GEOGRAPHY

INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

1. Location & Geological History Location of India

Size and Extent

Geological History & Structure of India

Origin of India

Geological Structure & Indian Rock System

2. Physiography

Northern Mountain Ranges ◆ Himalayas

◆ Purvanchal Hills

◆ Regional Division of the Himalayas

Hydroelectric Projects in Himalayan Regions

North Indian Plains Major Zones of the North Indian Plains

Regional Division of North Indian Plains

Indian Desert

Peninsular Plateau

Central Highlands Eastern Highlands

Deccan Plateau
Western Ghats
Eastern Ghats

Coastal Plains Western Coastal Plains

Eastern Coastal Plains

Islands Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Lakshadweep Islands
3. Soil in India

Classification of Indian Soils

Alluvial Soil
Soil Types in India Black Soil
Red & Yellow Soll
Laterite Soil
Forest & Mountain Soil
Arid & Desert Soil
Saline & Alkaline Soil
Peaty & Marshy Soil

Soil Degradation Causes of Soil Degradation

Effects of Soil Degradation

Soil Conservation Land Reclamation

Preventing Salinization
Reducing Deforestation
Conservation Tillage
Socio-Economic Impacts & Future Challenges

4. Drainage System in India

River Basin

Division of Indian Drainage System Drainage Pattern

Himalayan Drainage System Evolution of Himalayan Drainage

Indus River System
Ganga River System
Brahmaputra River System

Peninsular Drainage System Evolution of Peninsular Drainage

Inland Drainage System

Watershed Management Programmes in India Watershed Development Component of Prime

Minister Krishi Sinchaye Yojana (WDC-PMKSY)
Neeranchal Watershed Programme
Namami Gange Programme

5. Climate of India

Climate of India Factors Affecting the Climate of India

 Traditional Theory of Monsoon
Monsoon Modern Theory of Monsoon
Different Factors Affecting the Indian Monsoon
Characteristics of the Monsoon

Seasons in India → Cold Weather Season or Winter Season

(December to March)
Hot Weather Season or Summer Season (April to
June)
Rainy Season (July to September)
Retreating Monsoon Season (October-November)

Tropical Cyclones Conditions for Formation of Tropical Cyclones

Reasons Behind the Higher Frequency of Tropical
Cyclones in Eastern Coast
Exceptions to Rule of Cyclonic System in the Bay of
Bengal

India & Climate Change

6. Natural Vegetation in India

Importance of Forests

Forest Diversity in india Moist Tropical Forests

Dry Tropical Forests
Montane Subtropical Forests
Montane Temperate Forests
Sub-alpine Forests
Alpine Forests

India State of Forest Report (ISFR), 2021 Background

Global Position of India
ISFR 2021: Key Findings
Concerns

Mangrove Cover in the Country Importance of Mangroves

Reasons Behind the Damaging of Mangroves
Conservation of Mangroves

Conservation of Forests

7. Agriculture in India

Status of Agriculture in India

Types of Farming On the Basis of Water Supply

Other Major Types of Cropping
Agricultural Regions in India

Major Crops in India Food Grains

Plantation Crops
Horticulture Crops
Fibre Crops
Organic Farming

Animal Husbandry Sector Livestock Rearing

National Livestock Mission (NLM)
Distribution of Animal Resources in India
Dairy
Fisheries

Government Initiatives National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture

On Farm Water Management (OFWM)
Soil Health Management (SHM)
Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture:
Monitoring, Modelling and Networking
(CCSAMMN)
Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture
(MIDH)
National Saffron Mission (NSM)
PM KISAN Scheme
Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF)
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) Scheme
Zero Budget Natural Farming
Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana

8. Resources in India

Mineral Resources Metallic Minerals

Non-metallic Minerals

Major Mineral Regions of India North-Eastern Plateau Region

South-Western Plateau Region
North-Western Region

Distribution of Minerals Across India Iron Ore

Manganese
Bauxite
Copper
Gold
Silver
Diamond
Lead
Zinc
Chromite
Nickel
 Mica
Limestone
Dolomite
Gypsum
Marble
Granite

Conservation of Mineral Resources

Energy Resources Coal

Petroleum
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources Solar Energy

Wind Energy
Tidal and Wave Energy
Geothermal Energy (GTE)
Bio-energy

Water Resources Surface Water Resources

Groundwater Resources
Demand of Water for Irrigation
River Valley Projects
Emerging Water Problems
Water Conservation & Management
Potential Benefits of Groundwater Recharge

Marine Resources of India Biotic Resources

Abiotic Resources

9. Industries in India

Development of Industries in India Post-Independence Industrial Policy

Industrial Regions in India Mumbai-Pune Industrial Region

Hooghly Industrial Region
Bengaluru-Chennai Industrial Region
Gujarat Industrial Region
Chhotanagpur Region
Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Region
Gurugram-Delhi-Meerut Region
Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram Region

Major Industries of India Iron and Steel Industry

Aluminium Smelting Industry
Leather Goods Industry
Cotton Textile Industry
Jute Textile Industry
Silk Textiles Industry
Woollen Textiles Industry
Synthetic Textiles Industry
 Sugar Industry
Copper Smelting industry
Automobile Industry
Rail Equipment Industry
Aircraft Industry
Ship-Building Industry
Petrochemical Industry
Refinery
Pharmaceuticals Industry
Plastic Industry
Cement Industry
Paper Industry
Rubber Industry
Match Industry
Fertilizer Industry
Electronics Industry
IT Industry

Industry 4.0

Ease of Doing Business

Constraints Related to Industrial Sector

10. Transport in India

O Railways Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC)

Golden Quadrilateral Freight Corridor (GQFC)
Industrial Corridors

Roads Road Density in India

National Highways
State Highways
District Roads
Rural Roads
Border Roads & International Highways

Waterways Inland Waterways

National Waterways
Oceanic Waterways
Airways
Oil & Gas Pipelines
11. Population in India

Population Growth Phases of Population Growth in India

Regional Variation in Population Growth
Recent Trends in Growth of Population

Population Distribution in India Population Density

Population Composition Rural-Urban Composition

Age Composition
Occupational Composition
Religious Composition
Linguistic Composition

Sex Ratio Child Sex Ratio

Literacy Rate

Population Policy of India National Population Policy, 2000

Tribal Diversity in India Northern Tribal Zone

Southern Tribal Zone
Eastern Tribal Zone
Western Tribal Zone
Central Tribal Zone
North-Eastern Tribal Zone
Island Tribal Zone
Nomadic and Denotified Tribes

Racial Diversity in India Negroids

Austrics
Mongoloids
Dravidians
Western Brachycephals
Nordics Aryans