall to allow or deny
incoming connections.
To create an inbound rule, you need to specify the type of connection, the source of
the connection, and the port number.
You can also create outbound rules to block unauthorized data emissions from your
computer.
It is important to keep your Ubuntu system up to date with the latest security
patches.
You should also install an antivirus program to protect your computer from viruses
and malware.
You can encrypt your data to protect it from unauthorized access.
You can also enhance the security of your web browser by using a security add-on.
performance and resource usage
Windows
Windows is good in performance than Ubuntu. many heavy games don't work on
Ubuntu, but if played on windows then are very good in performance. Here are some
key point of windows
Hardware compatibility: Windows is generally more compatible with a wider range
of hardware than Ubuntu. This is because Windows is a more popular operating
system and has been around for longer.
Software availability: There are more software applications available for Windows
than for Ubuntu. However, there are still a large number of high-quality open-source
applications available for Ubuntu.
User interface: Windows has a more traditional user interface that is familiar to most
users. Ubuntu has a more modern user interface that can be more difficult to learn
for some users.
Ubuntu
Ubuntu is known to be more lightweight and resource-efficient than Windows. This
means that it can run faster and smoother on older or less powerful computers.
Ubuntu also uses less RAM and CPU, which can be a major advantage if you have a
computer with limited resources.
Ubuntu is 400 to 600 mb ram which is very low as compared to windows.
Its cpu usage is also less than windows
The disk space is also less than windows
Main key feature of ubuntu is Customization: Ubuntu is more customizable than
Windows. This is because Ubuntu is a Linux operating system, which is based on
open-source software.
customization and flexibility
windows
Themes and Visual Styles: Users can install third-party themes and visual styles to
completely change the look and feel of the Windows interface, including window
borders, taskbars, and more.
Window Management: Windows offers features like Aero Snap and virtual desktops
to manage windows more efficiently. Users can easily organize and arrange open
windows on the desktop.
Taskbar Customization: The taskbar can be customized by adding or removing icons,
changing its location, and adjusting notification area settings.
File Explorer: Windows allows users to customize the File Explorer view, including
icon sizes, sorting options, and the display of hidden files.
Keyboard Shortcuts: Windows supports a variety of keyboard shortcuts that users
can customize to quickly access applications, functions, and system settings.
Ubuntu
Desktop Environments: Ubuntu supports multiple desktop environments like
GNOME, KDE Plasma, Xfce, and more. Each offers a different look, feel, and set of
features. Users can choose the one that suits their workflow and aesthetics.
Themes and Icons: Ubuntu allows users to change the overall look of the desktop by
applying different themes and icon sets. This includes altering the color schemes,
window decorations, fonts, and more.
Extensions: In the GNOME desktop environment, users can install extensions to add
or modify functionality. These extensions range from simple system monitors to
advanced workspace management tools.
Application Customization: Users can easily install and switch between various
applications for the same purpose. For instance, different text editors, web
browsers, media players, etc. This gives users the freedom to use software that
aligns with their preferences.
Community and support
Windows
The Windows community is a great resource for getting help with Windows
problems, learning about new features and updates, and connecting with other
Windows users. If you are a Windows user, I encourage you to join the Windows
community.
Here are some of the ways to participate in the Windows community:
Online forums and discussion groups: These are a great place to ask questions, get
help, and connect with other Windows users.
Local user groups: These groups meet regularly to discuss Windows and help each
other with problems.
Open source projects: These projects are a great way to contribute to the
development of Windows and learn more about it.
Blogs and articles: These are a great way to learn about new features, tips, and
tricks.
Beta programs: These programs are a great way to test new features before they are
released to the general public.
Ubuntu
Ubuntu is an open-source operating system, and the core software is available for
free. You can download, install, and use Ubuntu on your computer without any cost.
However, there are a few considerations regarding costs:
Enterprise Services: Canonical also provides enterprise services for businesses and
organizations that need more advanced support, management, and deployment
tools. The costs for these services depend on the scale of the deployment and the
specific requirements.
Commercial Software: While the core Ubuntu operating system is free and open-
source, there might be some proprietary or commercial software applications that
you can install on Ubuntu for additional functionality. These applications could have
their own associated costs, but they are not directly related to the Ubuntu operating
system itself.
Hosting and Cloud Services: If you're using Ubuntu on cloud platforms like AWS,
Microsoft Azure, or GCP, you will be charged for the resources you use but this cost
is not specific to Ubuntu itself.
Cost
Windows
The cost of Windows operating systems can vary widely depending on the version,
edition, and licensing type you are interested in. As of my last knowledge update in
September 2021, here are some general price ranges for Windows operating
systems:
windows 8: Windows 8 was a loss making product so it was not sold much.
Windows 10: Windows 10 Home and Pro editions were available for purchase. Home
edition typically costs less than the Pro edition.
Windows 11: Microsoft announced Windows 11, the successor to Windows 10. It's
possible that Windows 11 will have various editions as well, each with its own
pricing.
Licensing Types: Microsoft offers various licensing options, including retail licenses
for individual users, OEM licenses pre-installed on new computers, and volume
licensing for businesses and organizations.
Upgrade Options: Microsoft has often provided free or discounted upgrade options
for users with certain existing Windows licenses when a new version is released.
In Microsoft store there are many applications and games which are not free and
some have charges more than Rs :- 2000 /-
As Windows is upgrading the rates are also increasing day by day.
Hence people take pirated windows from computer shops, as it cost Rs :- 500.
Ubuntu
Ubuntu is an open-source operating system, and the core software is available for
free. You can download, install, and use Ubuntu on your computer without any cost.
However, there are a few considerations regarding costs:
Enterprise Services: Canonical also provides enterprise services for businesses and
organizations that need more advanced support, management, and deployment
tools. The costs for these services depend on the scale of the deployment and the
specific requirements.
Commercial Software: While the core Ubuntu operating system is free and open-
source, there might be some proprietary or commercial software applications that
you can install on Ubuntu for additional functionality. These applications could have
their own associated costs, but they are not directly related to the Ubuntu operating
system itself.
Hosting and Cloud Services: If you're using Ubuntu on cloud platforms like AWS,
Microsoft Azure, or GCP, you will be charged for the resources you use but this cost
is not specific to Ubuntu itself.
Most of the developer and tech users use this operating system as it free. Also the
application are also free here.
Conclusion
Both Ubuntu and Windows have unique advantages and
disadvantages. However, given the robust, secure, and speedy
functionalities for programming, Ubuntu is a preferred choice for
developers and testers. On the other hand, users who work with MS
Office and Adobe Photoshop prefer Windows. Ubuntu and Windows
operating systems are well-built and satisfy the customers’
requirements

Bibliography
Books
● Linux bible
● Microsoft Windows Security Essentials
● Windows Internals Seventh Edition Part 1
● Ubuntu Unleashed 2019 Edition
● The Official Ubuntu Book
● Windows 10 Inside Out
Photos & images
● Pinterest
● Unsplash
● pexels